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Oja P, Memon AR, Titze S, Jurakic D, Chen ST, Shrestha N, Em S, Matolic T, Vasankari T, Heinonen A, Grgic J, Koski P, Kokko S, Kelly P, Foster C, Podnar H, Pedisic Z. Health Benefits of Different Sports: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies Including 2.6 Million Adult Participants. Sports Med Open 2024; 10:46. [PMID: 38658416 PMCID: PMC11043276 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reviews have examined the health benefits of participation in specific sports, such as baseball, cricket, cross-country skiing, cycling, downhill skiing, football, golf, judo, rugby, running and swimming. However, new primary studies on the topic have recently been published, and the respective meta-analytic evidence needs to be updated. OBJECTIVES To systematically review, summarise and appraise evidence on physical health benefits of participation in different recreational sports. METHODS Searches for journal articles were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SpoLit, SPORTDiscus, Sports Medicine & Education Index and Web of Science. We included longitudinal and intervention studies investigating physical health outcomes associated with participation in a given sport among generally healthy adults without disability. RESULTS A total of 136 papers from 76 studies conducted among 2.6 million participants were included in the review. Our meta-analyses of available evidence found that: (1) cycling reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by 16% (pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.89), all-cause mortality by 21% (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.84), cancer mortality by 10% (HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.96) and cardiovascular mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.86); (2) football has favourable effects on body composition, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, cardiovascular function at rest, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone strength (p < 0.050); (3) handball has favourable effects on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.050); (4) running reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 23% (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.85), cancer mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89) and cardiovascular mortality by 27% (HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.94) and improves body composition, cardiovascular function at rest and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.010); and (5) swimming reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 24% (HR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.92) and improves body composition and blood lipids (p < 0.010). CONCLUSIONS A range of physical health benefits are associated with participation in recreational cycling, football, handball, running and swimming. More studies are needed to enable meta-analyses of health benefits of participation in other sports. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021234839.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Oja
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aamir Raoof Memon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Danijel Jurakic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nipun Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sowannry Em
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tena Matolic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul Kelly
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Foster
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hrvoje Podnar
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Sandercock G. The Standard Error/Standard Deviation Mix-Up: Potential Impacts on Meta-Analyses in Sports Medicine. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-023-01989-9. [PMID: 38270793 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent review found that 45% of meta-analyses included statistical errors, of which, the most common was the calculation of effect sizes based on standard error (SE) rather than standard deviation (SD) [the SE/SD mix-up]. OBJECTIVES The first aim of this study was to assess the impact of the SE/SD mix-up on the results of one highly cited meta-analysis. Our second aim was to identify one potential source of the SE/SD mix-up, by assessing how often SE is reported as a measure of sample variability in randomised controlled trials in sports medicine. METHODS We checked for potential SE/SD mix-ups in a 2015 meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials reporting the effects of recreational football interventions on aerobic fitness in adults. We corrected effect sizes affected by SE/SD mix-ups and re-analysed the data according to the original methodology. We compared pooled estimates of effect sizes from our re-analysis of corrected values with those of the original study. To assess how often SE was reported instead of SD as a measure of sample variance, we text mined results of randomised controlled trials from seven sports medicine journals and reported the proportion reporting of SE versus SD. RESULTS We identified potential SE/SD mix-ups in 9/16 effect sizes included in the meta-analysis describing the effects of football-based interventions versus non-exercise control. The published effect size was standardised mean difference (SMD) = 1.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91, 2.01). After correcting for SE/SD mix-ups, our re-analysis produced a smaller pooled estimate (SMD = 0.54 [95% CI 0.37, 0.71]). The original pooled estimate for trials comparing football versus running interventions was SMD = 0.68 (95% CI 0.06, 1.4). After correcting for SE/SD mix-ups and re-analysis, the effect was no longer statistically significant (SMD = 0.20 [95% CI - 0.10, 0.49)]). We found that 19.3% of randomised controlled trials reported SE rather than SD to describe sample variability. The relative frequency of the practice ranged from 0 to 25% across the seven journals sampled. CONCLUSIONS We found the SE/SD mix-up had inflated estimates for the effects of football on aerobic fitness. Meta-analysts should be vigilant to avoid miscalculating effect sizes. Authors, reviewers and editors should avoid and discourage (respectively) the practice of reporting SE as a measure of sample variability in sports medicine research.
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Thornton J, Rosen C, Davenport M, Mountjoy ML, Dorian P, Gouttebarge V, Breau B, Pila E, Reilly K, Yuan J, Mok K, Di Ciacca S, Speechley M, Crossley K. Beyond the medals: a cross-sectional study exploring retired elite female athletes' health. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001479. [PMID: 36643408 PMCID: PMC9835950 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Little is known about the impact of elite sport participation on long-term athlete health. We aimed to: (1) describe musculoskeletal, mental health, reproductive/endocrine and cardiovascular characteristics in retired elite female athletes and compare to the general population and (2) explore athletes' perceptions of their elite sport participation and its impact on health. Methods A 136-item online questionnaire was disseminated to Canadian elite female rowing and rugby athletes >18 years old, >2 years retired from elite competition. Matched general population data were obtained from Statistics Canada when available. Results Seventy-four (24% response rate) athletes (average age 45 (±9) years; retired 15 (±9) years) completed the questionnaire (30 rowing, 44 rugby athletes). During their career, 63 athletes (85%) experienced a hip/groin, knee, foot/ankle injury, or low back pain, with 42 (67%) reporting ongoing symptoms. Athletes 35-54 years reported worse knee symptoms and quality of life compared with the general population (symptom: p=0.197; d=1.15 [0.66, 1.63]; quality of life: p=0.312 d=1.03 [0.54, 1.51]) while other hip, knee and foot/ankle outcome scores were similar. Retired athletes had lower odds of anxiety (OR=0.155 [95% CI0.062 to 0.384]), greater lifetime/ever odds of amenorrhea (OR=6.10 [95%CI 2.67 to 13.96]) and gave birth when older (p<0.05). Fifty-nine (79%) recalled witnessing or experiencing at least one form of harassment/abuse during their career. Sixty athletes (81%) rated their current health as above average or excellent and 61 (82%) would compete at the same level again if given the choice. Conclusion These novel insights can inform future preventative efforts to promote positive elite sport-related outcomes for current, former and future female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Thornton
- Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Casey Rosen
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margie Davenport
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Paul Dorian
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Becky Breau
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Pila
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Reilly
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Yuan
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Mok
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Di Ciacca
- Return to Health and Performance Lab, Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Speechley
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kay Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zhou X, Luo A, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zha Y, Wang S, Ashton C, Andamasaris JE, Wang H, Wang Q. The Effect of FIFA 11+ on the Isometric Strength and Running Ability of Young Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13186. [PMID: 36293765 PMCID: PMC9603440 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soccer is the world's game, and keeping athletes healthy while playing the game has often been a focus of study. There is a high occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries reported in soccer. FIFA 11+ was developed as an intervention to help prevent such injuries. FIFA 11+ has previously been studied for its efficacy as an injury prevention program, but not for its effect on sports performance in an adolescent population. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of implementing the FIFA 11+ intervention on strength, speed, and agility. Twenty youth soccer players were randomly divided into an intervention group (INT) and a control group (CON). The intervention lasted for eight weeks and performance assessments were completed pre- and post-intervention. Post-test INT knee flexor strength was significantly higher than pre-test scores (p < 0.05). INT also demonstrated significantly higher hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q) after the intervention (p < 0.05), while the CON H/Q did not change significantly. 30-m sprint performance of both groups improved from pre- to post-test (p < 0.05). Shuttle run performance was significantly improved in post-test scores for INT players (p < 0.05), but did not change significantly for the CON players. It is suggested that implementing FIFA 11+ before training in young soccer players can lead to performance benefits as well as injury prevention benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine and Health, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Anmin Luo
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Haidian Experimental High School, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Zha
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Caroline Ashton
- School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | | | - Henry Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Qirong Wang
- National Institute of Sports Medicine, National Testing & Research Center for Sports Nutrition, 1 Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Milanović Z, Čović N, Helge EW, Krustrup P, Mohr M. Recreational Football and Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Domingues LB, Carpes LDO, Fuchs SC, Ferrari R. Effects of a single beach tennis session on short-term blood pressure variability in individuals with hypertension: a randomized crossover trial. Blood Press Monit 2022; 27:185-191. [PMID: 35258025 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of blood pressure (BP) variability to estimate cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension, not all exercise modalities can reduce short-term BP variability, and no studies have measured the acute effects of recreational sports on short-term BP variability. We investigated the acute effects of a single beach tennis (BT) session on short-term BP variability in individuals with hypertension. Twenty-two participants took part in this randomized clinical trial. They were randomly allocated to a BT session and a nonexercise control session (Con). BT and Con sessions lasted 45 min. Office BP and heart rate were measured throughout the experimental sessions to calculate rate-pressure products and estimate the cardiovascular demand of BT. To determine short-term BP variability after BT and Con sessions, average real variability (ARV) of systolic BP and diastolic BP was assessed over 24 h using ambulatory BP monitoring. Compared with Con, there were lower 24-h (Δ, -0.9 ± 0.4 mmHg; P = 0.049) and daytime (Δ, -1.4 ± 0.5 mmHg; P = 0.004) ARV of diastolic BP after BT. There were no significant differences in ARV of systolic BP between Con and BT. There was a higher rate-pressure product found during BT (P < 0.001). However, after the experimental sessions, there was no significant difference between BT and Con for the rate-pressure product under ambulatory conditions. In conclusion, a single BT session reduced daytime and 24-h diastolic BP variability in adults with hypertension. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03909308.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Betti Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Leandro de Oliveira Carpes
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Sandra Costa Fuchs
