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Brown F, Hill M, Renshaw D, Tallis J. Force-Time Characteristics of Repeated Bouts of Depth Jumps and the Effects of Compression Garments. J Appl Biomech 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38580303 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
No studies have reported ground reaction force (GRF) profiles of the repeated depth jump (DJ) protocols commonly used to study exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, while compression garments (CG) may accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, any effects on the repeated bout effect are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the GRF profiles of 2 repeated bouts of damage-inducing DJs and the effects of wearing CG for recovery. Nonresistance-trained males randomly received CG (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 72 hours recovery, following 20 × 20 m sprints and 10 × 10 DJs from 0.6 m. Exercise was repeated after 14 days. Using a 3-way (set × bout × group) design, changes in GRF were assessed with analysis of variance and statistical parametric mapping. Jump height, reactive strength, peak, and mean propulsive forces declined between sets (P < .001). Vertical stiffness, contact time, force at zero velocity, and propulsive duration increased (P < .05). According to statistical parametric mapping, braking (17%-25% of the movement) and propulsive forces (58%-81%) declined (P < .05). During the repeated bout, peak propulsive force and duration increased (P < .05), while mean propulsive force (P < .05) and GRF from 59% to 73% declined (P < .001). A repeated bout of DJs differed in propulsive GRF, without changes to the eccentric phase, or effects from CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Brown
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Hill
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Kamandulis S, Mickevicius M, Snieckus A, Streckis V, Montiel-Rojas D, Chaillou T, Westerblad H, Venckunas T. Increasing the resting time between drop jumps lessens delayed-onset muscle soreness and limits the extent of prolonged low-frequency force depression in human knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021. [PMID: 34674024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unaccustomed eccentric contractions generally result in a long-lasting contractile impairment, referred to as prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). We here used repeated drop jumps (DJs) as an eccentric contraction model and studied the effects of increasing the time between DJs from 20 s to 5 min. We hypothesized that both PLFFD and DOMS would be less marked at the longer DJ interval due to the longer time to restore structural elements between DJs. METHODS Young men (n = 12) randomly performed 50 DJs with either 20-s (DJ-20 s) or 5-min (DJ-5 min) rest between DJs. Voluntary, 20 Hz and 100 Hz electrically stimulated isometric knee extension torques and muscle soreness were monitored before and for 7 days after DJs; serum CK activity was measured to assess muscle fibre protein leakage. In additional experiments, changes in mRNA levels were assessed in muscle biopsies collected before and 1 h after exercise. RESULTS A marked PLFFD was observed with both protocols and the extent of 20 Hz torque depression was smaller immediately and 1 day after DJ-5 min than after DJ-20 s (p < 0.05), whereas the MVC and 100 Hz torques were similarly decreased with the two protocols. Markedly larger differences between the two protocols were observed for the muscle soreness score, which 1-4 days after exercise was about two times larger with DJ-20 s than with DJ-5 min (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The larger protective effect of the longer DJ interval against DOMS than against PLFFD indicates that their underlying mechanisms involve different structural elements.
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3
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Hinks A, Hess A, Debenham MIB, Chen J, Mazara N, Inkol KA, Cervone DT, Spriet LL, Dalton BH, Power GA. The torque-frequency relationship is impaired similarly following two bouts of eccentric exercise: No evidence of a protective repeated bout effect. J Biomech 2021; 122:110448. [PMID: 33905969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity eccentric exercise can lead to muscle damage and weakness. The 'repeated bout effect' (RBE) can attenuate these impairments when performing a subsequent bout. The influence of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on low-frequency force production is well-characterized; however, it is unclear how eccentric exercise and the RBE affect torque production across a range of stimulation frequencies (i.e., the torque-frequency relationship). We investigated the influence of an initial (Bout 1) and repeated bout (Bout 2) of eccentric exercise on the elbow flexor torque-frequency relationship. Eleven males completed two bouts of high-intensity eccentric elbow flexions, 4 weeks apart. Torque-frequency relationships were constructed at baseline and 0.5, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 h following both bouts via percutaneous stimulation at 1, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 Hz. Serum creatine kinase activity, self-reported muscle soreness, and isometric maximum voluntary contraction torque indirectly inferred the presence of muscle damage following Bout 1, and attenuation of muscle damage following Bout 2. Torque amplitude at all stimulation frequencies was impaired 30 min following eccentric exercise, however, torque at lower (1-10 Hz) and higher frequencies (40-100 Hz) recovered within 24 h while torque across the middle frequency range (20-30 Hz) recovered by 48 h. No between-bout differences were detected in absolute or normalized torque at any stimulation frequency, indicating no protective RBE on the elbow flexor torque-frequency relationship.
