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Carreira JT, Lesobre L, Boullenger S, Chalah T, Lacroix F, Hingrat Y. Assisted Reproduction Techniques to Improve Reproduction in a Non-Model Species: The Case of the Arabian Bustard (Ardeotis arabs) Conservation Breeding Program. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070851. [PMID: 35405840 PMCID: PMC8996889 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artificial reproduction technologies such as artificial insemination and semen cryopreservation are important tools for species conservation and long-term genetic management. As with many bird species, Arabian bustard (Ardeotis arabs) populations are declining and are already extinct in some regions. The International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC) has started a conservation breeding program for the Arabian bustard in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Birds were housed by pairs to allow natural reproduction. Out of 1253 eggs laid, 1090 were incubated, of which 379 were fertile (i.e., 34.8%). In total, this led to the production of 251 chicks. Due to lower than desired fertility, we introduced assisted reproduction techniques to increase fertility and develop zootechnical knowledge for the species. This paper presents the results of semen collection, artificial insemination, and semen cryobanking in Arabian bustards. Inseminations with both fresh and preserved semen led to a significant increase in fertility to 84.3% of incubated eggs (i.e., 43 out of 51 incubated eggs laid by previously artificially inseminated females). Furthermore, we confirmed the viability of cryopreserved semen and its fertilizing capacity. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of artificial reproduction techniques for the conservation of Arabian bustards and suggest that these techniques can be applied to closely related critically endangered species with a minimum of adaptation. Abstract Artificial reproductive technologies are highly valuable for ex situ conservation. While Arabian bustard populations are declining and extinct in some parts of the range, the International Fund for Houbara Conservation in the United Arab Emirates implemented a conservation breeding program. Since 2012, a total of 1253 eggs were laid through natural reproduction, 1090 were incubated and 379 of these were fertile (fertility rate of 34.8%), leading to the production of 251 chicks. To improve fertility and acquire crucial knowledge for other endangered large birds, artificial reproduction was implemented in 2018 using fresh, refrigerated, and frozen sperm. A total of 720 ejaculates were collected from 12 birds. We analysed these samples for concentration, volume, motility score (0 to 5), viability (eosin/nigrosine), length, and morphology. The first age at collection was 35.7 ± 18.8 months, mean volume was 89.2 ± 65.3 µL, mean concentration was 928 ± 731 sptz/mL and mean motility score was 2.61 ± 0.95. Morphology analyses revealed a bimodal distribution of sperm length. Five hundred and thirty-five ejaculates were cryopreserved and the initial motility score was 3.4 ± 0.7 and 2.0 ± 0.6 after thawing, while the percentage of normal and intact membrane sperm cells decreased from 88.8 ± 7.5% to 52.9 ± 1%. Sixty-five artificial inseminations were performed, leading to a global fertility rate of 84.3%—more precisely, 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively, for fresh and cryopreserved semen. All methods successfully produced fertile eggs, indicating that artificial insemination is an efficient tool for the conservation and genetic management of the species.
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Mccarthy E, Mcdiarmid CS, Hurley LL, Rowe M, Griffith SC. Highly variable sperm morphology in the masked finch ( Poephila personata) and other estrildid finches. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spermatozoa exhibit remarkable levels of morphological diversification among and within species. Among the passerine birds, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) has become a model system for studies of sperm biology, yet studies of closely related Estrildidae finches remain scarce. Here, we examine sperm morphology in the masked finch (Poephila personata) and place the data into the broader context of passerine sperm morphology using data for an additional 189 species. The masked finch exhibited high levels of within- and among-male variation in total sperm length and in specific sperm components. Furthermore, among-male variance in sperm length was significantly greater in estrildid (N = 12) compared with non-estrildid species (N = 178). We suggest that the high variation in sperm morphology in the masked finch and other estrildid species is likely to be linked to low levels of sperm competition, hence relaxed or weak selection on sperm length, in the clade. Our findings highlight that the highly variable sperm of the masked finch and widely studied zebra finch are ‘typical’ for estrildid species and stress the relevance of studying groups of closely related species. Finally, we suggest that further studies of Estrildidae will enhance our understanding of sperm diversity and avian diversity more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mccarthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Callum S Mcdiarmid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura L Hurley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Breed WG, Ding X, Tuke J, Leigh C. Morphological diversity of the spermatozoon and male reproductive tract in Australian Hopping mice, genus