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Rodrigo Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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da Silva Soares DB, Shinjo SK, Santos AS, de Cassia Rosa de Jesus J, Schenk S, de Castro GS, Zanoteli E, Krustrup P, da Silva MER, de Sousa MV. Skeletal muscle gene expression in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training - a randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111831. [PMID: 35525396 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week calorie-restricted diet and recreational sports training on gene expressions IL15, ATROGIN1 and MURF-1 in skeletal muscle of T2D patients. METHODS Older adults with T2D (n = 39, 60 ± 6.0 years, BMI 33.5 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to Diet+Soccer (DS), Diet+Running (DR) or Diet (D). The training sessions were moderate-to-high-intensity and performed 3 × 40 min/week for 12-weeks. Gene expression from vastus lateralis muscle obtained by qRT-PCR, dual-energy X-ray and fasting blood testing measurements were performed before and after 12-weeks. Statistical analysis adopted were two-way ANOVA and Paired t-test for gene expression, and RM-ANOVA test for the remainder variables. RESULTS Total body weight was reduced in ~4 kg representing body fat mass in all groups after 12-weeks (P < 0.05). HbA1c values decreased in all groups post-intervention. Lipids profile improved in the training groups (P < 0.05) after 12-weeks. ATROGIN1 and MURF-1 mRNA reduced in the DS (1.084 ± 0.14 vs. 0.754 ± 1.14 and (1.175 ± 0.34 vs. 0.693 ± 0.12, respectively; P < 0.05), while IL15 mRNA increased in the DR (1056 ± 0,12 vs. 1308 ± 0,13; P < 0.05) after 12-weeks intervention. CONCLUSION Recreational training with a moderate calorie-restricted diet can downregulates the expression of atrophy-associated myokines and increases the expression of anti-inflammatory gene IL15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bento da Silva Soares
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aritânia Sousa Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Salim de Castro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Metabolism Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmar Zanoteli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Elizabeth Rossi da Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maysa Vieira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Uth J, Fristrup B, Sørensen V, Helge EW, Christensen MK, Kjaergaard JB, Møller TK, Helge JW, Jørgensen NR, Rørth M, Vadstrup ES, Krustrup P. One year of Football Fitness improves L1-L4 BMD, postural balance, and muscle strength in women treated for breast cancer. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1545-1557. [PMID: 33794005 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine efficacy of 12 months Football Fitness offered twice per week on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTM), postural balance, muscle strength, and body composition in women treated for early-stage breast cancer (BC). METHODS Women treated for early-stage BC were randomized to Football Fitness (FFG, n = 46) or control (CON, n = 22) in a 2:1 ratio for 12 months, with assessments performed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Outcomes were total body-, lumbar spine- and proximal femur BMD, total body lean and fat mass, leg muscle strength, postural balance, and plasma amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP), osteocalcin, and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX). Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses and per-protocol analyses (≥50% attendance in FFG) were performed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Participants in FFG completing the 12-month intervention (n = 33) attended 0.8 (SD = 0.4) sessions per week. Intention to treat analysis of mean changes over 12 months showed significant differences (p<.05) in L1-L4 BMD (0.029 g/cm2 , 95%CI: 0.001 to 0.057), leg press strength (7.2 kg, 95%CI: 0.1 to 14.3), and postural balance (-4.3 n need of support, 95%CI: -8.0 to -0.7) favoring FFG compared to CON. In the per-protocol analyses, L1-L4 and trochanter major BMD were improved (p = .012 and .030, respectively) in FFG compared with CON. No differences were observed between groups in BTMs in the ITT or per protocol analyses. CONCLUSION One year of Football Fitness training may improve L1-L4 BMD, leg muscle strength, and postural balance in women treated for early-stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Uth
- University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fristrup
- Section of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Victor Sørensen
- University Hospitals Centre for Health Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Wulff Helge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Boye Kjaergaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Kjeldgaard Møller
- Section of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørth
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Soelberg Vadstrup
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Section of Sport and Health Sciences, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sarmento H, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Effects of Recreational Small-Sided Soccer Games on Bone Mineral Density in Untrained Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:457. [PMID: 33924705 PMCID: PMC8070393 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of small-sided games (SSG)-based training programs on bone mineral density (BMD) in untrained adults. The data sources utilized were Cochrane, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The study eligibility criteria were: (i) untrained adults (>18 years old) of any sex, with or without a noncommunicable disease; (ii) SSG-based programs with a minimum duration of four weeks and no restrictions regarding frequency (number of sessions per week); (iii) passive or active control groups; (iv) pre-post values of BMD; (v) only randomized controlled trials; and (vi) only original and full-text studies written in English. The database search initially yielded 374 titles. From those, nine articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The age of included population varied from a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 71 years old. Non-significant differences between SSG and passive and active control groups on total BMD (ES = 0.14; p = 0.405 and ES = 0.28; p = 0.05, respectively). Meanwhile, significant differences in favor of SSGs vs. passive and control groups were detected, evidencing an improvement of BMD in lower limbs of the adult population for both sexes (ES = 0.26; p = 0.05 and ES = 0.28; p = 0.156, respectively). As conclusions, SSGs can be used as a non-pharmacological alternative to increase the BMD in the lower limbs despite having no significant impact on total body BMD. Careful generalization should be done of the level of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Lord Cochrane 1046, Osorno 5290000, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-531, Portugal;
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (D.C.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (D.C.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Zouhal H, Hammami A, Tijani JM, Jayavel A, de Sousa M, Krustrup P, Sghaeir Z, Granacher U, Ben Abderrahman A. Effects of Small-Sided Soccer Games on Physical Fitness, Physiological Responses, and Health Indices in Untrained Individuals and Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:987-1007. [PMID: 31989457 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-sided soccer games (SSSG) are a specific exercise regime with two small teams playing against each other on a relatively small pitch. There is evidence from original research that SSSG exposure provides performance and health benefits for untrained adults. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to summarize recent evidence on the acute and long-term effects of SSSG on physical fitness, physiological responses, and health indices in healthy untrained individuals and clinical populations. METHODS This systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) from inception until June 2019. The following key terms (and synonyms searched for by the MeSH database) were included and combined using the operators "AND", "OR", "NOT": ((soccer OR football) AND ("soccer training" OR "football training" OR "soccer game*" OR "small-sided soccer game*") AND ("physical fitness" OR "physiological adaptation*" OR "physiological response*" OR health OR "body weight" OR "body mass" OR "body fat" OR "bone composition" OR "blood pressure")). The search syntax initially identified 1145 records. After screening for titles, abstracts, and full texts, 41 studies remained that examined the acute (7 studies) and long-term effects (34 studies) of SSSG-based training on physical fitness, physiological responses, and selected alth indices in healthy untrained individuals and clinical populations. RESULTS No training-related injuries were reported in the 41 acute and long-term SSSG studies. Typically, a single session of SSSG lasted 12-20 min (e.g., 3 × 4 min with 3 min rest or 5 × 4 min with 4 min rest) involving 4-12 players (2 vs. 2 to 6 vs. 6) at an intensity ≥ 80% of HRmax. Following single SSSG session, high cardiovascular and metabolic demands were observed. Specifically, based on the outcomes, the seven acute studies reported average heart rates (HR) ≥ 80% of HRmax (165-175 bpm) and mean blood lactate concentrations exceeding 5 mmol/l (4.5-5.9 mmol/l) after single SSSG sessions. Based on the results of 34 studies (20 with healthy untrained, 10 with unhealthy individuals, and 4 with individuals with obesity), SSSG training lasted between 12 and 16 weeks and was performed 2-3 times per week. SSSG had positive long-term effects on physical fitness (e.g., Yo-Yo IR1 performance), physiological responses including maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) [+ 7 to 16%], and many health-related markers such as blood pressure (reductions in systolic [- 7.5%] and diastolic [- 10.3%] blood pressure), body composition (decreased fat mass [- 2 to - 5%]), and improved indices of bone health (bone mineral density: [+ 5 to 13%]; bone mineral content: [+ 4 to 5%]), and metabolic (LDL-cholesterol [- 15%] as well as cardiac function (left-ventricular internal diastolic diameter [+ 8%], end diastolic volume [+ 21%], left-ventricular mass index [+ 18%], and left-ventricular ejection fraction [+ 8%]). Irrespective of age or sex, these health benefits were observed in both, untrained individuals and clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, findings from this systematic review suggest that acute SSSG may elicit high cardiovascular and metabolic demands in untrained healthy adults and clinical populations. Moreover, this type of exercise is safe with positive long-term effects on physical fitness and health indices. Future studies are needed examining the long-term effects on physical fitness and physiological adaptations of different types of SSSG training (e.g., 3 vs. 3; 6 vs. 6) in comparison to continuous or interval training in different cohorts.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND According to previous epidemiological studies, there are pros and cons for the relationship between running regularly and changes in resting blood pressure (RBP), and the changes may depend on the form of exercise. OBJECTIVE The aims of the current systematic review were to summarize the effects of running regularly on RBP and to investigate the most efficacious form of running in reducing RBP for this purpose. METHODS The inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials, involving healthy adults or adults with hypertension, the exercise group only performed regular running and the control group did not exercise, and the study reported the mean resting systolic blood pressure (RSBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (RDBP). The mean difference (MD) in RBP in each trial was defined as follows: (mean value at post-intervention in the exercise group - mean value at baseline in the exercise group) - (mean value at post-intervention in the control group - mean value at baseline in the control group) and was calculated. The weighted MD (WMD) was defined as the synthesis of all MD. A linear meta-regression analysis, exercise intensity [the percentage of maximum heart rate] (%) and total exercise time throughout the intervention (hours) were selected as explanatory variables and the MD in RBP served as the objective variable. RESULTS Twenty-two trials (736 subjects) were analyzed. When trials were limited to those involving healthy subjects, the WMD in RBP decreased significantly [RSBP: - 4.2 mmHg (95% confidence intervals (95% CI) - 5.9 to - 2.4); RDBP: - 2.7 mmHg (95% CI - 4.2 to - 1.1)] and did not contain significant heterogeneity (RSBP: P = 0.67, I2 = 0.0%; DBP: P = 0.38, I2 = 7.2%). When trials were limited to those involving subjects with hypertension, the WMD in RBP decreased significantly [RSBP: - 5.6 mmHg (95% CI - 9.1 to - 2.1); RDBP: - 5.2 mmHg (95% CI - 9.0 to - 1.4)] but contained significant heterogeneity (RSBP: P = 0.01, I2 = 62.2%; DBP: P < 0.01, I2 = 87.7) and a meta-regression analysis showed that the percentage of maximum heart rate was significantly associated with the WMD in RSBP [slope: 0.56 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.92), intercept: - 48.76 (95% CI - 76.30 to - 21.22), R2 = 0.88] and RDBP [slope: 0.45 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.87), intercept: - 38.06 (95% CI - 72.30 to - 4.08), R2 = 0.41]. When trials were limited to those involving subjects with hypertension and a mean age ≥ 40 years, a meta-regression analysis showed that total exercise time throughout the intervention was significantly associated with the WMD in RDBP [slope: 0.82 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.09), intercept: - 22.90 (95% CI - 29.04 to - 16.77), R2 = 0.99]. CONCLUSIONS Running regularly decreases RBP, but the changes in subjects with hypertension may differ depending on exercise intensity or total exercise time. Therefore, running regularly at moderate intensity and at a restrained volume is recommended to lower RBP in subjects with hypertension.
