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Maqsood Q, Sumrin A, Iqbal M, Younas S, Hussain N, Mahnoor M, Wajid A. Hepatitis C virus/Hepatitis B virus coinfection: Current prospectives. Antivir Ther 2023; 28:13596535231189643. [PMID: 37489502 DOI: 10.1177/13596535231189643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In endemic areas, hepatitis C virus (HCV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is common, and patients with coinfection have a higher risk of developing liver disease such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. In such cases, HCV predominates, and HBV replication is suppressed by HCV. HCV core proteins and interferons that are activated by HCV are responsible for the suppression of HBV. Immunosuppression is also seen in patients with HCV and HBV coinfections. A decrease in HCV-neutralizing antibody response and circulation of Th1-like Tfh cells is observed in patients with HCV and HBV coinfection. Both viruses interacted in the liver, and treatment of HCV/HBV coinfection is genotype-based and complex due to the interaction of both viruses. In HCV-dominant cases, direct-acting antiviral drugs and peg interferon plus ribavirin are used for the treatment, with continuous monitoring of AST and ALT. HBV-dominant cases are less common and are treated with peg interferon and nucleoside nucleotide analogues with monitoring of AST and ALT. The SVR rate in HCV-HBV coinfection is higher than that in monoinfection when treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs. But there is a risk of reactivation of HBV during and after therapy. The rate of reactivation is lower in patients treated with direct-acting antiviral drugs as compared to those treated with peg interferon plus ribavirin. Biomarkers of HBV such as HBcrAg, HBV DNA and HBVpg RNA are not effective in the prediction of HBV reactivation; only the hepatitis B surface antigen titre can be used as a biomarker for HBV reactivation. HCV can also be reactive, but this is found in very rare cases in which HBV is present and is treated first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Maqsood
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aleena Sumrin
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Iqbal
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Younas
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammada Mahnoor
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Science, Quetta, Pakistan
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Oh JH, Park DA, Ko MJ, Yoo JJ, Yim SY, Ahn JH, Jun DW, Ahn SB. Direct-Acting Antivirals and the Risk of Hepatitis B Reactivation in Hepatitis B and C Co-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121957. [PMID: 36556178 PMCID: PMC9781230 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) reactivation was observed to be more than 10% in patients receiving interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection. At present, when direct-acting antiviral (DAA) has become the main treatment for HCV, there are few large-scale studies on the reactivation of HBV in these population. We studied HBV reactivation risk and prophylactic HBV treatment efficacy in HBV/HCV co-infected patients receiving DAA therapy. Relevant studies were selected from the Ovid-Medline, Ovid-EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, KoreaMed, KMbase, and RISS databases through 4 September 2020. Data pooling was carried out using the random-effects method. We identified 39 articles with 119,484 patients with chronic (n = 1673) or resolved (n = 13,497) HBV infection under DAA therapy. When the studies were pooled, the HBV reactivation rate was 12% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6-19, I2 = 87%), indicating that this population needs careful attention. When stratified by baseline HBV DNA, the undetectable HBV DNA group showed a significantly lower risk of reactivation than the detectable HBV DNA group (odds ratio (OR) 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.86, I2 = 0%). Prophylactic HBV therapy reduced HBV reactivation risk (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-0.92, I2 = 0%). Patients with a resolved HBV infection showed a negligible rate (0.4%) of HBV reactivation. In conclusion, patients with detectable HBV DNA levels warrant careful monitoring for HBV reactivation and may benefit from preventive anti-HBV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ah Park
- Division of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA), Seoul 04933, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Ko
- Division of Healthcare Technology Assessment Research, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA), Seoul 04933, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Hospital, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.W.J.); (S.B.A.); Tel.: +82-02-2290-8338 (D.W.J.); +82-02-970-8209 (S.B.A.)
| | - Sang Bong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.W.J.); (S.B.A.); Tel.: +82-02-2290-8338 (D.W.J.); +82-02-970-8209 (S.B.A.)