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Hinks A, Hess A, Debenham MIB, Chen J, Mazara N, Inkol KA, Cervone DT, Spriet LL, Dalton BH, Power GA. Power loss is attenuated following a second bout of high-intensity eccentric contractions due to the repeated bout effect's protection of rate of torque and velocity development. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:461-472. [PMID: 33125854 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity unaccustomed eccentric contractions result in weakness and power loss because of fatigue and muscle damage. Through the repeated bout effect (RBE), adaptations occur, then damage and weakness are attenuated following a subsequent bout. However, it is unclear whether the RBE protects peak power output. We investigated the influence of the RBE on power production and estimated fatigue- and damage-induced neuromuscular impairments following repeated high-intensity eccentric contractions. Twelve healthy adult males performed 5 sets of 30 maximal eccentric elbow flexions and repeated an identical bout 4 weeks later. Recovery was tracked over 7 days following both bouts. Reduced maximum voluntary isometric contraction torque, and increased serum creatine kinase and self-reported soreness indirectly inferred muscle damage. Peak isotonic power, time-dependent measures - rate of velocity development (RVD) and rate of torque development (RTD) - and several electrophysiological indices of neuromuscular function were assessed. The RBE protected peak power, with a protective index of 66% 24 h after the second eccentric exercise bout. The protection of power also related to preserved RVD (R2 = 0.61, P < 0.01) and RTD (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the RBE's protection against muscle damage permitted the estimation of fatigue-associated neuromuscular performance decrements following eccentric exercise. Novelty: The repeated bout effect protects peak isotonic power. Protection of peak power relates to preserved rates of torque and velocity development, but more so rate of velocity development. The repeated bout effect has little influence on indices of neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adam Hess
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mathew I B Debenham
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jackey Chen
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Mazara
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Keaton A Inkol
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daniel T Cervone
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Skurvydas A, Jurgelaitiene G, Kamandulis S, Mickeviciene D, Brazaitis M, Valanciene D, Karanauskiene D, Mickevicius M, Mamkus G. What are the best isometric exercises of muscle potentiation? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1029-39. [PMID: 30734104 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to follow post-activation potentiation (PAP), low-frequency fatigue (LFF), metabolic-induced fatigue and post-contractile depression (PCD) in response to different isometric muscle contraction modalities. METHODS Young healthy men (N = 120) were randomly assigned to one of ten exercise modality groups which differed in contraction duration (5-60 s), activation pattern (intermittent or continuous contractions), activation mode (voluntary or stimulated), and intensity [maximal or submaximal (50%)]. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and electrically induced knee extension torque were measured at baseline and at regular intervals for 60 min after exercise. RESULTS Muscle contraction modalities involving 5 s MVC were the most effective for PAP, whereas the lowest PAP effectiveness was found after the 12 × 5-MVC modality. After all of the 5-15 s MVC and 6 × 5-MVC protocols, the potentiation of the twitch rate was significantly higher than that recorded after continuous 30-60 s protocols (P < 0.001). Tetanic maximal torque (100 Hz) potentiation occurred 5 min after 15-30 s repetitive MVC modalities and after modality involving 15 electrical stimuli (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that post-activation potentiation was most effective after brief duration continuous and repetitive MVC protocols. To understand the resultant warm-up of motor performance, it is necessary to recognize the coexistence of muscle PAP, tetanic maximal force potentiation, rapid recovery of metabolic muscle, and central muscle activation processes, as well as prolonged LFF and prolonged PCD.