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Carpes L, Jacobsen A, Domingues L, Jung N, Ferrari R. Recreational beach tennis reduces 24-h blood pressure in adults with hypertension: a randomized crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1327-1336. [PMID: 33590342 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a beach tennis session on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in adults with hypertension. METHODS In this randomized crossover trial, 24 participants (12 men and 12 women) randomly performed two experimental sessions: a beach tennis session and a non-exercise control session. The beach tennis session started with a standardized 5-min warm-up consisting of basic techniques, followed by three 12-min beach tennis matches with 2-min intervals between them. Heart rate was continuously recorded and rating of perceived exertion was assessed in the middle and at the end of each set during the beach tennis session. Enjoyment was also assessed after the beach tennis session. The control session was performed in seated rest. Both experimental sessions lasted 45 min. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured continuously for 24 h after sessions. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure (24-h: 6 mmHg, P = 0.008; daytime: 6 mmHg, P = 0.031; nighttime: 6 mmHg, P = 0.042) and diastolic blood pressure (24-h: 3 mmHg, P = 0.021; daytime: 3 mmHg, P = 0.036; nighttime: 4 mmHg, P = 0.076) decreased after beach tennis when compared with control. The participants presented a reserve heart rate of 59-68%, and a rating of perceived exertion score of 3.4-4.7 using Borg's CR10 Scale. The enjoyment scores after beach tennis session were higher than 90%. CONCLUSION A single session of recreational beach tennis reduces 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in adults with hypertension. Additionally, the participants can achieve a high physiological stress but perceive less effort during the practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Date: April 10, 2019; identifier number NCT03909308 (Clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Carpes
- Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Jacobsen
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lucas Domingues
- Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Jung
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ferrari
- Graduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
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13
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Ferrari R, de Oliveira Carpes L, Domingues LB, Jacobsen A, Frank P, Jung N, Santini J, Fuchs SC. Effect of recreational beach tennis on ambulatory blood pressure and physical fitness in hypertensive individuals (BAH study): rationale and study protocol. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:56. [PMID: 33407276 PMCID: PMC7788886 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different physical activities are widely recommended as non-pharmacological therapies to reduce blood pressure. However, the effectiveness of exercise programs is associated with its continuity and regularity, and the long-term adherence to traditional exercise interventions is often low. Recreational sports emerge as an alternative, being more captivating and able to retain individuals for longer periods. Besides, sport interventions have demonstrated improvements in physical fitness components that are associated with a lower incidence of hypertension. However, no studies have investigated the effects of recreational sports on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of beach tennis training on ambulatory blood pressure and physical fitness in individuals with hypertension. METHODS This study will be a randomized, single-blinded, two-arm, parallel, and superiority trial. Forty-two participants aged 35-65 years with previous diagnosis of hypertension will be randomized to 12 weeks of beach tennis training group (two sessions per week lasting 45-60 min) or a non-exercising control group. Ambulatory (primary outcome) and office blood pressures, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength/power and quality of life will be assessed at baseline and after the intervention period. DISCUSSION Our conceptual hypothesis is that beach tennis training will reduce ambulatory blood pressure and improve fitness parameters in middle-aged individuals with hypertension. The results of this trial are expected to provide evidences of efficacy of recreational beach tennis practice on blood pressure management and to support sport recommendations for clinical scenario in higher risk populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03909321 . Registered on April 10, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Leandro de Oliveira Carpes
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Lucas Betti Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Jacobsen
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Paula Frank
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Jung
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Joarez Santini
- Sports and Exercise Training Study Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Fuchs
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Fristrup B, Krustrup P, Andersen JL, Hornstrup T, Løwenstein FT, Larsen MA, Helge JW, Póvoas SCA, Aagaard P. Effects of small-sided recreational team handball training on mechanical muscle function, body composition and bone mineralization in untrained young adults-A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241359. [PMID: 33206670 PMCID: PMC7673568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged physical inactivity in young adults may lead to deficiencies in musculoskeletal fitness, and thus a need exists to develop physical activity and exercise programmes that are effective of increasing musculoskeletal fitness. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of small-sided team handball training on lower limb muscle strength, postural balance and body composition in young adults. Twenty-six men and twenty-eight women were stratified for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and body fat percentage and randomly allocated to either 12 wks of small-sided recreational team handball training (THG: 14 men and 14 women, age 24.1±2.6 yrs (mean±SD), VO2peak 39.8±5.9 ml/kg/min and body fat percentage 32.7±8.7%) or serving as non-exercising controls (CON: 12 men and 14 women, age 24.8±3.1 yrs, VO2peak 39.7±5.0 ml/kg/min, body fat percentage 31.7±9.7%). THG trained on average 1.8 times/week for 12 wks. At 0 and 12 wks, lower limb muscle strength, rate of force development (RFD), vertical jump height and power, postural balance, body composition and muscle biopsies were assessed. No training effects were observed for maximal isokinetic or isometric knee extensor strength, maximal vertical jump height or take-off power, fibre type distribution or capillarization. Late phase (RFD) increased (+7.4%, p<0.05) and postural sway excursion length was improved after training (-9%, p<0.05) in THG with no difference from CON (p>0.05). Further, THG demonstrated a decrease in body fat percentage (-3.7%) accompanied by increases in whole-body fat free mass (FFM) (+2.2%), leg FFM (+2.5%), total bone mineral content (BMC) (+1.1%), leg BMC (+1.2%), total hip bone mineral density (+1.6%) and hip T-score (+50%) which differed from CON (all p<0.05). In conclusion, recreational small-sided team handball training appears to effectively improve rapid force capacity, postural balance, lean and fat body mass and bone health in previously untrained young adults. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04247724). ClinicalTrials.gov ID number: NCT04247724
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jesper L Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Therese Hornstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik T Løwenstein
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana C A Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Frediani JK, Bienvenida AF, Li J, Higgins MK, Lobelo F. Physical fitness and activity changes after a 24-week soccer-based adaptation of the U.S diabetes prevention program intervention in Hispanic men. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:775-785. [PMID: 32603753 PMCID: PMC8650220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One third of the U.S. adult population is estimated to have prediabetes. Hispanics have a 50% higher type 2 diabetes (T2DM) death rate compared to non-Hispanic whites, yet low participation in lifestyle change programs, making this subgroup an important target for prevention efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an exercise intervention implementing the Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) plus recreational soccer (RS) in Hispanic men. METHODS Overweight and obese Hispanic men, aged 30-57 years with prediabetes at screening were recruited from the community. Trained soccer coaches led 30-min facilitated discussion of the NDPP modules after each RS session, with two weekly sessions delivered over 12 wks, then once a wk until 24 wks. The 1-h RS sessions followed the Football Fitness curriculum structure. Standardized study assessments included objectively measured physical activity via fitness tracker, physical fitness via validated field tests, global positional system soccer specific metrics and behavior change questionnaires. Mixed models assessed the outcomes as a function of time and cohort and incorporated an unstructured covariance structure to examine the difference between baseline, 12 and 24 wks. All analyses were conducted as intent-to-treat and generated using SAS v 9.4. RESULTS Hispanic males (n = 41; mean age 41.9 [6.2 SD] years) were obese at baseline (mean BMI 32.7, standard error [0.7]). After 24 wks of the NDPP+RS intervention, there were significant beneficial changes in vertical jump (2.8 [1.3] cm; p = 0.048), agility and lower extremity muscular power (figure 8-run) at 12 wks (-4.7% change; p = 0.001) and 24 wks (-7.2% change; p < 0.0001), predicted VO2 max (12 wks: 1.9%; p = 0.007; 24 wks 1.0%; p = 0.036), modified push-ups increased 22% (p < 0.0001) at 12 wks and 31% (p < 0.0001) at 24 wks, dynamic sit-ups increased 10% (p = 0.005) at 12 wks and 15% (p < 0.0001) at 24 wks. CONCLUSION Among middle-aged Latino men, broad-ranging significant improvements in physical fitness were observed after 24 wks participating in lifestyle education plus RS in a single arm feasibility trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianheng Li
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melinda K Higgins
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felipe Lobelo
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Soccer has not only the largest number of worldwide participants, it is also the most studied sport, with nearly 14,000 citations listed on Pubmed and nearly 60% more articles than the next most studied sport. Research about soccer was limited until the late 1970s when exponential growth began; approximately 98% of all soccer-related research publications have occurred since 1980. This vast repository of soccer research shows trends in various major (e.g., 'sex' or 'age group' or 'performance' or 'injury') and specialty (e.g., agility, deceleration, elbow-head impact injuries, behavior) topics. Examining trends of the various topics provides insights into which subjects have come in and out of favor as well as what topics or demographics have been neglected and worthy of inquiry. A further examination can be used by students to learn the most productive researchers, which programs have a strong history of inquiry, and what journals have demonstrated a commitment to publishing research on soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Kirkendall
- James R. Urbaniak, MD Sports Sciences Institute Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina.
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17
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Møller TK, Nielsen T, Lundager I, Andersen R, Krustrup P, Randers MB. Team-sport training as a worthy alternative to fitness training for sedentary women with lifestyle diseases in a community health centre. Ger J Exerc Sport Res 2020; 50:136-145. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle are integrated organs and their coupling has been considered mainly a mechanical one in which bone serves as attachment site to muscle while muscle applies load to bone and regulates bone metabolism. However, skeletal muscle can affect bone homeostasis also in a non-mechanical fashion, i.e., through its endocrine activity. Being recognized as an endocrine organ itself, skeletal muscle secretes a panel of cytokines and proteins named myokines, synthesized and secreted by myocytes in response to muscle contraction. Myokines exert an autocrine function in regulating muscle metabolism as well as a paracrine/endocrine regulatory function on distant organs and tissues, such as bone, adipose tissue, brain and liver. Physical activity is the primary physiological stimulus for bone anabolism (and/or catabolism) through the production and secretion of myokines, such as IL-6, irisin, IGF-1, FGF2, beside the direct effect of loading. Importantly, exercise-induced myokine can exert an anti-inflammatory action that is able to counteract not only acute inflammation due to an infection, but also a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation raised as consequence of physical inactivity, aging or metabolic disorders (i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus). In this review article, we will discuss the effects that some of the most studied exercise-induced myokines exert on bone formation and bone resorption, as well as a brief overview of the anti-inflammatory effects of myokines during the onset pathological conditions characterized by the development a systemic low-grade inflammation, such as sarcopenia, obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gomarasca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Milan, Italy; Gdańsk University of Physical Education & Sport, Gdańsk, Pomorskie, Poland.