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Abstract
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to a condition in which replication-competent viral DNA is present in the liver (with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the serum) of individuals testing negative for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). In this peculiar phase of HBV infection, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is in a low state of replication. Many advances have been made in clarifying the mechanisms involved in such a suppression of viral activity, which seems to be mainly related to the host's immune control and epigenetic factors. OBI is diffused worldwide, but its prevalence is highly variable among patient populations. This depends on different geographic areas, risk factors for parenteral infections, and assays used for HBsAg and HBV DNA detection. OBI has an impact in several clinical contexts: (a) it can be transmitted, causing a classic form of hepatitis B, through blood transfusion or liver transplantation; (b) it may reactivate in the case of immunosuppression, leading to the possible development of even fulminant hepatitis; (c) it may accelerate the progression of chronic liver disease due to different causes toward cirrhosis; (d) it maintains the pro-oncogenic properties of the "overt" infection, favoring the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Saitta
- Division of Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Human Pathology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Raimondo
- Division of Medicine and Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-902212392
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Jacob R, Danta M. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:465-472. [PMID: 34937470 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.2019708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) infection place a significant burden on the global health system, with chronic carriage leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV/HCV coinfection can be seen in highly endemic areas and present a heterogenous group given varying virologic profiles. Coinfected patients have a greater risk of advanced liver disease; hence, diagnosis and early antiviral therapy (AVT) should be a priority. Optimal treatment regimens for coinfected patients remain unknown with differing recommendations, particularly relating to the risk of HBV reactivation whilst on AVT for HCV. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes the available data on HBV/HCV coinfection with regards to epidemiology, virologic interactions, and risk of HBV reactivation. The authors also provide a framework for the assessment and treatment of coinfected patients. EXPERT OPINION There is a moderate risk of HBV reactivation in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients undergoing HCV direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment; however, clinically significant events are rare. The risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg negative patients undergoing HCV DAA treatment is negligible. Thus, prophylactic HBV treatment in both groups is not required. The authors recommend close monitoring with HBV treatment if there is evidence of HBV reactivation or elevated alanine aminotransferase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Jacob
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Unsw Sydney, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Danta
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Unsw Sydney, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Many patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have also been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV). The 2 viruses interact and in most cases HCV suppresses HBV. When HCV is treated with direct antiviral agents, this suppressive effect is removed, HBV replication may increase, and a flare in liver enzymes with liver injury may occur. All patients with chronic HCV should therefore be checked for serologic evidence of HBV. Patients with hepatitis B surface antigen are at the highest risk for reactivation, and these patients should receive prophylactic treatment of HBV during and for 6 months after HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Airewele
- Liver Institute of Richmond, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Richmond, VA, USA; Liver Institute of Hampton Roads, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Newport News, VA, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Shiffman
- Liver Institute of Richmond, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Richmond, VA, USA; Liver Institute of Hampton Roads, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Newport News, VA, USA
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Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, Castro-Narro GE, Velarde-Ruiz Velasco JA, Cerda-Reyes E, Moreno-Alcántar R, Aiza-Haddad I, Castillo-Barradas M, Cisneros-Garza LE, Dehesa-Violante M, Flores-Calderón J, González-Huezo MS, Márquez-Guillén E, Muñóz-Espinosa LE, Pérez-Hernández JL, Ramos-Gómez MV, Sierra-Madero J, Sánchez-Ávila JF, Torre-Delgadillo A, Torres R, Marín-López ER, Kershenobich D, Wolpert-Barraza E. Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. Clinical guideline on hepatitis B. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) 2021; 86:403-432. [PMID: 34483073 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. In Mexico, at least three million adults are estimated to have acquired hepatitis B (total hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc]-positive), and of those, 300,000 active carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-positive) could require treatment. Because HBV is preventable through vaccination, its universal application should be emphasized. HBV infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Semi-annual liver ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein testing favor early detection of that cancer and should be carried out in all patients with chronic HBV infection, regardless of the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Currently, nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that have a high barrier to resistance are the first-line therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Higuera-de-la-Tijera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G E Castro-Narro
