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Ferraro MA, Molina CV, Gris VN, Kierulff MCM, Cortopassi SRG. Vasectomy of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) using local anesthesia after sedation with dexmedetomidine-ketamine-meperidine. J Med Primatol 2021; 51:53-55. [PMID: 34693530 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and meperidine for vasectomy in golden-headed lion tamarins. Lidocaine infiltration was required for intraoperative analgesia and atipamezole was used at the end of the procedure. The protocol promoted satisfactory sedation and analgesia with a short recovery time in tamarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Antonio Ferraro
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Vieira Molina
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Nadine Gris
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Silvia Renata Gaido Cortopassi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Use of nociceptive threshold testing in cats in experimental and clinical settings: a qualitative review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:419-436. [PMID: 32507715 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review the scientific articles on the use of nociceptive threshold testing (NTT) in cats and to summarize the clinical and experimental applications in this species. DATABASES USED Pertinent literature was searched with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Universitätsbibliothek Basel (swissbib Basel Bern) and Google Scholar. The search was then refined manually based first on article titles and abstracts, and subsequently on full texts. CONCLUSIONS Of the four classical acute nociceptive models used for NTT, thermal and mechanical are most commonly used in cats. Thermal stimulation is applicable in experimental settings and has been used in pharmacodynamics studies assessing feline antinociception. Although mechanical stimulation is currently less used in cats, in the future it might play a role in the evaluation of clinical feline pain. However, the low response reliability after stimulus repetition within a narrow time interval represents a major limitation for the clinical use of mechanical thresholds in this species. Challenges remain when thermal thresholds are used to investigate analgesics that have the potential to affect skin temperature, such as opioids and α2-adrenergic agonists, and when a model of inflammatory pain is reproduced in experimental cats with the purpose of evaluating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as analgesics.
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Effects of two fentanyl constant rate infusions on thermal thresholds and plasma fentanyl concentrations in awake cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:831-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Doodnaught GM, Evangelista MC, Steagall PV. Thermal antinociception following oral administration of tapentadol in conscious cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:364-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lopes C, Luna SPL, Rosa AC, Quarterone C, Crosignani N, Taylor PM, Pantoja JC, Puoli JNP. Antinociceptive effects of methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine in horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:613-8. [PMID: 26174473 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To investigate two protocols to provide antinociception in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antinociceptive effects of intravenous methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine in adult horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, blinded, crossover study. METHODS Mechanical, thermal and electrical stimuli were applied to the dorsal left and right metacarpus and coronary band of the left thoracic limb, respectively. A thermal stimulus was applied caudal to the withers. The horses were treated with saline (C), a combination of methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and detomidine (10 μg/kg bwt) (MD) or methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt) (MA) at 1 week intervals. Nociceptive thresholds were measured before and at 15 min intervals until 150 min after treatment. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare data between groups at each time point and over time within each group, followed by the Bonferroni method to adjust the P value. RESULTS The mechanical stimulus was the most sensitive test to differentiate the antinociceptive effects of the treatments. Mechanical thresholds were greater after MD than MA between 15 and 30 min and with both MD and MA these thresholds were greater than C from 15 to 60 min. Electrical and thermal limb thresholds were greater after MD than C at 15 and 45 min and at 15, 30, 45, 75 and 105 min, respectively. Thermal limb thresholds were greater with MA than C at 30 min. Thoracic thermal threshold in MD and MA were higher than C at 45, 75, 90 and 120 min and from 30 to 75 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Methadone and acepromazine produced less pronounced mechanical antinociception than MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopes
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - S P L Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - A C Rosa
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - C Quarterone
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - N Crosignani
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - J C Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J N P Puoli
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Merola I, Mills DS. Systematic review of the behavioural assessment of pain in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:60-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15578725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objectives were to review systematically the range of assessment tools used in cats to detect the behavioural expression of pain and the evidence of their quality; and to examine behavioural metrics (considering both the sensory and affective domains) used to assess pain. Methods A search of PubMed and ScienceDirect, alongside articles known to the authors, from 2000 onwards, for papers in English was performed. This was followed by a manual search of the references within the primary data sources. Only peer-reviewed publications that provided information on the assessment tool used to evaluate the behavioural expression of pain in cats, in conscious animals (not anaesthetised cats), were included. Results No previous systematic reviews were identified. One hundred papers were included in the final assessment. Studies were primarily related to the assessment of pain in relation to surgical procedures, and no clear distinction was made concerning the