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Nojiri H, Palungwachira P, Poommarapan K, Pawasuttikul N, Lerttibat K, Kunathathorn W, Kaizu K, Takagi Y, Nararatwanchai T. Washing with a body cleanser and topical application of a moisturizer containing a pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract are effective to improve mild atopic dermatitis in Thailand. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6443-6445. [PMID: 35531798 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nojiri
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kanita Poommarapan
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niran Pawasuttikul
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Lerttibat
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wachira Kunathathorn
- School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kazuhiro Kaizu
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
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Elias PM. Optimizing emollient therapy for skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:505-511. [PMID: 35065300 PMCID: PMC9979622 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiological lipid-based barrier repair therapy (BRT). DATA SOURCES An extended literature reported that moisturizers are considered standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Additional studies have found that physiological lipid-based BRT can comprise effective, stand-alone therapy for pediatric AD. RESULTS Not all moisturizers are beneficial-some negatively impact skin function, and in doing so, they risk inducing or exacerbating inflammation in patients with AD. The frequent self-reported occurrences of sensitive skin in patients with AD could reflect the potential toxicity of such formulations. A still unanswered question is whether improper formulations could also prove to be counterproductive in other types of sensitive skin, such as rosacea. In contrast, we found how physiological lipid-based BRT (when comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio) can correct the barrier abnormality, thereby reducing inflammation in AD and possibly in other inflammatory dermatoses, such as adult eczemas and possibly even psoriasis. CONCLUSION We provide guidelines for the appropriate dispensation of moisturizers and physiological lipid-based, BRT for the treatment of AD. Both over-the-counter (Atopalm) and prescription (EpiCeram) products are available in the United States with these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California (UC) San Francisco and Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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Shindo S, Murota H, Seki T, Mori K, Kaizu K, Nishizaka T, Takagi Y, Katayama I. Effects of a moisturizer containing pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract on sweating function in adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled left-right comparison clinical trial. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4503-4509. [PMID: 35298858 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have a decreased ability to sweat. Several factors can cause decreased perspiration, such as weak tight junctions of sweat ducts, reduced acetylcholine receptor function and inhibition of perspiration by histamines. Parakeratosis of AD skin also decreases sweating by occluding sweat pores. Increased ceramide levels in the stratum corneum reduce parakeratosis by improving stratum corneum functions. Furthermore, ceramides and/or ceramide derivatives may affect claudin-3 and acetylcholine receptors. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a moisturizer containing pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract to increase ceramide levels in the epidermis to improve the sweating ability of patients with AD. METHODS Nineteen patients with AD applied moisturizers with or without pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract on the cubital fossa of either arm twice a day for 4 weeks. Skin conditions and sweating ability, measured as the response to acetylcholine stimulation, were evaluated prior to the start of the study (week 0) and at the end of weeks 2 and 4. RESULTS Both moisturizers improved the visually evaluated skin symptoms and skin hydration. However, only the moisturizer containing pseudo-ceramide and the eucalyptus extract significantly improved cutaneous barrier function and significantly increased the ceramide level in the stratum corneum. That moisturizer also increased the sweating volume and shortened the latency time for sweating, an indicator of sweating ability, but the other moisturizer did not. CONCLUSION Based on these results, the moisturizer containing pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract helps recover the sweat function of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shindo
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Kawasaki A, Hashimoto H, Shimotoyodome Y, Ito S, Ishikawa J, Sugai Y, Fujimori T. Limonoids and unsaturated fatty acids present in Melia toosendan increase ceramide production in keratinocytes. Fitoterapia 2021; 155:105058. [PMID: 34637887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin barrier prevents moisture evaporation and the entry of foreign substances such as allergens. Ceramides are one of the most important factors for maintaining skin barrier function. Melia toosendan is a plant of the Meliaceae family, and its fruit extracts have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as analgesics and anthelmintics; however, its ability to increase ceramide levels has not been reported. In this study, we screened for compounds present in M. toosendan fruit extracts that increase ceramide levels in the skin. We fractionated the extracts based on their activity to identify the active components. Nimbolinins, limonoids such as toosendanin, and hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids were found to be the major active components. The structure-activity relationship of toosendanin derivatives indicated that the sites around R4 and R5 contributed to the activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that limonoids promote ceramide production in skin cells. Therefore, M. toosendan fruit extracts may be used to develop products for improving the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kawasaki