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Sarmento H, Manuel Clemente F, Marques A, Milanovic Z, David Harper L, Figueiredo A. Recreational football is medicine against non-communicable diseases: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:618-637. [PMID: 31834941 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to conduct a systematic review of published articles related to the effect of recreational football on non-communicable diseases. A systematic review of Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Only empirical studies were included. There were no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome measures result from the potential effects of recreational football on non-communicable diseases (eg, blood pressure, bone density, LDL cholesterol, and fat mass). A total of 44 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included. Recreational football is shown to: (a) decrease blood pressure and resting heart rate, improve cardiac structure and functioning, as well as increase maximal oxygen uptake in both sexes; (b) reduce cholesterol and triglycerides levels, increase insulin sensitivity, and have a positive impact on glycemic control; (c) improve bone mineralization, increase both bone mineral density and content, as well as acting as a stimulus for osteogenesis; and (d) be clearly beneficial for bone health, while slightly beneficial for body composition, muscle strength, and maximal oxygen uptake in adults with prostate cancer. The present systematic review demonstrated the benefits of recreational football practice on non-communicable diseases related to cardiovascular and bone health, body composition, type 2 diabetes, and prostate cancer. The effectiveness of recreational football on the aforementioned diseases may be related to age and gender; however, further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Spertlab, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaço, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal.,Complexo Desportivo e Lazer Comendador Rui Solheiro - Monte de Prado, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- Centro Interdisciplinar do Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zoran Milanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Liam David Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - António Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Hornstrup T, Póvoas S, Helge JW, Melcher PS, Fristrup B, Andersen JL, Møgelvang R, Hansen PR, Nybo L, Krustrup P. Cardiovascular and metabolic health effects of team handball training in overweight women: Impact of prior experience. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:281-294. [PMID: 31596971 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that participation in small-sided team handball training could provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in overweight premenopausal women with special focus on the importance of prior team handball experience. METHODS A 16-week RCT training intervention was conducted in overweight premenopausal women randomized into three groups: a team handball training group without prior experience (UN; n = 13), a team handball group with prior experience (EXP; n = 10), and an inactive control group (CON; n = 9). Both UN and EXP completed 1.6 ± 0.3 training sessions per week with average heart rates of 84 ± 5 and 85 ± 9% of maximal heart rate, respectively. Cardiovascular and metabolic parameters were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Compared to CON, UN had significant increases in VO2max (7 ± 4%) and intermittent endurance performance (26 ± 14%) as well as reduced total fat mass (4 ± 6%), total fat percentage (4 ± 5%), and android fat mass (7 ± 12%), respectively (all P < .05). Compared to UN and CON, EXP displayed increased left ventricular mass and left ventricular mass index (both P < .05) after the training period. There were no significant changes between any of the groups in muscle mass, blood lipids, resting heart rate, and blood pressure (all P > .05). CONCLUSION Small-sided team handball training in overweight premenopausal women resulted in improvement of VO2max and body composition for participants with minimal team handball experience, indicating that prior team handball experience is not a prerequisite for improving physiological parameters of importance for health. Furthermore, EXP displayed cardiac adaptations, including increased left ventricular mass and left ventricular mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Hornstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre of Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Póvoas
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Sandfeld Melcher
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre of Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre of Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
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21
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Eberl M, Tanaka LF, Klug SJ, Adamek HE. Football as a Health Promotion Strategy. Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online 2019; 116:721-728. [DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Khawaja A, Sabbagh P, Prioux J, Zunquin G, Baquet G, Maalouf G, El Hage R. Does Muscular Power Predict Bone Mineral Density in Young Adults? J Clin Densitom 2019; 22:311-320. [PMID: 30773274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between maximum power and bone variables in a group of young adults. Two hundred and one young adults (53 men and 148 women) whose ages range from 18 to 35 years voluntarily participated in this study. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Body composition, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were determined for each individual by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vertical jump was evaluated using a validated field test (Sargent test). The highest vertical jump was selected. Maximum power (P max, in watts) of the lower limbs was calculated accordingly. In young men, maximum power was positively correlated to whole body (WB) BMC (r = 0.65; p < 0.001), WB BMD (r = 0.41; p < 0.01), L1-L4 BMC (r = 0.54; p < 0.001), total hip (TH) BMC (r = 0.50; p < 0.001), femoral neck (FN) BMC (r = 0.35; p < 0.01), FN cross-sectional area (CSA) (r = 0.33; p < 0.05) and FN cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI) (r = 0.50; p < 0.001). In young women, maximum power was positively correlated to WB BMC (r = 0.48; p < 0.001), WB BMD (r = 0.28; p < 0.001), L1-L4 BMC (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), TH BMC (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), TH BMD (r = 0.21; p < 0.01), FN BMC (r = 0.42; p < 0.001), FN BMD (r = 0.31; p < 0.001), FN CSA (r = 0.41; p < 0.001), FN CSMI (r = 0.40; p < 0.001) and FN Z (r = 0.41; p < 0.01). The current study suggests that maximum power is a positive determinant of WB BMC, WB BMD, FN CSA, and FN CSMI in young men. It also shows that maximum power is a positive determinant of WB BMC, WB BMD, TH BMD, FN BMD, FN CSA, FN CSMI, and FN Z in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Khawaja
- Department of Physical Education, FAS, University of Balamand, Kelhat El Koura, Lebanon; Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Patchina Sabbagh
- Department of Physical Education, FAS, University of Balamand, Kelhat El Koura, Lebanon; Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS-EA 7369), Lille University, Ronchin, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory (M2S), UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Gautier Zunquin
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS-EA 7369), University of the Littoral Opal Coast, Dunkerque, France
| | - Georges Baquet
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société (URePSSS-EA 7369), Lille University, Ronchin, France
| | - Ghassan Maalouf
- Bellevue University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Mansourieh, Lebanon
| | - Rawad El Hage
- Department of Physical Education, FAS, University of Balamand, Kelhat El Koura, Lebanon.
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23
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Bellissimo MP, Galaviz KI, Paskert MC, Lobelo F. Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction Through Recreational Group Sport Interventions in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1375-1396. [PMID: 30139702 PMCID: PMC6706076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the pooled effects of community-based, recreational-level group sports on cardiometabolic risk factors and fitness parameters among adults. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science electronic databases for English-language articles reporting the effectiveness of recreational-level group sports published between January 1, 1965, and January 17, 2017. We extracted baseline and end of intervention means for cardiometabolic and fitness parameters. Random- or fixed-effects meta-analyses were used to obtain pooled before and after change in outcome means within intervention participants and between groups. RESULTS From 2491 screened titles, 23 publications were included (902 participants; mean ± SD age, 46.6±11.7 years), comprising 21 soccer and 2 rugby interventions. Intervention participants achieved larger improvements (mean [95% CI]) compared with control subjects in weight (-1.44 kg [-1.79 to -1.08 kg]), body mass index (-0.88 kg/m2 [-1.73 to -0.03 kg/m2]), waist circumference (-0.77 cm [-1.21 to -0.33 cm]), body fat (-1.8% [-3.12% to -0.49%]), total cholesterol level (-0.33 mmol/L [-0.53 to -0.13 mmol/L]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (-0.35 mmol/L [-0.54 to -0.15 mmol/L]), systolic blood pressure (-5.71 mm Hg [-7.98 to -3.44 mm Hg]), diastolic blood pressure (-3.36 mm Hg [-4.93 to -1.78 mm Hg]), maximum oxygen consumption (3.93 mL/min per kg [2.96-4.91 mL/min]), and resting heart rate (-5.51 beats/min [-7.37 to -3.66 beats/min]). Most studies (16) were classified as high quality, and we found no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION We found significant cardiometabolic and fitness improvements following group sport participation, primarily recreational soccer. These findings suggest that group sport interventions are promising strategies for reducing cardiometabolic risk in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah P Bellissimo
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Karla I Galaviz
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Exercise is Medicine Global Research and Collaboration Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Meredith C Paskert
- College of Education, Health, and Human Services, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Felipe Lobelo
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Exercise is Medicine Global Research and Collaboration Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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24
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Luo H, Newton RU, Ma'ayah F, Galvão DA, Taaffe DR. Recreational soccer as sport medicine for middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000336. [PMID: 30112181 PMCID: PMC6089298 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies to prevent or attenuate the age-related decline in physical and physiological function and reduce chronic disease risk factors are of clinical importance. Objective To examine the health benefits of recreational soccer in middle-aged and older adults. Design Systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data sources All available records up until 9 June 2017 in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies All randomised trials with or without a control group (randomised controlled trials or randomised uncontrolled trials) and non-randomised controlled trials that used recreational soccer, which includes small-sided soccer games, as the sole or principal intervention, and reported relevant effects in untrained/sedentary, healthy or unhealthy adults aged 40 years and above were included. Results Five trials described in 13 articles were included, which scored 6–9 out of 12 points on the modified Delphi quality rating scale. The duration was from 12 to 52 weeks, with various frequencies, volumes and game formats performed both outdoors and indoors with men and women. The trials indicate that recreational soccer may result in improvement in cardiovascular function, body composition and functional ability, although no significant changes were observed in postural balance. Conclusion Recreational soccer should be considered an alternative exercise modality for untrained, healthy or unhealthy middle-aged and older adults of both sexes to maintain an active lifestyle and mitigate a wide array of physical and physiological age-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Guangdong Vocational Institute of Sport, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fadi Ma'ayah