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Satkunskiene D, Ratkevicius A, Kamandulis S, Venckunas T. Effects of myostatin on the mechanical properties of muscles during repeated active lengthening in the mouse. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:381-388. [PMID: 30222937 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate how myostatin dysfunction affects fast and slow muscle stiffness and viscosity during severe repeated loading. Isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of young adult female mice of the BEH (dysfunctional myostatin) and BEH+/+ (functional myostatin) strains were subjected to 100 contraction-stretching loading cycles during which contractile and mechanical properties were assessed. BEH mice exhibited greater exercise-induced muscle damage, although the effect was muscle- and age-dependent and limited to the early phases of simulated exercise. The relative reduction of the EDL muscle isometric force recorded during the initial 10-30 loading cycles was greater in BEH mice than in BEH+/+ mice and exceeded that of the soleus muscle of either strain. The induced damage was associated with lower muscle stiffness. The effects of myostatin on the mechanical properties of muscles depend on muscle type and maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Warren GL, Call JA, Farthing AK, Baadom-Piaro B. Minimal Evidence for a Secondary Loss of Strength After an Acute Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018; 47:41-59. [PMID: 27100114 PMCID: PMC5214801 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An immediate loss of strength follows virtually all types of muscle injury but there is debate whether the initial strength loss is maximal or if a secondary loss of strength occurs during the first 3 days post-injury. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature to determine if a secondary loss of strength occurs after an injurious initiating event. METHODS Literature searches were performed using eight electronic databases (e.g., PubMed, Cochrane Library). Search terms included skeletal muscle AND (injur* OR damage*) AND (strength OR force OR torque). The extracted strength data were converted to a standard format by calculating the standardized mean difference, which is reported as the effect size (ES) along with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). The calculation of ES was designed so that a negative ES that was statistically less than zero would be interpreted as indicating a secondary loss of strength. RESULTS A total of 223 studies with over 4000 human and animal subjects yielded data on 262 independent groups and a total of 936 separate ESs. Our overall meta-analysis yielded a small-to-medium, positive overall ES that was statistically greater than zero (overall ES = +0.34, 95 % CI 0.27-0.40; P < 0.00000001). Considerable variation in ES was observed among studies (I 2 = 86 %), which could be partially explained by the research group conducting the study, sex of the subject, day of post-injury strength assessment, whether fatigue was present immediately post-injury, and the muscle group injured. From the subgroup meta-analyses probing these variables, 36 subgroup ESs were calculated and none were statistically less than zero. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings do not support the presence of a secondary loss of strength following an acute muscle injury, and strongly suggest that strength, on average, recovers steadily over the first 3 days post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon L Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy K Farthing
- Department of Physical Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, PO Box 4019, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
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Váczi M, Río-Rodríguez D, Négyesi J, Fernández Del Olmo M. Acute neuromechanical modifications and 24-h recovery in quadriceps muscle after maximal stretch-shortening cycle exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 40:64-71. [PMID: 29631118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the acute and the delayed changes in corticospinal excitability and in the neuromechanical properties of the quadriceps muscle after maximal intensity stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Ten young males performed 150 jumps to provoke fatigue and muscle damage. Voluntary force, various electrically evoked force variables, and corticospinal excitability were measured at baseline, immediately (IP) and at 24 h post-exercise. Voluntary force, single twitch force, and low frequency force decreased at IP (p < 0.05) but recovered at 24 h, although mild soreness developed in the quadriceps. High frequency force, voluntary activation, and corticospinal excitability remained unchanged. However, vastus lateralis myoelectric activity increased from baseline to IP (p < 0.05). The jumps selectively induced low frequency peripheral fatigue, and central mechanisms did not mediate the acute loss of voluntary force. Because soreness developed at 24 h post-exercise, all force variables recovered, and vastus lateralis electric activity increased, we argue that a dual process of muscle damage, and early neural adaptation as a compensation mechanism took place after the maximal stretch-shortening cycle exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Váczi
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Dan Río-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sciences of Sport and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - János Négyesi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Kamandulis S, de Souza Leite F, Hernández A, Katz A, Brazaitis M, Bruton JD, Venckunas T, Masiulis N, Mickeviciene D, Eimantas N, Subocius A, Rassier DE, Skurvydas A, Ivarsson N, Westerblad H. Prolonged force depression after mechanically demanding contractions is largely independent of Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species. FASEB J 2017; 31:4809-4820. [PMID: 28716970 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS) and impaired cellular Ca2+ handling are implicated in the prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD) observed in skeletal muscle after both metabolically and mechanically demanding exercise. Metabolically demanding high-intensity exercise can induce PLFFD accompanied by ROS-dependent fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels, the ryanodine receptor 1s (RyR1s). We tested whether similar changes occur after mechanically demanding eccentric contractions. Human subjects performed 100 repeated drop jumps, which require eccentric knee extensor contractions upon landing. This exercise caused a major PLFFD, such that maximum voluntary and electrically evoked forces did not recover within 24 h. Drop jumps induced only minor signs of increased ROS, and RyR1 fragmentation was observed in only 3 of 7 elderly subjects. Also, isolated mouse muscle preparations exposed to drop-jump-mimicking eccentric contractions showed neither signs of increased ROS nor RyR1 fragmentation. Still, the free cytosolic [Ca2+] during tetanic contractions was decreased by ∼15% 1 h after contractions, which can explain the exaggerated force decrease at low-stimulation frequencies but not the major frequency-independent force depression. In conclusion, PLFFD caused by mechanically demanding eccentric contractions does not involve any major increase in ROS or RyR1 fragmentation.-Kamandulis, S., de Souza Leite, F., Hernandez, A., Katz, A., Brazaitis, M., Bruton, J. D., Venckunas, T., Masiulis, N., Mickeviciene, D., Eimantas, N., Subocius, A., Rassier, D. E., Skurvydas, A., Ivarsson, N., Westerblad, H. Prolonged force depression after mechanically demanding contractions is largely independent of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Felipe de Souza Leite