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - J A Velarde-Ruiz Velasco
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - E Cerda-Reyes
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Moreno-Alcántar
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Aiza-Haddad
- Clínica de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Hospital Ángeles Lomas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Castillo-Barradas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L E Cisneros-Garza
- Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Hospital San José, Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - M Dehesa-Violante
- Fundación Mexicana para la Salud Hepática A.C. (FUNDHEPA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Flores-Calderón
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M S González-Huezo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, ISSSEMYM, Metepec, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - E Márquez-Guillén
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L E Muñóz-Espinosa
- Clínica de Hígado, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J L Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M V Ramos-Gómez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Sierra-Madero
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J F Sánchez-Ávila
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Torre-Delgadillo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Torres
- Hospital de Infectología del Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - D Kershenobich
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
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Lau G, Yu ML, Wong G, Thompson A, Ghazinian H, Hou JL, Piratvisuth T, Jia JD, Mizokami M, Cheng G, Chen GF, Liu ZW, Baatarkhuu O, Cheng AL, Ng WL, Lau P, Mok T, Chang JM, Hamid S, Dokmeci AK, Gani RA, Payawal DA, Chow P, Park JW, Strasser SI, Mohamed R, Win KM, Tawesak T, Sarin SK, Omata M. APASL clinical practice guideline on hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy. Hepatol Int 2021; 15:1031-1048. [PMID: 34427860 PMCID: PMC8382940 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B endemic Asia-Pacific region. This clinical practice guidelines aim to assist clinicians in all disciplines involved in the use of immunosuppressive therapy to effectively prevent and manage hepatitis B reactivation. METHODS All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation. RECOMMENDATIONS We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lau
- Humanity and Health Clinical Trial Center, Humanity and Health Medical Group, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatitis Center and Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Rd, Chinese Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Grace Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Hasmik Ghazinian
- Department of Hepatology, Nork Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Jin-Lin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hepatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teerha Piratvisuth
- Department of Medicine, NKC Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Ji-Dong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Gregory Cheng
- The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Faculty of Health Science, Macau University, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guo-Feng Chen
- Department of Liver Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Liu
- Research Center for Liver Transplantation, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ann Lii Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woon Leung Ng
- Department of Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Lau
- Humanity and Health Clinical Trial Center, Humanity and Health Medical Group, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tony Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of South China, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Saeed Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rino A Gani
- Liver Transplantation Team, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diana A Payawal
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Santos Medical Center, Mandaluyong, Metro, Manila, Philippines
| | - Pierce Chow
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joong-Won Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Simone I Strasser
- AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosmawaiti Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khin Maung Win
- Yangon Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tanwandee Tawesak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Masao Omata
- Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Higuera-de-la-Tijera F, Castro-Narro GE, Velarde-Ruiz Velasco JA, Cerda-Reyes E, Moreno-Alcántar R, Aiza-Haddad I, Castillo-Barradas M, Cisneros-Garza LE, Dehesa-Violante M, Flores-Calderón J, González-Huezo MS, Márquez-Guillén E, Muñóz-Espinosa LE, Pérez-Hernández JL, Ramos-Gómez MV, Sierra-Madero J, Sánchez-Ávila JF, Torre-Delgadillo A, Torres R, Marín-López ER, Kershenobich D, Wolpert-Barraza E. Asociación Mexicana de Hepatología A.C. Clinical guideline on hepatitis B. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) 2021; 86:S0375-0906(21)00061-6. [PMID: 34384668 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be a worldwide public health problem. In Mexico, at least three million adults are estimated to have acquired hepatitis B (total hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc]-positive), and of those, 300,000 active carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-positive) could require treatment. Because HBV is preventable through vaccination, its universal application should be emphasized. HBV infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Semi-annual liver ultrasound and serum alpha-fetoprotein testing favor early detection of that cancer and should be carried out in all patients with chronic HBV infection, regardless of the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Currently, nucleoside/nucleotide analogues that have a high barrier to resistance are the first-line therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Higuera-de-la-Tijera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Ciudad de México, México
| | - G E Castro-Narro
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición «Salvador Zubirán», Ciudad de México, México.