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Schmitz B, Pfeifer C, Kreitz K, Borowski M, Faldum A, Brand SM. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results. Front Physiol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 30026706 PMCID: PMC6041409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Yo-Yo intermittent tests are frequently used in a variety of sports and research studies to determine physical fitness, no structured reference exists for comparison and rating of test results. This systematic review of the most common Yo-Yo tests aimed to provide reference values for test results by statistical aggregation of published data. Methods: A systematic literature search for articles published until August 2017 was performed in MEDLINE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. Original reports on healthy females and males ≥16 years were eligible for the analysis. Sub-maximal test versions and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Children's test (YYIR1C) were not included. Results: 248 studies with 9,440 participants were included in the structured analysis. The Yo-Yo test types most frequently used were the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1, 57.7%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 (YYIR2, 28.0%), the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 2 (YYIE2, 11.4%), and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Level 1 (YYIE1, 2.9%) test. For each separate test, reference values (global means and percentiles) for sports at different levels and both genders were calculated. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence that Yo-Yo intermittent tests reference values differ with respect to the type and level of sport performed.The presented results may be used by practitioners, trainers and athletes to rate Yo-Yo intermittent test performance levels and monitor training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carina Pfeifer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kiana Kreitz
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Matthias Borowski
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faldum
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan-Martin Brand
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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26
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Møller TK, Nielsen TT, Andersen R, Lundager I, Hansen HF, Ottesen L, Krustrup P, Randers MB. Health Effects of 12 Weeks of Team-Sport Training and Fitness Training in a Community Health Centre for Sedentary Men with Lifestyle Diseases. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:1571807. [PMID: 29888250 PMCID: PMC5977017 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1571807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the effects of team-sport training, for sedentary men with lifestyle diseases, with fitness training in a pragmatic set-up in a community health centre (CHC). Thirty-two men in the fitness group (FiG) and 36 men in the team-sport group (TsG) completed the training and trained for 60-90 min, two times/week for 12-16 weeks. In FiG and TsG, mean heart rate (HR) during training was 73.2% and 74.5% of HRmax, respectively. Percentage of training time above 90%HRmax was 6 ± 9% and 10 ± 15% and the percentage of participants who spent > 10% of total training time with HR > 90%HRmax was 20% and 41%, in FiG and TsG, respectively. In FiG, total fat mass was reduced by 3.5% (P < 0.01), while performance in the 6 min walking test (6MWT) increased by 11% (P < 0.001). In TsG, total fat mass was reduced by 2.2% (P < 0.01), while 6MWT performance improved by 5% (P < 0.05). Between-group differences were observed for systolic BP (P = 0.041) and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.050) in favour of TsG and for sit-to-stand test (P = 0.031) in favour of FiG. In conclusion, small-sided team sport is a worthy alternative to fitness training since the overall health effects are comparable, for example, improved balance and reduced fat mass. Team sport elicits high heart rates and improves cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, while fitness training improves sit-to-stand test performance related to activity of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Møller
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - T.-T. Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R. Andersen
- Prevention Centre Nørrebro, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I. Lundager
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - H. F. Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L. Ottesen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M. B. Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Hagman M, Helge EW, Hornstrup T, Fristrup B, Nielsen JJ, Jørgensen NR, Andersen JL, Helge JW, Krustrup P. Bone mineral density in lifelong trained male football players compared with young and elderly untrained men. J Sport Health Sci 2018; 7:159-168. [PMID: 30356456 PMCID: PMC6180542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present controlled cross-sectional study was to investigate proximal femur and whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), as well as bone turnover profile, in lifelong trained elderly male football players and young elite football players compared with untrained age-matched men. METHODS One hundred and forty healthy, non-smoking men participated in the study, including lifelong trained football players (FTE, n = 35) aged 65-80 years, elite football players (FTY, n = 35) aged 18-30 years, as well as untrained age-matched elderly (UE, n = 35) and young (UY, n = 35) men. All participants underwent a regional dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the proximal femur and a whole-body DXA scan to determine BMD. From a resting blood sample, the bone turnover markers (BTMs) osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal type-1 collagen crosslinks (CTX-1), procollagen type-1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and sclerostin were measured. RESULTS FTE had 7.3%-12.9% higher (p < 0.05) BMD of the femoral neck, wards, shaft, and total proximal femur in both legs compared to UE, and 9.3%-9.7% higher (p < 0.05) BMD in femoral trochanter in both legs compared to UY. FTY had 24.3%-37.4% higher (p < 0.001) BMD in all femoral regions and total proximal femur in both legs compared to UY. The whole-body DXA scan confirmed these results, with FTE showing similar whole-body BMD and 7.9% higher (p < 0.05) leg BMD compared to UY, and with FTY having 9.6% higher (p < 0.001) whole-body BMD and 18.2% higher (p < 0.001) leg BMD compared to UY. The plasma concentration of osteocalcin, CTX-1, and P1NP were 29%, 53%, and 52% higher (p < 0.01), respectively, in FTY compared to UY. CONCLUSION BMD of the proximal femur and whole-body BMD are markedly higher in lifelong trained male football players aged 65-80 years and young elite football players aged 18-30 years compared to age-matched untrained men. Elderly football players even show higher BMD in femoral trochanter and leg BMD than untrained young despite an age difference of 47 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hagman
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 3450, Denmark
| | - Eva Wulff Helge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Therese Hornstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 3450, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen NV 2400, Denmark
| | - Jens Jung Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
| | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen NV 2400, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense 3450, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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28
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Milanović Z, Pantelić S, Čović N, Sporiš G, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Broad-spectrum physical fitness benefits of recreational football: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:926-939. [PMID: 29371223 PMCID: PMC6662951 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous meta-analysis showed that maximal oxygen uptake increased by 3.51 mL/kg/min (95% CI 3.07 to 4.15) during a recreational football programme of 3-6 months in comparison with continuous moderate-intensity running, strength training or a passive control group. In addition, narrative reviews have demonstrated beneficial effects of recreational football on physical fitness and health status. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the magnitude of effects of recreational football on blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and muscular fitness with reference to age, gender and health status. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Google Scholar were searched prior to 1 February 2017. In addition, Google Scholar alerts were set up in January 2012 to identify potential papers with the following key terms: recreational football, recreational soccer, street football and street soccer. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomised and matched controlled trials with participants allocated to a recreational football group or any other type of exercises or passive control group were included. Training programmes had to last at least 2 weeks to meet the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome measures were blood pressure, resting heart rate, body composition, muscular fitness, and blood lipids and glucose tolerance. A total of 31 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. RESULTS The effect of recreational football on systolic blood pressure (SBP) versus no-exercise controls was most likely extremely largely beneficial (effect size (ES)=4.20 mm Hg; 95% CI 1.87 to 6.53). In addition, a most likely very large beneficial (ES=3.89 mm Hg; 95% CI 2.33 to 5.44) effect was observed for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), when compared with non-active groups. Furthermore, a most likely extremely large beneficial effect was shown for SBP and DBP in participants with mild hypertension (11 and 7 mm Hg decrease, respectively) and participants with prehypertension (10 and 7 mm Hg decrease, respectively). Meta-analysis of recreational football determined the impact on resting heart rate as most likely extremely largely beneficial (ES=6.03 beats/min; 95% CI 4.43 to 7.64) when compared with non-active groups. The observed recreational football effect on fat mass was most likely largely beneficial (ES=1.72 kg; 95% CI 0.86 to 2.58) and the effect on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance was most likely very largely beneficial (ES=2.27 cm; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.25) when compared with non-active groups. Possibly beneficial decreases were found in low-density lipoprotein levels (ES=0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.36). Possibly largely beneficial effect was observed for DBP in comparison with continuous running training. Small harmful and unclear results were noted for SBP, fat and lean body mass, body mass index, as well as muscular fitness when compared with running and Zumba training. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis demonstrated multiple broad-spectrum benefits of recreational football on health-related physical fitness compared with no-exercise controls, including improvements in blood pressure, resting heart rate, fat mass, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and CMJ performance. Additionally, recreational football is efficient and effective as Zumba and continuous running exercise regimens with highlighted social, motivational and competitive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Saša Pantelić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Nedim Čović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Paul DJ, Bangsbo J, Nassis GP. Recreational football practice attenuates postprandial lipaemia in normal and overweight individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:261-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Krustrup P, Helge EW, Hansen PR, Aagaard P, Hagman M, Randers MB, de Sousa M, Mohr M. Effects of recreational football on women's fitness and health: adaptations and mechanisms. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:11-32. [PMID: 29164325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the fitness and health effects of recreational football in women aged 18-65 years. The review documents that 2 × 1 h of recreational football training for 12-16 weeks causes marked improvements in maximal oxygen uptake (5-15%) and myocardial function in women. Moreover, mean arterial blood pressure was shown to decrease by 2-5 mmHg in normotensive women and 6-8 mmHg in hypertensive women. This review also show that short-term (< 4 months) and medium-term (4-16 months) recreational football training has major beneficial impact on metabolic health profile in women, with fat losses of 1-3 kg and improvements in blood lipid profile. Lastly, 2 × 1 h per week of recreational football training for women elevates lower extremity bone mineralisation by 1-5% and whole-body bone mineralization by 1-2% within 4-12-month interventions. These training adaptations are related to the high heart rates, high number of fast runs, and multiple changes of direction and speed occurring during recreational football training for untrained women. In conclusion, regular small-sided football training for women is an intense and versatile type of training that combines elements of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), endurance training and strength training, thereby providing optimal stimuli for cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness. Recreational football, therefore, seems to be an effective tool for prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases in young and middle-aged women, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes and osteopenia. Future research should elucidate effects of football training for elderly women, and as treatment and rehabilitation of breast cancer patients and other women patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 3450, Odense, Denmark. .,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Eva Wulff Helge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter R Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 3450, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marie Hagman