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andres Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abram Katz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joseph D Bruton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Mickeviciene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Andrejus Subocius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Surgery, Kaunas Clinical Hospital, Kaunas, Lithuania; and.,Clinic of Surgery, Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Verbickas V, Kamandulis S, Snieckus A, Venckunas T, Baranauskiene N, Brazaitis M, Satkunskiene D, Unikauskas A, Skurvydas A. Serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin‐6 response to high‐volume mechanically demanding exercise. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:E46-E51. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Verbickas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Unikauskas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesMickeviciaus 9, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
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11
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Lazaridis S, Patikas DA, Bassa E, Tsatalas T, Hatzikotoulas K, Ftikas C, Kotzamanidis C. The acute effects of an intense stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on the neuromechanical parameters of lower limbs in men and prepubescent boys. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:131-139. [PMID: 28282755 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1287932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the differences between boys and adults after an intense stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on neuromechanical parameters of the lower limb. Thirteen boys (9-11 years old) and 13 adult men (22-28 years old) were tested for maximal isometric voluntary knee extension torque and drop jump (DJ) performance from 30 cm before and immediately after a fatigue protocol, consisted of 10 × 10 maximum effort vertical jumps. Three-dimensional kinematics, kinetics and electromyographic (EMG) parameters of the lower extremities muscles were recorded during DJs before and after the fatigue test. The results indicated that reduction in maximal isometric torque and jumping performance was significantly higher in adults compared to boys. Vertical ground reaction forces, contact time and maximum knee flexion increased in a greater extend in adults than in boys. In addition, preactivation, EMG agonist activity, knee joint stiffness and stretch reflex decreased more in adults than in boys at all the examined phases of jumping tasks. It is concluded that employed fatigue protocol induced acute reduction in performance and altered motor control during jumping in both age groups. However, the differences in the level of fatigue between the 2 groups could be attributed to neuromuscular, mechanical and kinematic parameters observed between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Lazaridis
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Dimitrios A Patikas
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Eleni Bassa
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- b Center for Research and Technology , Institute for Research and Technology Thessaly , Trikala , Greece.,c School of Physical Education and Sport Science , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Christos Ftikas
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Christos Kotzamanidis
- a School of Physical Education and Sport Science , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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12
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Skurvydas A, Mamkus G, Kamandulis S, Dudoniene V, Valanciene D, Westerblad H. Mechanisms of force depression caused by different types of physical exercise studied by direct electrical stimulation of human quadriceps muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2215-2224. [PMID: 27637589 PMCID: PMC5118408 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Force production frequently remains depressed for several hours or even days after various types of strenuous physical exercise. We hypothesized that the pattern of force changes during the first hour after exercise can be used to reveal muscular mechanisms likely to underlie the decline in muscle performance during exercise as well as factors involved in the triggering the prolonged force depression after exercise. Methods Nine groups of recreationally active male volunteers performed one of the following types of exercise: single prolonged or repeated short maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs); single or repeated all-out cycling bouts; repeated drop jumps. The isometric force of the right quadriceps muscle was measured during stimulation with brief 20 and 100 Hz trains of electrical pulses given before and at regular intervals for 60 min after exercise. Results All exercises resulted in a prolonged force depression, which was more marked at 20 Hz than at 100 Hz. Short-lasting (≤2 min) MVC and all-out cycling exercises showed an initial force recovery (peak after ~ 5 min) followed by a secondary force depression. The repeated drop jumps, which involve eccentric contractions, resulted in a stable force depression with the 20 Hz force being markedly more decreased after 100 than 10 jumps. Conclusions In accordance with our hypothesis, the results propose at least three different mechanisms that influence force production after exercise: (1) a transiently recovering process followed by (2) a prolonged force depression after metabolically demanding exercise, and (3) a stable force depression after mechanically demanding contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Mamkus
