1
|
Conradie J. Reduction potential of benzophenones, hydroxyphenones and bis(2-hydroxyphenone)copper molecules. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
2
|
Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Trifero V, Tomaino E, Marconi C, Del Giudice A, Galantini L, Poponi S, Ruggieri A, Saladino R. Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Photoprotective Carriers for Sunscreen Filters. ACS Omega 2022; 7:37070-37077. [PMID: 36312404 PMCID: PMC9608391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen filters may be degraded after prolonged UV exposure with loss of their shielding property and generation of harmful radical species. They are contained in cosmetic formulations in high concentrations, so the improvement of photostability is of relevance for safety concerns. We report here that lignin nanoparticles are sustainable carriers and photostabilizers of two common UV chemical filters, namely, avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. These compounds have been encapsulated by nanoprecipitation into kraft lignin nanoparticles using eco-certified dimethyl isosorbide as a primary solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. After the encapsulation, both compounds significantly prolonged the half-life stability against UV irradiation. The stabilizing properties of lignin nanoparticles were further improved by coencapsulation of avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate with hydroxytyrosol, a natural phenol with antioxidant activity recovered from olive oil wastes and characterized by skin regenerative properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Trifero
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudia Marconi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Poponi
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruggieri
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Sarruf FD, Sauce R, Candido TM, Oliveira CA, Rosado C, Velasco MVR, Baby AR. Butyrospermum parkii
butter increased the photostability and in vivo SPF of a molded sunscreen system. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:3296-3301. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda D. Sarruf
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafael Sauce
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thalita M. Candido
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila A. Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS – Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria V. R. Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - André R. Baby
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarruf FD, Cândido TM, Oliveira CA, Bou‐Chacra NA, Robles Velasco MV, Baby AR. Influence of Shea (
Butyrospermum parkii
) butter, TiO
2
and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate on physical parameters and in vitro photoprotective efficacy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:2076-2085. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda D. Sarruf
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thalita M. Cândido
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila A. Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nádia A. Bou‐Chacra
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria V. Robles Velasco
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - André R. Baby
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coelho SG, Rua D, Miller SA, Agrawal A. Suboptimal UVA attenuation by broad spectrum sunscreens under outdoor solar conditions contributes to lifetime UVA burden. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2019; 36:42-52. [PMID: 31376300 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broad spectrum sunscreens with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or greater are indicated to decrease the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging caused by the sun if used as directed with other sun protection measures. To determine whether sunscreen product performance is compromised under solar exposure and to test spectral uniformity of protection across the UVA spectrum, we tested broad spectrum sunscreens with a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and in a variety of dosage forms. METHODS A cross-sectional market survey of 32 sunscreen drug products containing either organic or inorganic APIs with SPFs of 15, 30, 50, and 70 was tested. UV doses were delivered via natural sun in Silver Spring, Maryland between June and September of 2017. RESULTS Of the 32 sunscreen drug products, 6 products failed to meet their broad spectrum claim under solar exposure. Using FDA's new proposal to strengthen sunscreen broad spectrum requirements, spectral uniformity based on the mean sunscreen absorbance of UVA1(340-400 nm)/UV (290-400 nm) indicated that ~40% of sunscreen drug products tested had suboptimal UVA protection. CONCLUSION US consumers may unknowingly be receiving up to 36% more transmitted UVA when selecting between similarly labeled broad spectrum sunscreen drug products with equivalent SPF values. FDA's new proposal may help decrease consumers' overall lifetime UVA burden. Spectral absorbance data on sunscreen performance can be used to further improve the coupling of broad spectrum protection to a product's SPF value so that consumers have improved proportional increases in UV protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Division of Nonprescription Drug Products, Office of Drug Evaluation IV, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Diego Rua
- Division of Nonprescription Drug Products, Office of Drug Evaluation IV, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sharon A Miller
- Division of Radiological Health, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martincigh BS, Ollengo MA. The Photostabilizing Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Three Common Sunscreen Absorbers. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:870-884. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Moses A. Ollengo