Notomys
– is it determined by sexual selection? J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. G. Breed
- School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences and The Robinson Research Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - X. Ding
- Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - J. Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - C.M. Leigh
- Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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Peirce EJ, McLennan HJ, Tuke J, Leigh CM, Breed WG. Evolution of the testis and spermatozoon in mice and rats (Subfamily
Murinae
) in the absence of sperm competition. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Peirce
- Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - H. J. McLennan
- Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - J. Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - C. M. Leigh
- Adelaide Medical School Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - W. G. Breed
- School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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Supriya K, Rowe M, Laskemoen T, Mohan D, Price TD, Lifjeld JT. Early diversification of sperm size in the evolutionary history of the old world leaf warblers (Phylloscopidae). J Evol Biol 2016; 29:777-89. [PMID: 26781541 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sperm morphological traits are highly variable among species and are commonly thought to evolve by post-copulatory sexual selection. However, little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of sperm morphology, and whether rates of evolutionary change are variable over time and among taxonomic groups. Here, we examine sperm morphology from 21 species of Old World leaf warblers (Phylloscopidae), a group of generally dull, sexually monochromatic birds, which are known to have high levels of extra-pair paternity. We found that sperm length differs markedly across species, spanning about 40% of the range observed across a larger selection of passerine birds. Furthermore, we found strong support for an 'early-burst' model of trait evolution, implying that the majority of divergence in sperm length has occurred early in the evolutionary history of this clade with subsequent evolutionary stasis. This large early divergence matches the early divergence reported in ecological traits (i.e. body size and feeding behaviour). Our findings demonstrate that rates of evolution in sperm morphology can change over time in passerine taxa, and that evolutionary stasis in sperm traits can occur even in species exhibiting characteristics consistent with moderate-to-high levels of sperm competition. It remains a major challenge to identify the selection mechanisms and possible constraints responsible for these variable rates of sperm evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Supriya
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Laskemoen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Mohan
- Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India
| | - T D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Stewart KA, Wang R, Montgomerie R. Extensive variation in sperm morphology in a frog with no sperm competition. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:29. [PMID: 26832366 PMCID: PMC4735968 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent comparative studies of several taxa have found that within-species variation in sperm size decreases with increasing levels of sperm competition, suggesting that male-male gamete competition selects for an optimal sperm phenotype. Previous studies of intraspecific sperm length variation have all involved internal fertilizers where some other factors—e.g., sperm storage and sperm movement along the walls of the female’s reproductive tract—probably also influence and reduce sperm size variation. Thus external fertilizers, where those factors are absent, might be expected to exhibit even more variation when there is little or no sperm competition. To test that idea, we studied the sperm morphology of a North American chorus frog, the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), a species in which males encounter little or no sperm competition. Results As expected, sperm size was highly variable in the spring peeper, largely due to variation in flagellum length within and among individual males, among populations and between mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Ontario. In addition, a large proportion of spermatozoa in all males was abnormal in such a way that the ability of abnormal spermatozoa to fertilize was probably compromised. There were no differences in the frequencies of abnormalities among populations or mitochondrial lineages. Conclusions In the absence of sperm competition, we suggest that genetic drift has probably played a role in the generation of diversity in sperm morphology in this species, potentially resulting in the observed differences among populations. Such interpopulation difference in sperm morphology might be expected to increase the degree of reproductive isolation between populations even before other isolating mechanisms evolve. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0601-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Stewart
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 1239 Siping Rd, P R China.