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Dudoniene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Valanciene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Streckis V, Skurvydas A, Mamkus G. Effect of the time of day on central and peripheral fatigue during 2-min maximal voluntary contractions in persons with multiple sclerosis: gender differences. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:601-6. [PMID: 24996556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of data on fatigue changes within 24h among patients with multiple sclerosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of time of day on central and peripheral fatigue during a continuous 2-min maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle in women and men with multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied age-matched MS patients (range, 40-50years). The inclusion criteria for patients were: a Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status score and a Fatigue Severity Scale score. We found a significant gender difference in central activation ratio (CAR) in the evening. At the end of the 2-min maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), the voluntary torque decreased by about 65% in men and women with MS in both the morning and evening. We also observed that, in women, CAR decreased markedly during the first 30s in the evening test. The most interesting finding of our study is that central fatigue increased, whereas peripheral fatigue decreased markedly in the evening only in women. It remains unclear why women's central fatigue is greater in the evening than in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Streckis
- Center for Movement of Fundamental and Clinical Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Center for Movement of Fundamental and Clinical Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Mamkus
- Center for Movement of Fundamental and Clinical Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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14
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Dargeviciute G, Masiulis N, Kamandulis S, Skurvydas A, Westerblad H. Residual force depression following muscle shortening is exaggerated by prior eccentric drop jump exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1191-5. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00686.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the relation between two common force modifications in skeletal muscle: the prolonged force depression induced by unaccustomed eccentric contractions, and the residual force depression (rFD) observed immediately after active shortening. We hypothesized that rFD originates from distortion within the sarcomeres and the extent of rFD: 1) correlates to the force and work performed during the shortening steps, which depend on sarcomeric integrity; and 2) is increased by sarcomeric disorganization induced by eccentric contractions. Nine healthy untrained men (mean age 26 yr) participated in the study. rFD was studied in electrically stimulated knee extensor muscles. rFD was defined as the reduction in isometric torque after active shortening compared with the torque in a purely isometric contraction. Eccentric contractions were performed as 50 repeated drop jumps with active deceleration to 90° knee angle, immediately followed by a maximal upward jump. rFD was assessed before and 5 min to 72 h after drop jumps. The series of drop jumps caused a prolonged force depression, which was about two times larger at 20-Hz than at 50-Hz stimulation. There was a significant correlation between increasing rFD and increasing mechanical work performed during active shortening both before and after drop jumps. In addition, a given rFD was obtained at a markedly lower mechanical work after drop jumps. In conclusion, the extent of rFD correlates to the mechanical work performed during active shortening. A series of eccentric contractions causes a prolonged reduction of isometric force. In addition, eccentric contractions exaggerate rFD, which further decreases muscle performance during dynamic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Dargeviciute
- Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; and
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; and
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; and
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Research, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania; and
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Gorianovas G, Skurvydas A, Streckis V, Brazaitis M, Kamandulis S, McHugh MP. Repeated bout effect was more expressed in young adult males than in elderly males and boys. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:218970. [PMID: 23484095 PMCID: PMC3581300 DOI: 10.1155/2013/218970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated possible differences using the same stretch-shortening exercise (SSE) protocol on generally accepted monitoring markers (dependent variables: changes in creatine kinase, muscle soreness, and voluntary and electrically evoked torque) in males across three lifespan stages (childhood versus adulthood versus old age). The protocol consisted of 100 intermittent (30 s interval between jumps) drop jumps to determine the repeated bout effect (RBE) (first and second bouts performed at a 2-week interval). The results showed that indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after SSE were more expressed in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are more resistant to exercise-induced damage than those of adult males. RBE was more pronounced in adult males than in boys and elderly males, suggesting that the muscles of boys and elderly males are less adaptive to exercise-induced muscle damage than those of adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrius Gorianovas
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Streckis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Department of Applied Biology and Physiotherapy, Research Centre for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Sciences, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 4422 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, 130 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10075, USA
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Kamandulis S, Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M, Stanislovaitis A, Duchateau J, Stanislovaitiene J. Effect of a periodized power training program on the functional performances and contractile properties of the quadriceps in sprinters. Res Q Exerc Sport 2012; 83:540-545. [PMID: 23367816 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2012.10599143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose was to compare the effect of a periodized preparation consisting of power endurance training and high-intensity power training on the contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle and functional performances in well trained male sprinters (n = 7). After 4 weeks of high-intensity power training, 60-m sprint running time improved by an average of 1.83% (SD = 0.96; p < .05). This improvement was inversely related to an increase in maximal voluntary contraction torque (r = -.89, p < .05) and poorly correlated with changes in the contractile kinetics of the quadriceps muscle (r range from .36 to -.46). These findings suggest that sprint performance is poorly predicted by muscle intrinsic properties and that a neural adaptation appears to explain most of the observed functional adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Kamandulis
- Research Center for Fundamental and Clinical Movement Science, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas.