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 3450, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 3450, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maysa de Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, LIM-18, Endocrinology Division, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 3450, Odense, Denmark.,Centre of Health Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Seidelin K, Nyberg M, Piil P, Jørgensen NR, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. Adaptations with Intermittent Exercise Training in Post- and Premenopausal Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:96-105. [PMID: 27992397 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purposes of the present study was to examine the effect of intermittent exercise training on musculoskeletal and metabolic health in postmenopausal (PM) and premenopausal (PRM) women and, furthermore, to evaluate whether the adaptations can be maintained with a reduced training frequency. METHODS Eighteen PM (51 ± 1 yr, mean ± SEM) and 12 PRM (48 ± 1 yr) women participated in floorball training approximately two times per week for 12 wk. In a subgroup (n = 9) of PM women (PM40), exercise training was performed for an additional 40 wk with a reduced training frequency of approximately one training session per week. RESULTS In PM, the body fat percentage decreased (P < 0.05) and the total lean leg mass increased (P < 0.05) during the 12-wk training period, with no changes in PRM. In both PM and PRM, lean body mass and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) were higher, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test 1 (YYIET-1) performance was better (P < 0.05) after the 12-wk training period. Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide was higher (P < 0.05) in PM, and total leg bone mineral density (BMD) was higher (P < 0.05) in both PM and PRM after the 12-wk training period. In PM40, total lean leg mass, V˙O2max, YYIET-1 performance, level of procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, and total leg BMD were maintained, whereas whole-body BMD and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were reduced (P < 0.05) and the expression of muscle glucose transporter type 4 was higher (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of intermittent exercise training increased BMD, intermittent exercise capacity, and V˙O2max in PM and PRM, with PM also having positive changes in body composition. Additional 40 wk of training with a reduced frequency was sufficient to preserve these physiological adaptations and also improve blood glucose regulation in PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kåre Seidelin
- 1Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sports and Health, University of Copenhagen, DENMARK; and 2Departments of Diagnostics and Medicine, Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, DENMARK
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Egelund J, Jørgensen PG, Mandrup CM, Fritz-Hansen T, Stallknecht B, Bangsbo J, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y. Cardiac Adaptations to High-Intensity Aerobic Training in Premenopausal and Recent Postmenopausal Women: The Copenhagen Women Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005469. [PMID: 28862950 PMCID: PMC5586415 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the role of menopause on cardiac dimensions and function and assessed the efficacy of exercise training before and after menopause. METHODS AND RESULTS Two groups of healthy premenopausal (n=36, 49.4±0.3 years) and postmenopausal (n=37, 53.5±0.5 years) women with no history of cardiovascular disease and with a mean age difference between groups of only 4 years were studied. Cardiac dimensions and systolic and diastolic function were determined by transthoracic echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging and 2-dimensional speckle tracking. Measurements were performed at baseline and after a 12-week period of high-intensity aerobic cycle training. LV internal diastolic diameter and LV mass were similar in the 2 groups at baseline and increased by ≈2% to 8% (P=0.04-0.0007) with training in both groups. Left atrial end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were similar for both groups and increased by 23% to 36% (P=0.0006-0.0001) with training. Systolic function assessed by mean global strain was similar in both groups at baseline and increased by ≈8% (P=0.0004) with training in the postmenopausal group. LV displacement increased by ≈3% (P=0.04) in the premenopausal women only. Diastolic function assessed by E/A ratio was similar at baseline and increased by ≈7% (P=0.01) in the premenopausal group and 11% (P=0.0001) in the postmenopausal group with training. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that training-induced cardiac adaptations are preserved in the early postmenopausal phase. Furthermore, the hormonal changes associated with the menopausal transition do not appear to affect cardiac dimensions and function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02135575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Egelund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter G Jørgensen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla M Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Fritz-Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Krustrup P, Skoradal MB, Randers MB, Weihe P, Uth J, Mortensen J, Mohr M. Broad-spectrum health improvements with one year of soccer training in inactive mildly hypertensive middle-aged women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1893-1901. [PMID: 28124381 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The study tested the hypothesis that long-term soccer training has positive impact on cardiovascular profile, body composition, bone health, and physical capacity in inactive, pre-menopausal women with mild hypertension. The study applied a randomized controlled design in which physically inactive middle-aged women were separated into a soccer training group (n=19; SOC) and a control group (n=12; CON). SOC performed 128±29 (±SD) one-h small-sided soccer training sessions over one year. Blood pressure, body composition, blood lipid profile, and fitness level were determined pre- and post-intervention. Over one year, mean arterial pressure decreased more in SOC than in CON (-5±7 vs +4±5 mmHg; P<.05). Total-body fat mass decreased more (P<.05) in SOC than in CON (-2.5±2.5 vs +0.6±3.2 kg; P<.05), while the change scores for lean body mass were not significantly different in SOC (2.6±2.7 kg) compared to CON (1.1±1.9 kg, P=.09). Over one year, change scores in whole-body bone mineral density (0.004±0.032 vs -0.019±0.026 g·cm2 ) as well as bone mineral content (30±70 vs -39±113 g) were positive in SOC compared to CON (P<.05). Post-intervention plasma triglycerides decreased more (-0.1±0.7 vs +0.2±0.2 mmol·L-1 ) and HDL cholesterol increased more (0.2±0.7 vs -0.2±0.2 mmol·L-1 ) in SOC than in CON (P<.05). Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (122±105 vs 2±21%) and 20-m sprint performance (6±6 vs -1±2%) increased more (P<.05) in SOC than in CON. In conclusion, long-term soccer training resulted in broad-spectrum improvements in the health profile of untrained, pre-menopausal women with mild hypertension, including cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculo-skeletal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M-B Skoradal
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - M B Randers
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - P Weihe
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - J Uth
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.,University Hospitals Centre for Health Research (UCSF), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Mortensen
- Department of Medicine, The Faroese National Hospital, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Mohr
- Centre of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bowtell JL, Jackman SR, Scott S, Connolly LJ, Mohr M, Ermidis G, Julian R, Yousefian F, Helge EW, Jørgensen NR, Fulford J, Knapp KM, Krustrup P. Short Duration Small Sided Football and to a Lesser Extent Whole Body Vibration Exercise Induce Acute Changes in Markers of Bone Turnover. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:3574258. [PMID: 28025642 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3574258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study whether short-duration vibration exercise or football sessions of two different durations acutely changed plasma markers of bone turnover and muscle strain. Inactive premenopausal women (n = 56) were randomized to complete a single bout of short (FG15) or long duration (FG60) small sided football or low magnitude whole body vibration training (VIB). Procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) was increased during exercise for FG15 (51.6 ± 23.0 to 56.5 ± 22.5 μg·L−1, mean ± SD, P < 0.05) and FG60 (42.6 ± 11.8 to 50.2 ± 12.8 μg·L−1, P < 0.05) but not for VIB (38.8 ± 15.1 to 36.6 ± 14.7 μg·L−1, P > 0.05). An increase in osteocalcin was observed 48 h after exercise (P < 0.05), which did not differ between exercise groups. C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen was not affected by exercise. Blood lactate concentration increased during exercise for FG15 (0.6 ± 0.2 to 3.4 ± 1.2 mM) and FG60 (0.6 ± 0.2 to 3.3 ± 2.0 mM), but not for VIB (0.6 ± 0.2 to 0.8 ± 0.4 mM) (P < 0.05). Plasma creatine kinase increased by 55 ± 63% and 137 ± 119% 48 h after FG15 and FG60 (P < 0.05), but not after VIB (26 ± 54%, NS). In contrast to the minor elevation in osteocalcin in response to a single session of vibration exercise, both short and longer durations of small sided football acutely increased plasma P1NP, osteocalcin, and creatine kinase. This may contribute to favorable effects of chronic training on musculoskeletal health.
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Abstract
Physical inactivity has been recognized, by the World Health Organization as the fourth cause of death (5.5 % worldwide). On the contrary, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved quality of life and decreased risk of several diseases (i.e., stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, malignancies). Bone turnover is profoundly affected from PA both directly (load degree is the key determinant for BMD) and indirectly through the activation of several endocrine axes. Several molecules, secreted by muscle (myokines) and adipose tissues (adipokines) in response to exercise, are involved in the fine regulation of bone metabolism in response to the energy availability. Furthermore, bone regulates energy metabolism by communicating its energetic needs thanks to osteocalcin which acts on pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. The beneficial effects of exercise on bone metabolism depends on the intermittent exposure to myokines (i.e., irisin, IL-6, LIF, IGF-I) which, instead, act as inflammatory/pro-resorptive mediators when chronically elevated; on the other hand, the reduction in the circulating levels of adipokines (i.e., leptin, visfatin, adiponectin, resistin) sustains these effects as well as improves the whole-body metabolic status. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest findings about the exercise-dependent regulation of these molecules and their role in the fine regulation of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Fløtum LA, Ottesen LS, Krustrup P, Mohr M. Evaluating a Nationwide Recreational Football Intervention: Recruitment, Attendance, Adherence, Exercise Intensity, and Health Effects. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:7231545. [PMID: 27437401 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7231545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated a nationwide exercise intervention with Football Fitness in a small-scale society. In all, 741 adult participants (20–72 yrs) were successfully recruited for Football Fitness training in local football clubs, corresponding to 2.1% of the adult population. A preintervention test battery including resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure, and body mass measurements along with performance tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance level 1 (Yo-Yo IE1), the Arrowhead Agility Test, and the Flamingo Balance Test) were performed (n = 502). Training attendance (n = 310) was 1.6 ± 0.2 sessions per week (range: 0.6–2.9), corresponding to 28.8 ± 1.0 sessions during the 18 wk intervention period. After 18 wks mean arterial pressure (MAP) was −2.7 ± 0.7 mmHg lower (P < 0.05; n = 151) with even greater (P < 0.05) reductions for those with baseline MAP values >99 mmHg (−5.6 ± 1.5 mmHg; n = 50). RHR was lowered (P < 0.05) by 6 bpm after intervention (77 ± 1 to 71 ± 1 bpm). Yo-Yo IE1 performance increased by 41% (540 ± 27 to 752 ± 45 m), while agility and postural balance were improved (P < 0.05) by ~6 and ~45%, respectively. In conclusion, Football Fitness was shown to be a successful health-promoting nationwide training intervention for adult participants with an extraordinary recruitment, a high attendance rate, moderate adherence, high exercise intensity, and marked benefits in cardiovascular health profile and fitness.