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Akabane 2606, Haga-Gun, Ichikai-Machi, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Akabane 2606, Haga-Gun, Ichikai-Machi, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yoshie Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ito
- Personal Healthcare Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Ishikawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Akabane 2606, Haga-Gun, Ichikai-Machi, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Sugai
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Akabane 2606, Haga-Gun, Ichikai-Machi, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Fujimori
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Akabane 2606, Haga-Gun, Ichikai-Machi, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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Mohd Ariffin NH, Hasham R. Assessment of non-invasive techniques and herbal-based products on dermatological physiology and intercellular lipid properties. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03955. [PMID: 32478187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest external organ of the human body. It acts as a barrier to protect the human body from environmental pollution, mechanical stress, and excessive water loss. The defensive function resides primarily on top of the epidermis layer commonly known as stratum corneum (SC). Human SC consists of three major lipids, namely ceramide, free fatty acid, and cholesterol that comprise approximately 50%, 25%, and 25% of the total lipid mass, respectively. The optimal composition of SC lipids is the vital epidermal barrier function of the skin. On the other hand, skin barrier serves to limit passive water loss from the body, reduces chemical absorption from the environment, and prevents microbial infection. In contrast, epidermal lipids are important to maintain the cell structure, growth and differentiation, cohesion and desquamation as well as formation of a permeability barrier. Multiple non-invasive in vivo approaches were implemented on a regular basis to monitor skin physiological and intercellular lipid properties. The measurement of different parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration level, skin elasticity, collagen intensity, melanin content, sebum, pH, and tape stripping is essential to evaluate the epidermal barrier function. Novel non-invasive techniques such as tape stripping, ultrasound imaging, and laser confocal microscopy offer higher possibility of accurate and detailed characterisation of skin barrier. To date, these techniques have also been widely used to determine the effects of herbal plants in dermatology. Herbal plants have been traditionally used for ages to treat a variety of skin diseases, as reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Their availability, lower cost, and minimal or no side effects have created awareness among society, thus increase the demand for natural sources as the remedy to treat various skin diseases. This paper reviews several non-invasive techniques and evaluations of herbal-based product in dermatology.
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Ishida K, Takahashi A, Bito K, Draelos Z, Imokawa G. Treatment with Synthetic Pseudoceramide Improves Atopic Skin, Switching the Ceramide Profile to a Healthy Skin Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1762-1770.e8. [PMID: 32014509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the pathophysiological linkages between altered ceramide profiles in the stratum corneum (SC) of patients with atopic dermatitis and their impaired skin barrier and water-holding functions. We studied those characteristics following topical treatment with a designed synthetic pseudoceramide (pCer) and analyzed that pathophysiological linkage by microanalyzing ceramides using normal phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Four weeks of treatment with pCer significantly reduced skin symptoms, accompanied by significant decreases in transepidermal water loss and increases in water content. In the SC ceramide profiles, ceramides containing nonhydroxy fatty acids and 6-hydroxysphingosines (Cer[NH]) and ceramides containing nonhydroxy fatty acids and phytosphingosines (Cer[NP]) increased, whereas ceramides containing nonhydroxy fatty acids and sphingosines (Cer[NS]) and ceramides containing a-hydroxy fatty acids and sphingosines (Cer[AS]) decreased, with larger alkyl chain lengths in Cer[NS], distinctly representing a switch from an atopic dermatitis to a healthy skin phenotype. The level of pCer that penetrated into the SC was significantly correlated with the SC water content but not with transepidermal water loss. The level and the average carbon chain length of Cer[NS] were closely correlated with the pCer level in the SC. These findings indicate that the penetrated pCer contributes to shift the ceramide profile from an atopic dermatitis to a healthy skin phenotype. Taken together, the observed clinical efficacy of treatment with pCer provides a deep insight into the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis as a ceramide-deficient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Takahashi
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotatsu Bito
- Analytical Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Zoe Draelos
- Dermatology Consulting Services, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genji Imokawa
- Center for Bioscience Research & Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan; Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan.