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Ma LY, Xu L. Transformation of benzophenone-type UV filters by chlorine: Kinetics, products identification and toxicity assessments. J Hazard Mater 2016; 311:263-272. [PMID: 27035274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on the kinetics, transformation pathways and toxicity of several benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) during the water chlorination disinfection process. The transformation kinetics of the studied three BPs was found to be second-order reaction, which was dependent on the concentration of BPs and chlorine. The second-order rate constants increased from 86.7 to 975 M(-1) s(-1) for oxybenzone, 49.6-261.7 M(-1) s(-1) for 4-hydroxybenzophenone and 51.7-540 M(-1) s(-1) for 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid with the increasing pH value from 6 to 8 of the chlorination disinfection condition. Then the transformation products (TPs) of these BPs were identified by HPLC-QTof analysis. Several transformation pathways, including electrophilic substitution, methoxyl substitution, ketone groups oxidation, hydrolysis, decarboxylation and ring cleavage reaction, were speculated to participate in the chlorination transformation process. Finally, according to the toxicity experiment on luminescent bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum, enhanced toxicity was observed for almost all the TPs of the studied BPs except for 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone; it suggested the formation of TPs with more toxic than the parent compounds during the chlorination process. The present study provided a foundation to understand the transformation of BPs during chlorination disinfection process, and was of great significance to the drinking water safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-yun Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudhuri RK, Ollengo MA, Singh P, Martincigh BS. 3‐(3,4,5‐Trimethoxybenzylidene)‐2,4‐pentanedione: Design of a novel photostabilizer with
in vivo
SPF boosting properties and its use in developing broad‐spectrum sunscreen formulations. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:25-35. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. A. Ollengo
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - P. Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - B. S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu‐Natal Westville Campus Private Bag X54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mandal S, Bera R, Das S, Nayak SK, Pramanik A, Patra A. Photon Harvesting in Sunscreen-Based Functional Nanoparticles. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3618-24. [PMID: 26419334 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ultraviolet light component in the solar spectrum is known to cause several harmful effects, such as allergy, skin ageing, and skin cancer. Thus, current research attention has been paid to the design and fundamental understanding of sunscreen-based materials. One of the most abundantly used sunscreen molecules is Avobenzone (AB), which exhibits two tautomers. Here, we highlight the preparation of spherically shaped nanoparticles from the sunscreen molecule AB as well as from sunscreen-molecule-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous media and study their fundamental photophysical properties by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. Steady-state studies confirm that the AB molecule is in the keto and enol forms in tetrahydrofuran, whereas the enol form is stable in the case of both AB nanoparticles and AB-encapsulated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. Thus, the keto-enol transformation of AB molecules is restricted to a nanoenvironment. An enhancement of photostability in both the nanoparticle and PMMA-encapsulated forms under UV light irradiation is observed. The efficient excited energy transfer (60 %) from AB to porphyrin molecules opens up further prospects in potential applications as light-harvesting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadananda Mandal
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700 032, India.,Department of Chemistry, Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, Sripally, Burdwan-, 713103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Bera
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700 032, India
| | - Somnath Das
- Unilever R & D Bangalore, 64, Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Sandip K Nayak
- Bio-organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-, 400 085, India
| | - Amitava Pramanik
- Unilever R & D Bangalore, 64, Main Road, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066, India.
| | - Amitava Patra
- Department of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schalka S, Steiner D, Ravelli FN, Steiner T, Terena AC, Marçon CR, Ayres EL, Addor FAS, Miot HA, Ponzio H, Duarte I, Neffá J, Cunha JAJD, Boza JC, Samorano LDP, Corrêa MDP, Maia M, Nasser N, Leite OMRR, Lopes OS, Oliveira PD, Meyer RLB, Cestari T, Reis VMSD, Rego VRPDA. Brazilian consensus on photoprotection. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 89:1-74. [PMID: 25761256 PMCID: PMC4365470 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates
and massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located
between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Earth axial tilt to the
south certainly makes Brazil one of the countries of the world with greater extent of
land in proximity to the sun. The Brazilian coastline, where most of its population
lives, is more than 8,500 km long. Due to geographic characteristics and cultural
trends, Brazilians are among the peoples with the highest annual exposure to the sun.
