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Abstract
Early identification of cutaneous manifestations of alcohol and illicit drug use can aid in the diagnosis and management of these uses, as well as their sequelae. In addition, the effects of alcohol and illicit drug use on the skin can result in significant morbidity. Alcohol misuse can present with jaundice, pruritus, pigmentary alterations, urticaria, hair and nail changes, and oral changes. It is also a risk factor for skin cancer and infections. Vascular disturbances associated with alcohol misuse include telangiectasias, palmar erythema, caput medusae, and flushing. Diseases related to alcohol misuse include nutritional deficiencies, porphyria cutanea tarda, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, and rosacea. Other conditions seen in alcohol misuse include Dupuytren contracture, Peyronie disease, and pancreatitis. Dermatologists should also be aware of hepatotoxic medications that are commonly prescribed for skin diseases so as to avoid initiating hepatoxicity in patients who use alcohol. Illicit drug use can manifest with cutaneous fibrosis, scarring, granulomas, ulceration, pruritus, infections, cocaine-levamisole-induced vasculitis, tooth decay, and oral disease. By recognizing the cutaneous stigmata of alcohol and illicit drug use, dermatologists can aid in the identification and treatment of patients suffering from these addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh P Jain
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Campbell Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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Miguel AFP, Embaló B, Alves Dias HB, Rivero ERC. Immunohistochemical Expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and Vimentin and its Correlation With Inflammatory Reaction and Clinical Parameters in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:382-9. [PMID: 33587449 DOI: 10.1097/PAI.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and vimentin (VIM) and its association with the inflammatory reaction (IR) and clinical parameters in oral epithelial dysplasia (ED). The sample was composed of 66 cases of ED, 27 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and 28 non-neoplastic epithelium (NNE). ED was graded according to the binary system as low-risk ED (n=42) and high-risk epithelial dysplasia (HRED: n=24). The IR was defined as the median number of inflammatory cells present on the connective tissue in 5 consecutive fields. Tissue sections of paraffin-embedded samples were immunohistochemically stained; MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression was analyzed separately in the epithelium and the connective tissue; VIM was analyzed in the epithelium. Clinical parameters such as age, sex, lesion site and clinical presentation, alcohol/tobacco use, and malignant transformation of ED were retrospectively obtained from medical records. Nonhomogeneous leukoplakia presented higher odds (3.857; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-12.85) of being graded as HRED than did homogeneous lesions. The IR was higher in OSCC and ED than in NNE, and correlated with the epithelial expression of VIM. HRED and nonhomogeneous leukoplakias presented higher IR than did low-risk ED and homogeneous leukoplakias. Alcohol users had higher IR than nonalcohol users. Smokers had higher epithelial expression of MMP-9 and VIM. High IR in OSCC and HRED, and its positive correlation with VIM expression suggest a contribution of the IR in the progression of OSCC. Moreover, the high expression of MMP-9 and VIM in smokers implies its involvement in tobacco carcinogenesis.
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhu S. Transcriptomic-based toxicological investigations of ethanol to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:736-744. [PMID: 33058231 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol has a complex effect on the cardiovascular system in humans, but the systemic effects of ethanol to endothelial cells were rarely investigated. In this study, we exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to 5- or 50-mM ethanol and performed transcriptomics to investigate the systemic effects of ethanol. While these concentrations of ethanol did not significantly affect HUVEC viability, 5-mM ethanol significantly upregulated and downregulated 59 and 73 genes, respectively, whereas 50-mM ethanol significantly upregulated and downregulated 50 and 80 genes, respectively. Totally, 37 genes were shared by the two concentrations of ethanol. The most significantly altered gene ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway after 5-mM ethanol treatment were nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676) and Herpes simplex virus 1 infection (ko05168), respectively, whereas the most significantly altered GO term and KEGG pathway by 50-mM ethanol treatment were aryl sulfotransferase activity (GO:0004062) and chemical carcinogenesis (ko05204). We further verified that ethanol treatment downregulated the mRNA levels of CD38 molecule (CD38), ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 2 (ORAI2), cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CYSLTR2), key genes involved in calcium signaling pathway (ko04020), as well as integrin subunit alpha 2 (ITGA2), and cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 (CREB3L2), key genes involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (ko04151). The results from this study suggested that ethanol could induce systemic effects and alter signaling pathways in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Department of Food science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Brewing Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Liangyu Liu
- Department of Food science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
| | - Sijie Zhu