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Choi HK, Kim HJ, Liu KH, Park CS. Phytosphingosine Increases Biosynthesis of Phytoceramide by Uniquely Stimulating the Expression of Dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) in Cultured Human Keratinocytes. Lipids 2019; 53:909-918. [PMID: 30460697 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide NP is known to be the most abundant class of 12 ceramide (CER) families that form a permeability barrier in the human skin barrier. However, not many studies have been reported on the regulation of the biosynthesis of ceramide NP. Recently, it has been reported that phytosphingosine (PHS) treatment in the cultured keratinocytes (KC) notably increased the content of ceramide NP. However, the mechanism behind the PHS-induced enhancement of ceramide NP has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of PHS on the expression of several essential genes for the biosynthesis of CER. Also, we determined the molecular mechanism behind the unique enhancement of ceramide NP upon treatment of PHS in the cultured KC. The expressions of all of the three genes (SPT, ceramide synthase 3 [CERS3], and ELOVL4) and their respective proteins were markedly increased in PHS-treated KC. In addition, the expression of the dihydroceramide C4-desaturase (DES2) responsible for conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide NP was uniquely enhanced only by PHS treatment. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that more than 20-fold increase of ceramide NP by PHS was observed while no significant enhancement of ceramide NS and NDS was observed. This study demonstrates that PHS plays a fundamental role in strengthening the epidermal permeability barrier by stimulating the overall processes of biosynthesis of all classes of CER in epidermis. The dramatic increase of ceramide NP upon PHS treatment seemed to be the outcome of transformation of dihydroceramide and/or ceramide NS by C4-hydroxylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 3-26, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Mori K, Seki T, Kaizu K, Takagi Y, Miyaki M, Ishizaki C, Katayama I. Efficacy of a moisturizer containing a pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract for Japanese patients with mild atopic dermatitis in the summer. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:850-856. [PMID: 30084152 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin moisturizing is advocated to take care of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, many patients stop using moisturizers in the summer because of excessive sweating and high humidity. OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of a moisturizing gel containing a pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract, which enhances epidermal ceramide synthesis of patients with mild AD in the summer. METHODS We performed a single-blinded 4-week clinical trial of body care on 44 Japanese subjects who had mild AD. They had not applied any moisturizer on their body in the summer. Twenty-seven subjects used the moisturizing gel containing a pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract twice a day and the 17 other subjects did not use any moisturizer. Prior to and at the end of weeks 2 and 4, the skin conditions of each subject were evaluated. RESULTS During the test period, the atmospheric temperature increased and skin dryness and scaling significantly improved with or without application of the moisturizing gel. However, the improvement in dryness of the treated group was significantly higher than that of the nontreated group. Erythema and itchiness were significantly improved only in the treated group. The skin hydration on the forearm increased significantly only in the treated group. Accompanying those improvements, the quality of life of the subjects, evaluated by Skindex-16® , was significantly improved. CONCLUSION The usage of a moisturizer containing a pseudo-ceramide and a eucalyptus extract is effective for care of the skin of AD subjects even in the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Mori
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Seki
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kaizu
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Nojiri H, Ishida K, Yao X, Liu W, Imokawa G. Amelioration of lactic acid sensations in sensitive skin by stimulating the barrier function and improving the ceramide profile. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:495-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Takagi Y, Ning X, Takahashi A, Ishizaki C, Nishizaka T, Kaizu K, Miyaki M, Yamamuro H, Kawashima M. The efficacy of a pseudo-ceramide and eucalyptus extract containing lotion on dry scalp skin. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018; 11:141-148. [PMID: 29670385 PMCID: PMC5896640 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s158428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Dry and scaly conditions on the scalp are often observed in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis and/or pityriasis capitis. Those scalp lesions often exhibit low barrier function and reduced ceramide levels. Therefore, a clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of a pseudo-ceramide and eucalyptus extract-containing lotion on the scalps of patients with skin diseases. Methods Thirty-four subjects participated in this study (atopic dermatitis: 19 subjects; seborrheic dermatitis: 6 subjects; pityriasis capitis: 9 subjects). After 4 weeks of daily treatment with a pseudo-ceramide and eucalyptus extract-containing lotion, the skin symptoms had significantly improved in all patients with those skin diseases. Results Skin dryness, scaling, and erythema were significantly improved by treatment with the lotion. The moisture-retention ability of the scalp was significantly increased and itchiness, evaluated using a visual analog scale, decreased significantly. Accompanying those improvements was a significant improvement in the quality of life of the subjects, evaluated by the Skindex-16®. Conclusion From these results, we conclude that this pseudo-ceramide and eucalyptus extract-containing lotion effectively improved the dry and scaly conditions of the scalp as well as the quality of life of subjects with atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, or pityriasis capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuanhe Ning
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuhiro Kaizu
- Skin Care Product Research, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Kawashima
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Eucalyptus (Eucapyptusspp.), an evergreen tall tree native to Australia and Tasmania, has been used since ancient times by the aboriginal population for several purposes. In particular, the speciesE. globulusis widely used in the pulp industry, as well as for the production of eucalyptus oil extracted on a commercial scale in many countries as raw materials in perfumery, cosmetics, food, beverages, aromatherapy and phytotherapy. The 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), the principal and the most important constituent extracted from eucalyptus leaves, demonstrated an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite the fact that the healthy effects of eucalyptus have been well established by research, further studies are necessary to investigate other prime effects of the plant and its possible implication in the treatment of a greater number of pathological conditions.
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Isoda K, Seki T, Inoue Y, Umeda K, Nishizaka T, Tanabe H, Takagi Y, Ishida K, Mizutani H. Efficacy of the combined use of a facial cleanser and moisturizers for the care of mild acne patients with sensitive skin. J Dermatol 2014; 42:181-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Isoda
- Department of Dermatology; Mie University; Tsu Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Seki
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory; Kao Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Analytical Science Research Laboratory; Kao Corporation; Tochigi Japan
| | - Koji Umeda
- Department of Dermatology; Mie University; Tsu Japan
- KSK Laboratory Incorporated; Tsu Japan
| | | | - Hisateru Tanabe
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory; Kao Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Takagi
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory; Kao Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Ishida
- Skin Care Products Research Laboratory; Kao Corporation; Tokyo Japan
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Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Dobner B, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Skin diseases associated with the depletion of stratum corneum lipids and stratum corneum lipid substitution therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:42-55. [PMID: 25196193 DOI: 10.1159/000360009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body, whose main function is to protect the body against the loss of physiologically important components as well as harmful environmental insults. From the inside to the outside, the skin comprises three major structural layers: the hypodermis, the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis contains four different sublayers, the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale, where the barrier function of the skin mainly lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the SC. The SC contains corneocytes that are embedded in a lipid matrix existing in the form of lipid bilayers. The lipid bilayers are formed mainly from ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, constitute the only continuous pathway across the SC and are responsible for the barrier function of the skin. However, the depletion or disturbance of SC lipids in the SC leads to a perturbation of the barrier function of the skin, and, conversely, several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion of these SC lipids. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the interrelationship between the depletion of SC lipids and skin diseases as well as factors that affect the composition and organization of SC lipids in order to assess the potential benefit of a direct replacement of the missing SC lipids as a means of treating affected, aged or diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Seghers AC, Cai SC, Ho MSL, Giam YC, Tan L, Grönhagen CM, Tang MBY. Evaluation of a Pseudoceramide Moisturizer in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2014; 4:83-92. [PMID: 24619816 PMCID: PMC4065272 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-014-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a pseudoceramide-containing moisturizer as maintenance therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS This was