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Kamandulis S, Snieckus A, Venckunas T, Aagaard P, Masiulis N, Skurvydas A. Rapid Increase in Training Load Affects Markers of Skeletal Muscle Damage and Mechanical Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2953-61. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318243ff21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M, Venckūnas T, Kamandulis S, Stanislovaitis A, Zuoza A. The effect of sports specialization on musculus quadriceps function after exercise-induced muscle damage. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:873-80. [PMID: 22050132 DOI: 10.1139/h11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to examine the effect of eccentric exercise-induced (100 submaximal eccentric contractions at an angular velocity of 60° s⁻¹, with 20-s rest intervals) muscle damage on peripheral and central fatigue of quadriceps muscle in well-trained long-distance runners, sprint runners, volleyball players, and untrained subjects. We found that (i) indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (prolonged decrease in maximal voluntary contraction, isokinetic concentric torque, and electrically induced (20 Hz) torque) were most evident in untrained subjects, while there were no significant differences in changes of muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase 48 h after eccentric exercise between athletes and untrained subjects; (ii) low-frequency fatigue was greater in untrained subjects and volleyball players than in sprint runners and long-distance runners; (iii) in all subjects, electrically induced (100 Hz) torque decreased significantly by about 20%, while central activation ratio decreased significantly by about 8% in untrained subjects and sprint runners, and by about 3%-5% in long-distance runners and volleyball players. Thus, trained subjects showed greater resistance to exercise-induced muscle damage for most markers, and long-distance runners had no advantage over sprint runners or volleyball players.
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Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M, Venckūnas T, Kamandulis S. Predictive value of strength loss as an indicator of muscle damage across multiple drop jumps. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:353-60. [PMID: 21574783 DOI: 10.1139/h11-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the time-course of indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage after 50 and 100 drop jumps. A high-force, low intensity exercise protocol was used to avoid discrepancies regarding metabolic fatigue immediately after exercise. Healthy untrained men performed 50 ("50 group", n = 13) or 100 ("100 group", n = 13) intermittent (30-s interval between each jump) drop jumps, respectively, from the height of 0.5 m with a counter-movement to a 90° knee flexion angle and immediate maximal rebound. Voluntary and electrically evoked knee extensor strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer immediately before and at 2 min after exercise, as well as 3, 7, and 14 days after exercise. Creatine kinase (CK) activity and muscle soreness within 7 days after exercise were also determined. The results showed that the decrease in voluntary isometric and isokinetic torque as well as 100 Hz stimulation torque at the end of the 50 and 100 drop jumps was very similar, while substantial differences were found in low-frequency fatigue, shift in optimal knee joint angle, muscle soreness, and CK activity. In addition, there was slower muscle strength recovery after the 100 drop jumps. It is concluded that the predictive value of strength loss immediately after exercise as an indicator of muscle damage decreases as the jump number increases. Still, stimuli must be large enough for muscle torque to reach the reduction plateau. Therefore, magnitude of exercise becomes a major factor in accuracy of muscle damage predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Skurvydas
- Sports and Movement Science Centre, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M, Andrejeva J, Mickeviciene D, Streckis V. The effect of multiple sclerosis and gender on central and peripheral fatigue during 2-min MVC. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:767-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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