| | - Rachel Wang
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Robert Montgomerie
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Varea-Sánchez M, Gómez Montoto L, Tourmente M, Roldan ERS. Postcopulatory sexual selection results in spermatozoa with more uniform head and flagellum sizes in rodents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108148. [PMID: 25243923 PMCID: PMC4171531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific comparative studies have shown that, in most taxa, postcopulatory sexual selection (PCSS) in the form of sperm competition drives the evolution of longer and faster swimming sperm. Work on passserine birds has revealed that PCSS also reduces variation in sperm size between males at the intraspecific level. However, the influence of PCSS upon intra-male sperm size diversity is poorly understood, since the few studies carried out to date in birds have yielded contradictory results. In mammals, PCSS increases sperm size but there is little information on the effects of this selective force on variations in sperm size and shape. Here, we test whether sperm competition associates with a reduction in the degree of variation of sperm dimensions in rodents. We found that as sperm competition levels increase males produce sperm that are more similar in both the size of the head and the size of the flagellum. On the other hand, whereas with increasing levels of sperm competition there is less variation in head length in relation to head width (ratio CV head length/CV head width), there is no relation between variation in head and flagellum sizes (ratio CV head length/CV flagellum length). Thus, it appears that, in addition to a selection for longer sperm, sperm competition may select more uniform sperm heads and flagella, which together may enhance swimming velocity. Overall, sperm competition seems to drive sperm components towards an optimum design that may affect sperm performance which, in turn, will be crucial for successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Varea-Sánchez
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez Montoto
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maximiliano Tourmente
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. S. Roldan
- Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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van der Horst G, Maree L. Sperm form and function in the absence of sperm competition. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 81:204-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard van der Horst
- Department of Medical Bioscience; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - Liana Maree
- Department of Medical Bioscience; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
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Šandera M, Albrecht T, Stopka P. Variation in apical hook length reflects the intensity of sperm competition in murine rodents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68427. [PMID: 23844198 PMCID: PMC3700964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-copulatory sexual selection has been shown to shape morphology of male gametes. Both directional and stabilizing selection on sperm phenotype have been documented in vertebrates in response to sexual promiscuity. Methodology Here we investigated the degree of variance in apical hook length and tail length in six taxa of murine rodents. Conclusions Tail sperm length and apical hook length were positively associated with relative testis mass, our proxy for levels of sperm competition, thus indicating directional post-copulatory selection on sperm phenotypes. Moreover, our study shows that increased levels of sperm competition lead to the reduction of variance in the hook length, indicating stabilizing selection. Hence, the higher risk of sperm competition affects increasing hook length together with decreasing variance in the hook length. Species-specific post-copulatory sexual selection likely optimizes sperm morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šandera
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Biocev group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Dorman F, Balsamo P, Leigh C, Breed WG. Co-evolution of gametes of the Greater Bandicoot Rat,Bandicota indica- a murine rodent from South-East Asia. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Dorman
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Priscilla Balsamo
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Chris Leigh
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - William G. Breed
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
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Lifjeld JT, Hoenen A, Johannessen LE, Laskemoen T, Lopes RJ, Rodrigues P, Rowe M. The Azores bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina) has the same unusual and size-variable sperm morphology as the Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan T. Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Antje Hoenen
- Electron Microscopical Unit for Biological Sciences; Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Oslo; PO Box 1041 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Terje Laskemoen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Ricardo J. Lopes
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto; 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO Laboratório Associado; Universidade do Porto; 4485-661 Vairão Portugal
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO Laboratório Associado; Polo dos Açores; Universidade dos Açores; 9501-801 Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
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Lifjeld JT, Laskemoen T, Kleven O, Albrecht T, Robertson RJ. Sperm length variation as a predictor of extrapair paternity in passerine birds. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13456. [PMID: 20976147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rate of extrapair paternity is a commonly used index for the risk of sperm competition in birds, but paternity data exist for only a few percent of the approximately 10400 extant species. As paternity analyses require extensive field sampling and costly lab work, species coverage in this field will probably not improve much in the foreseeable future. Recent findings from passerine birds, which constitute the largest avian order (∼5 900 species), suggest that sperm phenotypes carry a signature of sperm competition. Here we examine how well standardized measures of sperm length variation can predict the rate of extrapair paternity in passerine birds. Methodology/Principal Findings We collected sperm samples from 55 passerine species in Canada and Europe for which extrapair paternity rates were already available from either the same (n = 24) or a different (n = 31) study population. We measured the total length of individual spermatozoa and found that both the coefficient of between-male variation (CVbm) and within-male variation (CVwm) in sperm length were strong predictors of the rate of extrapair paternity, explaining as much as 65% and 58%, respectively, of the variation in extrapair paternity among species. However, only the CVbm predictor was independent of phylogeny, which implies that it can readily be converted into a currency of extrapair paternity without the need for phylogenetic correction. Conclusion/Significance We propose the CVbm index as an alternative measure to extrapair paternity for passerine birds. Given the ease of sperm extraction from male birds in breeding condition, and a modest number of sampled males required for a robust estimate, this new index holds a great potential for mapping the risk of sperm competition across a wide range of passerine birds.
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Gamboa S, Rodrigues A, Henriques L, Batista C, Ramalho-santos J. Seasonal functional relevance of sperm characteristics in equine spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2010; 73:950-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Thitipramote N, Suwanjarat J, Leigh C, Breed WG. Variation in sperm morphology of a murine rodent from South-East Asia: the Greater Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota indica. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HOLT WV, HERNANDEZ M, WARRELL L, SATAKE N. The long and the short of sperm selectionin vitroandin vivo: swim-up techniques select for the longer and faster swimming mammalian sperm. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:598-608. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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