Epidemiological data show a continuing increase in the incidence of non-melanoma and
melanoma skin cancers. Photoprotection can be understood as a set of measures aimed
at reducing sun exposure and at preventing the development of acute and chronic
actinic damage. Due to the peculiarities of Brazilian territory and culture, it would
not be advisable to replicate the concepts of photoprotection from other developed
countries, places with completely different climates and populations. Thus the
Brazilian Society of Dermatology has developed the Brazilian Consensus on
Photoprotection, the first official document on photoprotection developed in Brazil
for Brazilians, with recommendations on matters involving photoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Schalka
- Photobiology Department, Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eloisa Leis Ayres
- Center of Dermatology Prof. Rene Garrido Neves, City Health Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Ponzio
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ida Duarte
- Charity Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane Neffá
- Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Maia
- Charity Hospital, Santa Casa de Misericórdia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilton Nasser
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Freitas JV, Lopes NP, Gaspar LR. Photostability evaluation of five UV-filters, trans-resveratrol and beta-carotene in sunscreens. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:79-89. [PMID: 26159738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES) is used in cosmetic formulations and beta-carotene (BTC) is a classical sunscreen antioxidant, but their photostability in sunscreens, a property directly correlated to performance and safety has not been addressed in the literature. This paper reports the assessment of RES and/or BTC influence on the photostability of five UV-filters (octyl methoxycinnamate - OMC, avobenzone -AVO, octocrylene - OCT, bemotrizinole - BMZ, octyltriazone - OTZ) in three different combinations after UVA exposure followed by the identification of degradation products and the assessment of photoreactivity. The evaluation of sunscreen photostability was performed by HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis, and degradation products were identified by GC-MS analysis. Components RES, BTC, OMC and AVO were significantly degraded after UV exposure (reduction of around 16% in recovery). According to HPLC analysis, all formulations presented similar photostability profiles. Eleven degradation products were identified in GC-MS analysis, among them products of RES, BTC, OMC and AVO photodegradation. All evaluated formulations were considered photoreactive, as well as the isolated compounds RES and AVO. Considering HPLC, spectrophotometric and GC-MS results, it is suggested that formulations containing BMZ were considered the most photostable. The combination RES+BTC in a sunscreen improved the photostability of AVO. The benefits of using a combination of antioxidants in sunscreens was demonstrated by showing that using RES+BTC+studied UV-filters led to more photostable formulations, which in turn implies in better safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Vescovi Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Manová E, von Goetz N, Hungerbuehler K. Aggregate consumer exposure to UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate via personal care products. Environ Int 2015; 74:249-257. [PMID: 25454242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are substances designed to protect our skin from UV-induced damage and can be found in many categories of personal care products (PCPs). The potential endocrine-disrupting effects attributed to UV filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) are being debated. We evaluated the aggregate exposure of the Swiss-German population (N=1196; ages ≤1-97years) to EHMC via the use of PCPs; thus we provide the first comprehensive information about the current EHMC exposure sources and aggregate exposure levels. In our probabilistic modeling method performed at an individual level, PCP use data obtained by a postal questionnaire were linked to concentration data on EHMC gained from chemical analyses of PCPs used by the questionnaire respondents. The modeled median and 99.9th percentile of the internal aggregate exposure for the general population were 0.012 and 0.873mgday(-1)kg(-1) and 0.008 and 0.122mgday(-1)kg(-1) for the summer/autumn and winter/spring period, respectively. The major contributors to internal aggregate exposure were sunscreen products in summer/autumn (females: 64%; males: 85%; children aged ≤12years 93%). In winter/spring, lip care dominated for females (30%) and sunscreen for males (38%) and children aged ≤12years (50%). Overall, the internal aggregate exposure estimates for the studied population are shown to be below the Derived No Effect Level (DNEL) for EHMC i.e., the level of exposure above which humans should not be exposed; however, when an intense short-term exposure via sunscreen is accounted for during a sunbathing day, at the high-end percentiles (99.9th) the predicted aggregate exposure exceeds the DNEL for thyroid-disrupting effects such as for children aged ≤4years, who might be particularly susceptible to endocrine disrupting events. It is nevertheless critical to acknowledge that quantitative data on transdermal penetration of EHMC from PCPs are currently insufficient. Since long-term effects of endocrine disruptors are not known, future studies are warranted to provide accurate quantitative data on transdermal penetration of EHMC and to determine its metabolic fate in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Manová
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Manová E, von Goetz N, Hauri U, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Organic UV filters in personal care products in Switzerland: A survey of occurrence and concentrations. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