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Abstract
Background Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with a long history and currently more than 500 million active participants, of whom 300 million are registered football club members. On the basis of scientific findings showing positive fitness and health effects of recreational soccer, FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) introduced the slogan “Playing football for 45 min twice a week—best prevention of non-communicable diseases” in 2010. Objective The objective of this paper was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine the effects of recreational soccer on maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max). Methods Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar) were searched for original research articles. A manual search
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max using the following key terms, either singly or in combination: recreational small-sided games, recreational football, recreational soccer, street football, street soccer, effect, maximal oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, cardiorespiratory fitness, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max. The inclusion criteria were divided into four sections: type of study, type of participants, type of interventions and type of outcome measures. Probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects were based on standardised thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject standard deviations for baseline fitness. Results Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Mean differences showed that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max increased by 3.51 mL/kg/min (95 % CI 3.07–4.15) over a recreational soccer training programme in comparison with other training models. The meta-analysed effects of recreational soccer on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max compared with the controls of no exercise, continuous running and strength training were most likely largely beneficial [effect size (ES) = 1.46; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.91, 2.01; I2 = 88.35 %], most likely moderately beneficial (ES = 0.68; 95 % CI 0.06, 1.29; I2 = 69.13 %) and most likely moderately beneficial (ES = 1.08; 95 % CI −0.25, 2.42; I2 = 71.06 %), respectively. In men and women, the meta-analysed effect was most likely largely beneficial for men (ES = 1.22) and most likely moderately beneficial for women (ES = 0.96) compared with the controls. After 12 weeks of recreational soccer with an intensity of 78–84 % maximal heart rate (HRmax), healthy untrained men improved their \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max by 8–13 %, while untrained elderly participants improved their \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max by 15–18 %. Soccer training for 12–70 weeks in healthy women resulted in an improvement in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max of 5–16 %. Significant improvements in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max have been observed in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and prostate cancer. Conclusion Recreational soccer produces large improvements in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\;\hbox{max} } $$\end{document}V˙O2max compared to strength training and no exercise, regardless of the age, sex and health status of the participants. Furthermore, recreational soccer is better than continuous endurance running, albeit the additional effect is moderate. This kind of physical activity has great potential for enhancing aerobic fitness, and for preventing and treating non-communicable diseases, and is ideal for addressing lack of motivation, a key component in physical (in)activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Saša Pantelić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nedim Čović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, The August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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Hespanhol Junior LC, Pillay JD, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Meta-Analyses of the Effects of Habitual Running on Indices of Health in Physically Inactive Adults. Sports Med 2016; 45:1455-68. [PMID: 26178328 PMCID: PMC4579257 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In order to implement running to promote physical activity, it is essential to quantify the extent to which running improves health. Objective The aim was to summarise the literature on the effects of endurance running on biomedical indices of health in physically inactive adults. Data Sources Electronic searches were conducted in October 2014 on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, the Cochrane Library and LILACS, with no limits of date and language of publication. Study Selection Randomised controlled trials (with a minimum of 8 weeks of running training) that included physically inactive but healthy adults (18–65 years) were selected. The studies needed to compare intervention (i.e. endurance running) and control (i.e. no intervention) groups. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Two authors evaluated study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias; a third author resolved any uncertainties. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to summarise the estimates for length of training and sex. A dose-response analysis was performed with random-effects meta-regression in order to investigate the relationship between running characteristics and effect sizes. Results After screening 22,380 records, 49 articles were included, of which 35 were used to combine data on ten biomedical indices of health. On average the running programs were composed of 3.7 ± 0.9 sessions/week, 2.3 ± 1.0 h/week, 14.4 ± 5.4 km/week, at 60–90 % of the maximum heart rate, and lasted 21.5 ± 16.8 weeks. After 1 year of training, running was effective in reducing body mass by 3.3 kg [95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.1–2.5], body fat by 2.7 % (95 % CI 5.1–0.2), resting heart rate by 6.7 min−1 (95 % CI 10.3–3.0) and triglycerides by 16.9 mg dl−1 (95 % CI 28.1–5.6). Also, running significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) by 7.1 ml min−1 kg−1 (95 % CI 5.0–9.1) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 3.3 mg dl−1 (95 % CI 1.2–5.4). No significant effect was found for lean body mass, body mass index, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 1 year of training. In the dose-response analysis, larger effect sizes were found for longer length of training. Limitations It was only possible to combine the data of ten out the 161 outcome measures identified. Lack of information on training characteristics precluded a multivariate model in the dose-response analysis. Conclusions Endurance running was effective in providing substantial beneficial effects on body mass, body fat, resting heart rate, VO2max, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol in physically inactive adults. The longer the length of training, the larger the achieved health benefits. Clinicians and health authorities can use this information to advise individuals to run, and to support policies towards investing in running programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0359-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Hespanhol Junior
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Julian David Pillay
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Andersen LL, Andersen TR, Randers MB, Helge JW, Suetta C, Schmidt JF, Bangsbo J, Krustrup P, Aagaard P. Positive effects of 1-year football and strength training on mechanical muscle function and functional capacity in elderly men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1127-38. [PMID: 27068158 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A decline in physical capacity takes place with increasing age that negatively affects overall physical function including work ability and the ability to perform typical activities of daily living (ADL). The overall aim of the present study was to determine the neuromuscular adaptations to long-term (1 year) football and strength training in older untrained adults, and to assess the concurrent effect on functional ADL capacity. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy elderly males (68.2 ± 3.2 years) were randomly assigned to 12 months of either recreational football training (FT: n = 10), strength training (ST: n = 9) or served as inactive controls (CON: n = 8). Recreational football training consisted of small-sided training sessions whereas strength training consisted of high intensity exercises targeting the lower extremity and upper body. Maximal thigh muscle strength and rate of force development (RFD) were assessed with isokinetic dynamometry, while postural balance and vertical jumping performance were evaluated using force plate analysis. Furthermore, functional ability was evaluated by stair-ascent and chair-rising testing. RESULTS A total of nine, nine and seven participants from FT, ST and CON, respectively, were included in the analysis. Both exercise regimens led to substantial gains in functional ability, evidenced by 24 and 18 % reduced stair-ascent time, and 32 and 21 % increased chair-rising performance in FT and ST, respectively (all P < 0.05). Long-term strength training led to increased concentric (14 %; P < 0.01) and isometric (23 %; P < 0.001) quadriceps and isometric hamstring strength (44 %; P < 0.0001), whereas football training mainly resulted in enhanced hamstring strength (18 %, P < 0.05) and RFD (89 %, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Long-term (1 year) strength training led to increased quadriceps and hamstring strength, whereas the adaptations to football training mainly included enhanced strength and rapid force capacity of the hamstring muscles. Gains in functional ability were observed in response to both training regimens, evidenced by reduced stair-ascent time and increased chair-rising performance. Long-term football exercise and strength training both appear to be effective interventional strategies to improve factors of importance for ADL by counteracting the age-related decline in lower limb strength and functional capacity among old male adults. This could potentially be a way to improve work ability of senior workers.
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Hammami A, Chamari K, Slimani M, Shephard RJ, Yousfi N, Tabka Z, Bouhlel E. Effects of recreational soccer on physical fitness and health indices in sedentary healthy and unhealthy subjects. Biol Sport 2016; 33:127-37. [PMID: 27274105 PMCID: PMC4885622 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1198209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational soccer (RS) is becoming a popular alternative to the classical continuous exercise mode used for the improvement of cardiovascular and metabolic fitness in untrained people. The objective of this paper was to conduct a detailed systematic review of the literature, identifying the physiological responses to RS and the training effects of RS on aerobic fitness and health in untrained healthy individuals and clinical patients. PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases were searched using terms related to recreational soccer. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed acute physiological responses to RS or the training effects of RS on physical fitness and health in sedentary, untrained subjects of any age or health status. All studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria; seven examined the acute response to RS, and 28 assessed training effects. Clear evidence was found that RS had positive effects on many health-related indices and variables, including VO2max (gains of 7-16%), blood pressure (reductions of 6-13 mmHg), body composition (decreased fat mass and improved indices of bone health), and metabolic and cardiac function. These positive effects were observed in both healthy individuals and clinical patients, irrespective of age or sex. Although this review provides clear evidence of the positive effects of RS on health, most studies had limitations of methodology (an average PEDro score < 6). Furthermore, many of the training studies were from a small number of research groups. Future studies should be extended to other countries and institutions to ensure generality of the results. Regular RS training leads to significant cardiovascular and muscular adaptations and gains of health both in sedentary individuals and clinical patients at all ages, suggesting that RS is a potentially highly motivational method to enhance population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammami
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - K Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Slimani
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - R J Shephard
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Yousfi
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Z Tabka
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - E Bouhlel
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Barene S, Holtermann A, Oseland H, Brekke OL, Krustrup P. Effects on muscle strength, maximal jump height, flexibility and postural sway after soccer and Zumba exercise among female hospital employees: a 9-month randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1849-58. [PMID: 26849477 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1140906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This 9-month randomised controlled workplace physical activity trial investigated the effects of soccer and Zumba exercise, respectively, on muscle strength, maximal jump height, sit-and-reach flexibility and postural sway among female workers. A total of 107 female hospital employees aged 25-63 were cluster-randomised to a soccer group, a Zumba group or a control group. Training was conducted outside working hours as two to three 1-h weekly sessions the first 3 months and once a week the last 6 months. Tests were conducted at baseline, after 3 and 9 months. The soccer group improved maximal neck extension strength both after 3 (1.2 kg; P < 0.05) and 9 months (1.7 kg; P < 0.01) compared to the control group. The Zumba group improved maximal trunk extension strength (3.1 kg; P = 0.04) after 3 months, with improvements in postural sway velocity moment (-9.2 mm(2)/s; P < 0.05) and lower limb lean mass (0.4 kg; P < 0.05) after 9 months. No significant intervention effects were revealed in vertical jump height or sit-and-reach flexibility. The present study indicates that workplace-initiated soccer and Zumba exercise may be beneficial for improvement of the neck and trunk strength, which may have preventive effects with regard to future perceived muscle pain in the respective body regions. Furthermore, the Zumba group revealed positive effects on lower limb lean mass and postural sway compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Barene
- a Faculty of Public Health , Hedmark University College , Elverum , Norway.,b Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology , Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Andreas Holtermann