onset of acute and chronic pain. Ten broad types of instrument to assess pain were identified, and generally the quality of evidence to support the use of the various instruments was poor. Only one specific instrument (UNESP-Botucatu scale) had published evidence of validity, reliability and sensitivity at the level of a randomised control trial, but with a positive rather than placebo control, and limited to its use in the ovariohysterectomy situation. The metrics used within the tools appeared to focus primarily on the sensory aspect of pain, with no study clearly discriminating between the sensory and affective components of pain. Conclusions and relevance Further studies are required to provide a higher quality of evidence for methods used to assess pain in cats. Furthermore, a consistent definition for acute and chronic pain is needed. Tools need to be validated that can detect pain in a range of conditions and by different evaluators (veterinary surgeons and owners), which consider both the sensory and emotional aspects of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Mills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
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Bortolami E, Love EJ. Practical use of opioids in cats: a state-of-the-art, evidence-based review. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:283-311. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15572970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Recent recognition of the need to improve pain management in cats has led to the investigation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of opioid analgesic drugs in this species. The results of these studies may be difficult to interpret because the effect of these drugs varies with dose, route of administration and the method used to assess them. As equipotency of different opioids is not known, it is hard to compare their effects. Animals do not verbalise the pain they feel and, in cats, it may be more difficult to recognise signs of pain in comparison with other species such as dogs. Aim This article reviews the use of opioid analgesics in cats. It must be remembered that not all drugs are licensed for use in cats, and that marketing authorisations vary between different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bortolami
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Emma J Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Dixon MJ, Taylor PM, Slingsby LC, Murrell JC. Refinement of a thermal threshold probe to prevent burns. Lab Anim 2015; 50:54-62. [PMID: 25766976 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215577313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal threshold testing is commonly used for pain research. The stimulus may cause burning and merits prevention. Thermal probe modifications hypothesized to reduce burning were evaluated for practicality and effect. Studies were conducted on two humans and eight cats. Unmodified probe 0 was tested on two humans and promising modifications were also evaluated on cats. Probe 1 incorporated rapid cooling after threshold was reached: probe 1a used a Peltier system and probe 1b used water cooling. Probe 2 released skin contact immediately after threshold. Probe 3 (developed in the light of evidence of 'hot spots' in probe 0) incorporated reduced thermal mass and even heating across the skin contact area. Human skin was heated to 48℃ (6℃ above threshold) and the resulting burn was evaluated using area of injury and a simple descriptive scale (SDS). Probe 1a cooled the skin but required further heat dissipation, excessive power, was not 'fail-safe' and was inappropriate for animal mounting. Probe 1b caused less damage than no cooling (27 ± 13 and 38 ± 11 mm(2) respectively, P = 0.0266; median SDS 1.5 and 4 respectively, P = 0.0317) but was cumbersome. Probe 2 was unwieldy and was not evaluated further. Probe 3 produced even heating without blistering in humans. With probe 3 in cats, after opioid treatment, thermal threshold reached cut-out (55℃) on 24 occasions, exceeded 50℃ in a further 32 tests and exceeded 48℃ in the remainder. No skin damage was evident immediately after testing and mild hyperaemia in three cats at 2-3 days resolved rapidly. Probe 3 appeared to be suitable for thermal threshold testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dixon
- Topcat Metrology Ltd, Gravel Head Farm, Little Downham, Ely, Cambs, UK
| | - P M Taylor
- Topcat Metrology Ltd, Gravel Head Farm, Little Downham, Ely, Cambs, UK
| | - L C Slingsby
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol, UK
| | - J C Murrell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol, UK
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Influence of experimental protocol on response rate and repeatability of mechanical threshold testing in dogs. Vet J 2015; 204:82-7. [PMID: 25744801 PMCID: PMC4422136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were obtained from healthy dogs. Effect of protocol on success rate, repeatability and threshold was examined. Stimulus area, position of dog and anatomical site affected success rate. Wider stimulus areas were associated with higher thresholds. Between dog variation had a greater effect than protocol on all three outcomes.
Mechanical threshold (MT) testing is widely used to measure nociceptive thresholds. However, there has been little research into factors that contribute to the response rate and repeatability (collectively termed ‘efficacy’) of MT testing protocols. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the efficacy of a protocol using a hand-held algometer to measure MTs (N) in healthy dogs (n = 12) was affected by varying (1) the area over which force was applied (tip diameter), (2) rate of force application, (3) position of dog during testing, and (4) anatomical site of testing. The effect of these factors on MT and the impact of individual dog effects on both efficacy and MT were also investigated. Overall, 3175/3888 tests (82%) resulted in a measurable response. The response rate was reduced by using wider tip diameters, testing at the tibia, and testing when the dog was lying down (compared to sitting upright). Wider tips were associated with higher, more variable MTs (mean ± standard deviation) with values of 4.18 ± 2.55 N for 2 mm diameter tips, 5.54 ± 3.33 for those of 4 mm, and 7.59 ± 4.73 for 8 mm tips. Individual dog effects had the most significant impact on efficacy and MT. The findings indicate that tip diameter, dog position, and anatomical site may affect both protocol efficacy and MTs, and should be taken into account when comparing different studies and in designing protocols to measure MTs in dogs. The predominant effect of the individual dog over other factors indicates that between-subject differences should always be accounted for in future studies.