16
|
Hojerová J, Medovcíková A, Mikula M. Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Since the nineteen fifties the attitude of the fair-skinned world population towards the sun has changed dramatically. Tanned skin, which before was regarded as the stigma of the underprivileged working classes, became fashionable and desirable. The science of photoprotection primarily focuses on ultraviolet exposure during leisure time activities, whereas ultraviolet radiation is still underestimated as a risk factor for UV-induced skin and eye problems. The actual discussion on the registration of UV-induced skin tumours as occupational diseases, however, has drawn more attention to this important issue. Ambient radiation, the working process itself and the photoprotective behaviour of an outdoor worker are the main factors which influence the actual UV exposure. However, the total risk for the development of actinic damage results from the interaction of both the occupational and the leisure time exposure. It is evident that there is a high need for photoprotective measures for outdoor workers. Topical sunscreens as a part of a comprehensive UV protection strategy for outdoor workers have to fulfil special requirements: reasonable price, high water resistance, non-sticky appearance. At present only a few products are available which meet these criteria. This is the reason why sunscreens are not so well accepted by outdoor workers. Great efforts have to be undertaken to improve sunscreen formulations and to convince people to apply them correctly and regularly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The importance of adequate UVA protection is apparent with improved understanding of UVA-induced skin damage. This has led to the development of new sunscreen ingredients. A number of regulatory bodies or experts from the industry and academia have proposed methods to assess the efficacy of sunscreens against UVA radiation. In addition different proposals have been made regarding the labeling for UVA protection. The purpose of this paper is to describe several in vitro methods for measuring UVA protection of sunscreen products and to consider their validity. The different proposals in terms of UVA labeling are also presented and discussed. This review illustrates the need for standardization of the measurement conditions and harmonization to convey to consumers the most appropriate information on UVA protection.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
This article describes the basic principles of photoprotection with classic sunscreens containing chemical and/or physical UV filters and standard methods of sun protection factor (SPF) determination. In addition, the new governmental regulations and recommendations of the European Commission for photoprotection are presented and compared to regulations in other regions of the world. Finally, the efficacy of sunscreens in sunlight-induced non-sunburn effects, such as immune suppression and carcinogenesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Wolf
- Forschungseinheit für Photodermatologie, Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Osterreich.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mturi GJ, Martincigh BS. Photostability of the sunscreening agent 4-tert-butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) in solvents of different polarity and proticity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Gonzalez H, Tarras-Wahlberg N, Strömdahl B, Juzeniene A, Moan J, Larkö O, Rosén A, Wennberg AM. Photostability of commercial sunscreens upon sun exposure and irradiation by ultraviolet lamps. BMC Dermatol 2007; 7:1. [PMID: 17324264 PMCID: PMC1831786 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Sunscreens are being widely used to reduce exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The fact that some sunscreens are photounstable has been known for many years. Since the UV-absorbing ingredients of sunscreens may be photounstable, especially in the long wavelength region, it is of great interest to determine their degradation during exposure to UV radiation. Our aim was to investigate the photostability of seven commercial sunscreen products after natural UV exposure (UVnat) and artificial UV exposure (UVart). Methods Seven commercial sunscreens were studied with absorption spectroscopy. Sunscreen product, 0.5 mg/cm2, was placed between plates of silica. The area under the curve (AUC) in the spectrum was calculated for UVA (320–400 nm), UVA1 (340–400 nm), UVA2 (320–340 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm) before (AUCbefore) and after (AUCafter) UVart (980 kJ/m2 UVA and 12 kJ/m2 of UVB) and before and after UVnat. If theAUC Index (AUCI), defined as AUCI = AUCafter/AUCbefore, was > 0.80, the sunscreen was considered photostable. Results Three sunscreens were unstable after 90 min of UVnat; in the UVA range the AUCI was between 0.41 and 0.76. In the UVB range one of these sunscreens was unstable with an AUCI of 0.75 after 90 min. Three sunscreens were photostable after 120 min of UVnat; in the UVA range the AUCI was between 0.85 and 0.99 and in the UVB range between 0.92 and 1.0. One sunscreen showed in the UVA range an AUCI of 0.87 after UVnat but an AUCI of 0.72 after UVart. Five of the sunscreens were stable in the UVB region. Conclusion The present study shows that several sunscreens are photounstable in the UVA range after UVnat and UVart. There is a need for a standardized method to measure photostability, and the photostability should be marked on the sunscreen product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, N-0310, Norway
| | - Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, N-0310, Norway
| | - Olle Larkö
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Arne Rosén
- Department of Physics, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Marie Wennberg
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|