- Department of Food science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Renhuai, China
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Láng O, Nagy KS, Láng J, Perczel-Kovách K, Herczegh A, Lohinai Z, Varga G, Kőhidai L. Comparative study of hyperpure chlorine dioxide with two other irrigants regarding the viability of periodontal ligament stem cells. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2981-2992. [PMID: 33044682 PMCID: PMC8060220 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have an underlined significance as their high proliferative capacity and multipotent differentiation provide an important therapeutic potential. The integrity of these cells is frequently disturbed by the routinely used irrigative compounds applied as periodontal or endodontic disinfectants (e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorhexidine (CHX)). Our objectives were (i) to monitor the cytotoxic effect of a novel dental irrigative compound, chlorine dioxide (ClO2), compared to two traditional agents (H2O2, CHX) on PDLSCs and (ii) to test whether the aging factor of PDLSC cultures determines cellular responsiveness to the chemicals tested. Methods Impedimetry (concentration-response study), WST-1 assays (WST = water soluble tetrazolium salt), and morphology analysis were performed to measure changes in cell viability induced by the 3 disinfectants; immunocytochemistry of stem cell markers (STRO-1, CD90, and CD105) measured the induced mesenchymal characteristics. Results Cell viability experiments demonstrated that the application of ClO2 does not lead to a significant decrease in viability of PLDSCs in concentrations used to kill microbes. On the contrary, traditional irrigants, H2O2, and CHX are highly toxic on PDLSCs. Aging of PLDSC cultures (passages 3 vs. 7) has characteristic effects on their responsiveness to these agents as the increased expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers turns to decreased. Conclusions and clinical relevance While the active ingredients of mouthwash (H2O2, CHX) applied in endodontic or periodontitis management have a serious toxic effect on PDLSCs, the novel hyperpure ClO2 is less toxic providing an environment favoring dental structure regenerations during disinfectant interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03618-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina S Nagy
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia Láng
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Perczel-Kovách
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department in Community Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Herczegh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lohinai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kőhidai
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Farah CS. Molecular, genomic and mutational landscape of oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2020; 27:803-812. [PMID: 33448555 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia (OLK) and its more aggressive clinical variant proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) remain enigmatic disorders clinically and histopathologically. Despite decades of research into both, there has been only incremental advancement in our understanding of their aetiology and pathogenesis and only minimal improvement in effective management strategies. Currently, no specific prognostic genetic or molecular marker has been reported for leukoplakia. There is, however, an emerging body of evidence characterising the genomic and transcriptomic profile of OLK. Regardless of the significance of cellular and architectural features of OLK and PVL, it is clear from studies reported in this review that new emerging evidence points to the presence of premalignant molecular subtypes of leukoplakia which require further investigation. This up-to-date review explores the contemporary genomic, transcriptomic and mutational landscape of leukoplakia broadly, discusses concepts that may not be widely recognised or accepted and purposefully highlights studies with juxtaposed findings in an effort to challenge dogma. It also highlights the urgent need for a concerted international effort of original collaborative research which will only occur by pooling collective efforts, resources and intellect to define the molecular fingerprint of this enigmatic disorder, in the hope it will better inform diagnosis, stratification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perth Oral Medicine & Dental Sleep Centre, West Leederville, WA, Australia.,Oral, Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Australian Clinical Labs, Subiaco, WA, Australia.,Genomics for Life, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
The commercial marketplace has seen a rapid increase in the number of over-the-counter charcoal-containing mouthwashes. The purpose of this systemic review was to examine the clinical and laboratory evidence supporting therapeutic claims of efficacy and safety of use of charcoal-based mouthwashes. Secondly, the product labels and information of 36 commercially marketed charcoal mouthwashes were reviewed for active ingredients. Only 8% of charcoal mouthwashes contained an active ingredient, such as cetylpyridinium chloride or chlorhexidine. There is insufficient evidence to substantiate the therapeutic and cosmetic marketing claims of charcoal-based mouthwashes, including antimicrobial activity, anti-halitosis, tooth whitening, periodontal disease control, caries reduction and tooth remineralisation, among others. Moreover, there is no available information on charcoal particulate size or abrasivity of any of these products. Dental clinicians should advise their patients to exercise caution when using over-the-counter charcoal-containing mouthwashes because of the lack of evidence supporting therapeutic or cosmetic effectiveness as well as safety.