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Farnworth MJ, Barrett LA, Adams NJ, Beausoleil NJ, Hekman M, Thomas DG, Waran NK, Stafford KJ. Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hedges AR, Pypendop BH, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and buccal administration in cats, and effects on thermal threshold. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:252-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Hedges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - B. H. Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Y. Shilo-Benjamini
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. D. Stanley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - J. E. Ilkiw
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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McGowan KT, Elfenbein JR, Robertson SA, Sanchez LC. Effect of butorphanol on thermal nociceptive threshold in healthy pony foals. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:503-6. [PMID: 23126609 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Pain management is an important component of foal nursing care, and no objective data currently exist regarding the analgesic efficacy of opioids in foals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the somatic antinociceptive effects of 2 commonly used doses of intravenous (i.v.) butorphanol in healthy foals. Our hypothesis was that thermal nociceptive threshold would increase following i.v. butorphanol in a dose-dependent manner in both neonatal and older pony foals. METHODS Seven healthy neonatal pony foals (age 1-2 weeks), and 11 healthy older pony foals (age 4-8 weeks). Five foals were used during both age periods. Treatments, which included saline (0.5 ml), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt), were administered i.v. in a randomised crossover design with at least 2 days between treatments. Response variables included thermal nociceptive threshold, skin temperature and behaviour score. Data within each age period were analysed using a 2-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison procedure if warranted. RESULTS There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in thermal threshold, relative to Time 0, following butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt) administration in both age groups. No significant time or treatment effects were apparent for skin temperature. Significant time, but not treatment, effects were evident for behaviour score in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS Butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg bwt, but not 0.05 mg/kg bwt) significantly increased thermal nociceptive threshold in neonatal and older foals without apparent adverse behavioural effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Butorphanol shows analgesic potential in foals for management of somatic painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T McGowan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Florida, USA
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NAGORE L, SOLER C, GIL L, SERRA I, SOLER G, REDONDO JI. Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-pethidine and dexmedetomidine-butorphanol in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:222-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Love EJ, Murrell J, Whay HR. Thermal and mechanical nociceptive threshold testing in horses: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:3-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dixon MJ, Taylor PM, Slingsby L, Hoffmann MV, Kästner SBR, Murrell J. A small, silent, low friction, linear actuator for mechanical nociceptive testing in veterinary research. Lab Anim 2010; 44:247-53. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2010.009080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Air pressure is commonly used to drive a mechanical stimulus for nociceptive threshold testing. This may be bulky, noisy, non-linear and suffer from friction, hence development of a better system is described. A novel, light (14 g) rolling diaphragm actuator was constructed, which supplied 20 N force via a constant actuation area irrespective of the pressure and position in the stroke. Three round-ended pins, 2.5 mm diameter, mounted in a triangle on the piston, provided the stimulus. Pressure was increased manually using a syringe with the rate of rise of force controlled at 0.8 N/s by warning lights. The pressure/force relationship was calibrated using a static force transducer and mercury column. Data were collected with the actuator attached to the anteromedial radius of 12 cats and four dogs. Mechanical threshold was recorded when the animal withdrew the limb and/or turned towards the actuator. Safety cut-off was 20 N. The pressure/force relationship was linear and independent of the start point in the actuator stroke. Baseline feline thresholds were 10.0 ± 2.5 N (mean ± SD), which increased significantly 30 min after butorphanol administration. Baseline canine thresholds were 5.5 ± 1.4 N and increased significantly between 15 and 45 min after administration of fentanyl or butorphanol. The system overcame the problems of earlier devices and detected an opioid-induced increase in threshold. It has considerable advantages over previous systems for research in analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dixon
- Topcat Metrology, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - P M Taylor
- Topcat Metrology, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - L Slingsby
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M V Hoffmann
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - S B R Kästner
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Murrell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Steagall PVM, Millette V, Mantovani FB, Gilbert P, Luna SPL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine or medetomidine, or the combination, in conscious cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:477-84. [PMID: 19754915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine (EB), epidural medetomidine (EM) or epidural buprenorphine-medetomidine (EBM). Eight cats were studied. Thermal thresholds (TT) were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. Mechanical thresholds (MT) were measured through inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder to the cat's forelimb. After baseline measurements, EB (0.02 mg/kg), EM (0.01 mg/kg) or half of the doses of each drug (EBM) were administered. Data were analysed using anova (P < 0.05) and 95% confidence interval (CI). TT increased from 30 min to 1 h after EB and at 45 min after EM. MT increased from 45 min to 2 h after EB, from 15 min to 1 h after EM and at 30, 45 min and at 2 h after EBM. MT were significantly lower after EB than EM at 30 min. TT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 4 h after EM and from 15 min to 8 h after EBM. MT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 5 h, and at 8, 12 and 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 6 h after EM and from 15 min to 6 h and at 12 and 24 h after EBM. All treatments had similar onset. Overall, EB presented longer period of action than EBM and EM. The same magnitude of analgesia was achieved, but with fewer side effects when EBM was compared with EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1100, USA.
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Ambros B, Steagall PVM, Mantovani F, Gilbert P, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone in conscious cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1187-92. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacDougall LM, Hethey JA, Livingston A, Clark C, Shmon CL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive, cardiopulmonary, and sedative effects of five intravenous infusion rates of lidocaine in conscious dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:512-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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