- c National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Harald Oseland
- d Faculty of Education , Østfold University College , Halden , Norway
| | - Ole-Lars Brekke
- e Department of Laboratory Medicine , Nordland Hospital Bodø and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø , Tromsø , Norway
| | - Peter Krustrup
- b Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Human Physiology , Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,f Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , United Kingdom
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Hislop MD, Stokes KA, Williams S, McKay CD, England M, Kemp SPT, Trewartha G. The efficacy of a movement control exercise programme to reduce injuries in youth rugby: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000043. [PMID: 27900148 PMCID: PMC5117042 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injuries to youth rugby players have become an increasingly prominent health concern, highlighting the importance of developing and implementing appropriate preventive strategies. A growing body of evidence from other youth sports has demonstrated the efficacy of targeted exercise regimens to reduce injury risk. However, studies have yet to investigate the effect of such interventions in youth contact sport populations like rugby union. Objective To determine the efficacy of an evidence-based movement control exercise programme compared with a sham exercise programme to reduce injury risk in youth rugby players. Exercise programme compliance between trial arms and the effect of coach attitudes on compliance will also be evaluated. Setting School rugby coaches in England will be the target of the researcher intervention, with the effects of the injury prevention programmes being measured in male youth players aged 14–18 years in school rugby programmes over the 2015–2016 school winter term. Methods A cluster-randomised controlled trial with schools randomly allocated to either a movement control exercise programme or a sham exercise programme, both of which are coach-delivered. Injury measures will derive from field-based injury surveillance, with match and training exposure and compliance recorded. A questionnaire will be used to evaluate coach attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and behaviours both prior to and on the conclusion of the study period. Outcome measures Summary injury measures (incidence, severity and burden) will be compared between trial arms, as will the influence of coach attitudes on compliance and injury burden. Additionally, changes in these outcomes through using the exercise programmes will be evaluated. Trial registration number ISRTCNN13422001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hislop
- Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - K A Stokes
- Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - S Williams
- Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - C D McKay
- Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - M England
- Rugby Football Union , Twickenham , UK
| | | | - G Trewartha
- Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
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Mohr M, Helge EW, Petersen LF, Lindenskov A, Weihe P, Mortensen J, Jørgensen NR, Krustrup P. Effects of soccer vs swim training on bone formation in sedentary middle-aged women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2671-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mendham AE, Duffield R, Coutts AJ, Marino F, Boyko A, Bishop DJ. Rugby-specific small-sided games training is an effective alternative to stationary cycling at reducing clinical risk factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127548. [PMID: 26030423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study investigated whether rugby small-sided games (SSG) could be an effective alternative to continuous stationary cycling (CYC) training at reducing clinical risk factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Thirty-three middle-aged (48.6±6.6y), inactive men were randomized into a CYC (n=11), SSG (n=11), or control (CON, n=11) group. Participants trained 3d·wk(-1) for 8 weeks, while control participants maintained normal activity and dietary patterns. Exercise duration was matched between groups, which involved CYC or SSG (four quarters, interspersed with 2-min passive recovery). Both training programs were designed to induce similar internal loads of maximal heart rate (~80-85%HRmax) and rating of perceived exertion. Pre- and post-intervention testing included dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, graded exercise test, fasting 2 h oral glucose tolerance test and resting muscle biopsy. Western blotting was used to assess the content of skeletal muscle proteins associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose regulation. RESULTS Both CYC and SSG increased VO2 at 80%HRmax, and reduced glycated haemoglobin, glucose area under the curve (AUC; SSG, -2.3±2.4; CYC -2.2±1.6 mmol·L(1)(120 min)(1); p<0.05), and total body fat-mass (SSG -2.6±0.9%; CYC -2.9±1.1%), compared to no change in CON (p<0.05). SSG reduced insulin AUC (-30.4±40.7 µlU·mL(1)(120 min)(1); p<0.05) and increased total body fat-free mass (1.1±1.2 kg; p<0.05), with no change in CYC or CON (P>0.05). There were no differences within or between conditions for protein content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, sirtuin-1, p53, glucose transporter-4, protein kinase AKT/PKB, myocyte enhancer factor 2A, mitochondrial transcription factor, nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1, NRF-2 or mitochondrial complexes I-V (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Rugby small-sided games is an effective alternative to continuous cycling for improving metabolic risk-factors associated with the prevention of T2DM. Despite such positive adaptations in clinical risk factors, there were no changes in the content of skeletal muscle proteins associated with glucose regulation and mitochondrial biogenesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12613000874718.
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Tagliaferri C, Wittrant Y, Davicco MJ, Walrand S, Coxam V. Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21:55-70. [PMID: 25804855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As bones are levers for skeletal muscle to exert forces, both are complementary and essential for locomotion and individual autonomy. In the past decades, the idea of a bone-muscle unit has emerged. Numerous studies have confirmed this hypothesis from in utero to aging works. Space flight, bed rest as well as osteoporosis and sarcopenia experimentations have allowed to accumulate considerable evidence. Mechanical loading is a key mechanism linking both tissues with a central promoting role of physical activity. Moreover, the skeletal muscle secretome accounts various molecules that affect bone including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-15, myostatin, osteoglycin (OGN), FAM5C, Tmem119 and osteoactivin. Even though studies on the potential effects of bone on muscle metabolism are sparse, few osteokines have been identified. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Wnt3a, which are secreted by osteocytes, osteocalcin (OCN) and IGF-1, which are produced by osteoblasts and sclerostin which is secreted by both cell types, might impact skeletal muscle cells. Cartilage and adipose tissue are also likely to participate to this control loop and should not be set aside. Indeed, chondrocytes are known to secrete Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and adipocytes produce leptin, adiponectin and IL-6, which potentially modulate bone and muscle metabolisms. The understanding of this system will enable to define new levers to prevent/treat sarcopenia and osteoporosis at the same time. These strategies might include nutritional interventions and physical exercise.
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Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, Knapp KM, Metcalf BS, Gracia-Marco L. Effect of a program of short bouts of exercise on bone health in adolescents involved in different sports: the PRO-BONE study protocol. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:361. [PMID: 25884762 PMCID: PMC4424564 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs. Early prevention during adolescence appears to be one of the most beneficial practices. Exercise is an effective approach for developing bone mass during puberty, but some sports may have a positive or negative impact on bone mass accrual. Plyometric jump training has been suggested as a type of exercise that can augment bone, but its effects on adolescent bone mass have not been rigorously assessed. The aims of the PRO-BONE study are to: 1) longitudinally assess bone health and its metabolism in adolescents engaged in osteogenic (football), non-osteogenic (cycling and swimming) sports and in a control group, and 2) examine the effect of a 9 month plyometric jump training programme on bone related outcomes in the sport groups. METHODS/DESIGN This study will recruit 105 males aged 12-14 years who have participated in sport specific training for at least 3 hours per week during the last 3 years in the following sports groups: football (n = 30), cycling (n = 30) and swimming (n = 30). An age-matched control group (n = 15) that does not engage in these sports more than 3 hours per week will also be recruited. Participants will be measured on 5 occasions: 1) at baseline; 2) after 12 months of sport specific training where each sport group will be randomly allocated into two sub-groups: intervention group (sport + plyometric jump training) and sport group (sport only); 3) exactly after the 9 months of intervention; 4) 6 months following the intervention; 5) 12 months following the intervention. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance), bone stiffness index (ultrasounds), physical activity (accelerometers), diet (24 h recall questionnaire), pubertal maturation (Tanner stage), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular), bone turnover markers and vitamin D will be measured at each visit. DISCUSSION The PRO-BONE study is designed to investigate the impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent males during puberty, and how a plyometric jump training programme is associated with body composition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Karen M Knapp
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Brad S Metcalf
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Mohr M, Lindenskov A, Holm PM, Nielsen HP, Mortensen J, Weihe P, Krustrup P. Football training improves cardiovascular health profile in sedentary, premenopausal hypertensive women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 24 Suppl 1:36-42. [PMID: 24944131 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of short-term recreational football training on blood pressure (BP), fat mass, and fitness in sedentary, 35-50-year-old premenopausal women with mild hypertension. Forty-one untrained, hypertensive women were randomized into a football training group (n = 21; FTG) and a control group (n = 20; CON). FTG performed 45 ± 1 1-h small-sided football training sessions during the 15-week intervention period. BP, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), blood lipid profile, and fitness level were determined pre- and post-intervention. After 15 weeks, systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, were lowered more (P < 0.05) in FTG (-12 ± 3 and -6 ± 2 mmHg) than in CON (-1 ± 1 and 1 ± 2 mmHg). Total body fat mass decreased more (P < 0.05) in FTG than in CON during the 15-week intervention period (-2.3 ± 0.5 kg vs 0.4 ± 0.3 kg). After 15 weeks, both total cholesterol (-0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 0.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L) and triglyceride (-0.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L vs 0.3 ± 0.2 mmol/L) were lowered more (P < 0.05) in FTG than in CON. Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 test performance increased more (P < 0.05) in FTG than in CON (111 ± 18% vs 1 ± 3%) during the 15-week intervention period. In conclusion, short-term football training resulted in a marked reduction in BP and induced multiple improvements in fitness and cardiovascular health profile of untrained, premenopausal women with mild hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohr
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
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Oja P, Titze S, Kokko S, Kujala UM, Heinonen A, Kelly P, Koski P, Foster C. Health benefits of different sport disciplines for adults: systematic review of observational and intervention studies with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:434-40. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Barengo NC, Meneses-Echávez JF, Ramírez-Vélez R, Cohen DD, Tovar G, Bautista JE. The impact of the FIFA 11+ training program on injury prevention in football players: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11:11986-2000. [PMID: 25415209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The FIFA 11+ is a simple, and easy to implement, sports injury prevention program comprising a warm up of 10 conditioning exercises. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of the FIFA 11+ on injury incidence, compliance and cost effectiveness when implemented among football players. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched using the search terms “FIFA 11+”, “football”, “soccer”, “injury prevention”, and “The 11”. The titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers and the data were filtered by one reviewer using a standardized extraction form and thereafter checked by another one. The risk of bias and the methodological quality of the studies were evaluated through the PEDro score and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A total of 911 studies were identified, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria of the review. The FIFA 11+ has demonstrated how a simple exercise program completed as part of warm-up can decrease the incidence of injuries in amateur football players. In general, considerable reductions in the number of injured players, ranging between 30% and 70%, have been observed among the teams that implemented the FIFA 11+. In addition, players with high compliance to the FIFA 11+ program had an estimated risk reduction of all injuries by 35% and show significant improvements in components of neuromuscular and motor performance when participating in structured warm-up sessions at least 1.5 times/week. Most studies had high methodological quality and a low risk of bias. Given the large number of people who play football at amateur level and the detrimental impact of sports injuries on a personal and societal level, the FIFA 11+ can be considered as a fundamental tool to minimize the risks of participation in a sport with substantial health benefits.
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Mendham AE, Duffield R, Marino F, Coutts AJ. Small-sided games training reduces CRP, IL-6 and leptin in sedentary, middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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