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Wang X, Jin J, Li W, Wang Q, Han Y, Liu H. Differential in vitro sensitivity of oral precancerous and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101554. [PMID: 31479802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) may be correlated with the degree of dysplasia of cancer tissues, but much is still unknown regarding the differences in its effectiveness, especially in oral cancer and precancerous lesions. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of ALA-PDT on a human oral precancerous cell line (DOK) and an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (CAL-27). METHODS First, we explored the dose- and time-dependent responses of DOK and CAL-27 cells to ALA-PDT. DOK and CAL-27 cells were incubated with various concentrations of ALA (from 0.25 to 2 mM), followed by PDT using laser irradiation at 635 nm. The resulting photocytotoxicity was assessed in both cell lines using MTT assays. Further, apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was evaluated with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA), and the response to treatment was examined via RT-qPCR and Western blotting to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. RESULTS ALA-PDT inhibited the proliferation of DOK and CAL-27 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dose-effect and inhibition-time relationships were also found. The rates of DOK and CAL-27 cell apoptosis when the ALA dose was 1 mM were 30.66 ± 3.10% and 75.40 ± 1.29%, respectively (P < 0.01). Following PDT, compared with DOK cells, the ROS level in CAL-27 cells was significantly increased and was correlated with an increase in the ALA concentration. Mechanistically, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were found to be regulated in both cell types after ALA-PDT. CONCLUSION ALA-PDT effectively killed DOK and CAL-27 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro. However, under the same conditions, the susceptibilities of these cell lines to ALA-PDT were different. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether this difference is present in clinical oral cancer and precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianqiu Jin
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Aceves Argemí R, González Navarro B, Ochoa García-Seisdedos P, Estrugo Devesa A, López-López JOS. Mouthwash With Alcohol and Oral Carcinogenesis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2020; 20:101407. [PMID: 32473798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2020.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that the risk of developing oral cancer is closely related to the intensity and duration of exposure to alcohol and tobacco. Even so, the use of mouthwashes with alcohol in their compositions and the increased risk of oral cancer has been a source of controversy for decades. OBJECTIVE This study proposes a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature, to assess the possible relationship between the use of mouthwashes with alcohol and the development of oral and pharyngeal cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search was done using the Medline and PubMed databases. Exclusion criteria were as follows: articles published in languages other than English or Spanish, systematic reviews, and expert opinions. No limitations were used for publication date. RESULTS A total of 14 articles were obtained, 11 case-control studies and 3 clinical trials. Three case-control studies found no statistically significant evidence between the relationship of mouthwash use and oral cancer and the remaining 8 case-control studies found statistically significant evidence. The 3 clinical trials observed a relationship between the use of mouthwashes with alcohol and the possibility of developing cancer due to the genotoxicity and mutagenic capacity of alcohol in chronic contact with oral tissues and mucous membranes. The meta-analysis resulted in an OR = 1.480 and a P-value = .161 (95% CI: 0.855; P-value = 2.561) for the analysis of studies of cancer risk and consumption of mouthwashes with alcohol and OR = 1.057 0.364 (95% CI: 0.951; P-value = 1.174) for studies that related the risk of cancer and mouthwash use without taking into account the presence of alcohol. CONCLUSIONS There is no sufficient evidence to accept the proposition that the use of mouthwashes containing alcohol can influence the development of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Aceves Argemí
- Department of Oral Medicine, Surgery and Implantology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz González Navarro
- Department of Oral Medicine, Surgery and Implantology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Odontostomatolgy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ochoa García-Seisdedos
- Department of Oral Medicine, Surgery and Implantology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Estrugo Devesa
- Department of Odontostomatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Oral Health and Masticatory System Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - JOSé López-López
- Department of Oral Medicine, Surgery and Implantology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Odontostomatolgy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry) - Dental Hospital, University Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Oral Health and Masticatory System Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Head of the Odontological Hospital University of Barcelona, Barcelona Univertisity, Barcelona, Spain.
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Guandalini Cunha B, Duque C, Sampaio Caiaffa K, Massunari L, Araguê Catanoze I, dos Santos DM, de Oliveira SHP, Guiotti AM. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and commercial mouthwashes on S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in prosthetic materials. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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