a prospective, single-arm, open-label clinical trial of a twice-daily application of a pseudoceramide-containing moisturizer for 4 weeks as maintenance therapy in 40 patients with stable, mild-to-moderate AD in a tropical climate. Clinical and skin barrier assessment was done at week 0, week 2 and week 4. Any adverse effects were also recorded during the study period. RESULTS The objective scoring atopic dermatitis decreased from 29.1 [interquartile range (IQR) 21.9-33.7] at week 0 to 22.0 (IQR 21.2-27.8) at week 4 (p < 0.001). There was no detectable difference in transepidermal water loss after 4 weeks; however, stratum corneum (SC) hydration was significantly increased from 39.7 (IQR 35.3-46.4) at week 0 to 49.2 (IQR 41.2-54.6) after 4 weeks (p < 0.001). Both Dermatology Life Quality Index and patient-oriented eczema measure showed significant improvement at week 4 (p < 0.001). The moisturizer was well tolerated with no serious adverse events recorded. CONCLUSION After 4 weeks of barrier maintenance therapy with a pseudoceramide moisturizer, there was a significant improvement in disease severity, SC hydration and quality of life in both pediatric and adult patients with mild-to-moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoke Chin Giam
- National Skin Center, 1 Mandalay Road, Novena, Singapore
| | - Lucinda Tan
- National Skin Center, 1 Mandalay Road, Novena, Singapore
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Lorencini M, Brohem CA, Dieamant GC, Zanchin NI, Maibach HI. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:100-15. [PMID: 24675046 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The decisive role of the epidermis in maintaining body homeostasis prompted studies to evaluate the changes in epidermal structure and functionality over the lifetime. This development, along with the identification of molecular mechanisms of epidermal signaling, maintenance, and differentiation, points to a need for new therapeutic alternatives to treat and prevent skin aging. In addition to recovering age- and sun-compromised functions, proper treatment of the epidermis has important esthetic implications. This study reviews active ingredients capable of counteracting symptoms of epidermal aging, organized according to the regulation of specific age-affected epidermal functions: (1) several compounds, other than retinoids and derivatives, act on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, supporting the protective barrier against mechanical and chemical insults; (2) natural lipidic compounds, as well as glycerol and urea, are described as agents for maintaining water-ion balance; (3) regulation of immunological pathogen defense can be reinforced by natural extracts and compounds, such as resveratrol; and (4) antioxidant exogenous sources enriched with flavonoids and vitamin C, for example, improve solar radiation protection and epidermal antioxidant activity. The main objective is to provide a functional classification of active ingredients as regulatory elements of epidermal homeostasis, with potential cosmetic and/or dermatological applications.
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Ishikawa J, Yoshida H, Ito S, Naoe A, Fujimura T, Kitahara T, Takema Y, Zerweck C, Grove GL. Dry skin in the winter is related to the ceramide profile in the stratum corneum and can be improved by treatment with a Eucalyptus
extract. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:3-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Ishikawa
- Kao Corporation; Biological Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Kao Corporation; Biological Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
| | - Shotaro Ito
- Kao Corporation; Biological Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
| | - Ayano Naoe
- Kao Corporation; Analytical Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Kao Corporation; Biological Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
| | - Takashi Kitahara
- Kao Corporation; Biological Science Laboratory; Haga-gun Tochigi Japan
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Kato E, Takahashi N. Improvement by sodium dl-α-tocopheryl-6-O-phosphate treatment of moisture-retaining ability in stratum corneum through increased ceramide levels. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3837-42. [PMID: 22579618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dl-α-tocopheryl-6-O-phosphate (1), a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E (dl-α-tocopherol, 2), exhibits protective effects against various type of skin damage. As reported herein, we found that topical application of 1 improves hygroscopicity and water holding capacity in the stratum corneum of hairless mice in vivo by increasing the ceramide content. In normal human epidermal keratinocytes, treatment with 1 increases ceramide levels and enhances gene expression of serine palmitoyltransferase, which catalyzes the first step of ceramide synthesis in vitro. In addition, 1 increases gene expressions of differentiation markers (transglutaminase 1, cytokeratin 10, involucrin and loricrin), and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. These results suggest that 1 could be an excellent agent for improving skin moisture-retention by enhancing ceramide synthesis through the induction of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Kato
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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