| | - J A Velarde-Ruiz Velasco
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara «Fray Antonio Alcalde», Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - E Cerda-Reyes
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Central Militar, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Moreno-Alcántar
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Aiza-Haddad
- Clínica de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Hospital Ángeles Lomas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Castillo-Barradas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional «La Raza», IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L E Cisneros-Garza
- Centro de Enfermedades Hepáticas, Hospital San José, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - M Dehesa-Violante
- Fundación Mexicana para la Salud Hepática A.C. (FUNDHEPA), Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Flores-Calderón
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M S González-Huezo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, ISSSEMYM, Metepec, Estado de México, México
| | - E Márquez-Guillén
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición «Salvador Zubirán», Ciudad de México, México
| | - L E Muñóz-Espinosa
- Clínica de Hígado, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario «Dr. José E. González», Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - J L Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital General de México «Dr. Eduardo Liceaga», Ciudad de México, México
| | - M V Ramos-Gómez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Centro Médico Nacional «20 de Noviembre», ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Sierra-Madero
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición «Salvador Zubirán», Ciudad de México, México
| | - J F Sánchez-Ávila
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Torre-Delgadillo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición «Salvador Zubirán», Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Torres
- Hospital de Infectología del Centro Médico Nacional «La Raza», IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - D Kershenobich
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición «Salvador Zubirán», Ciudad de México, México
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Poola S, Sanaka S, Sewell K, Tillmann HL. Hepatitis B surface antibody titres and hepatitis B reactivation with direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:373-382. [PMID: 33047433 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HBV reactivation can occur while undergoing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV). The role of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) has not been systematically explored. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to explore the role of the presence of HBsAb on the risk of HBV reactivation related to DAA therapy. We reviewed MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and Cochrane Central for studies on DAA therapy and data on HBsAb in patients with resolved hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen-negative and hepatitis B core antibody-positive). We identified twenty-nine reports: thirteen case reports with HBV reactivation (10 HBsAb-negative and 3 HBsAb-positive patients) and sixteen cohort studies totalling 2528 patients with resolved HBV infection (1429 HBsAb negative, 1099 HBsAb positive). Reactivation was found in 12 (0.8%) HBsAb-negative and 7 (0.6%) HBsAb-positive individuals of cohort studies. All but two HBV reactivation occurred in patients with HBsAb titre <30 iU/L. The presence of HBsAb showed a trend towards delayed reactivation (median 12 weeks vs 9.5 weeks; P = .07). Importantly, with the exception of a patient with escape variant and an HIV-infected individual, no HBsAb-positive individual demonstrated clinical reactivation. HBsAb presence seems to protect from clinical HBV reactivation related to DAA therapy. The most pronounced prevention for reactivation may require titres greater than 30 iU/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Poola
- Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sirish Sanaka
- Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kerry Sewell
- Research Librarian for the Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hans L Tillmann
- Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
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11
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Miyasaka A, Yoshida Y, Suzuki A, Masuda T, Okamoto H, Takikawa Y. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after successful treatment of hepatitis C virus with sofosbuvir and ribavirin: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22650. [PMID: 33031326 PMCID: PMC7544429 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation caused by immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy is well known. The administration of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has also been reported to cause HBV reactivation. We report a rare case of HBV reactivation in a patient with HCV infection after DAA therapy. PATIENT CONCERNS In 1996, a 53-year-old female was identified as infected with HCV at a medical check-up, following which she visited our hospital. She was infected with HCV genotype 2b, and at follow up in 1997, was found to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody against HBsAg negative, antibody against HBV core positive. She then experienced malignant lymphoma in 2001 at 58 years of age. Complete remission was achieved following chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. In 2014, she remained negative for HBsAg and antibody against HBsAg but positive for antibody against HBV core. In 2015, 12 weeks of sofosbuvir and ribavirin treatment for HCV was started. Serum HCV RNA levels rapidly decreased, and HCV elimination was confirmed at 24 weeks after cessation of DAA treatment. Acute hepatitis B developed at 15 weeks post- sustained virological response without any symptoms and physical examination findings. DIAGNOSES This case is speculated to represent HBV reactivation induced by DAA treatment in a patient with previously resolved HBV, based on virologic and clinical status. Genome sequencing revealed the HBV genotype as A2. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with nucleotide analog for HBV reactivation once a day. OUTCOMES Serum HBV-DNA levels decreased, and serum liver enzymes improved following initiation of nucleotide analog treatment. Also, adverse events of nucleotide analog treatment were not observed. LESSONS Although the risk may be very low, DAA therapy can cause HBV reactivation in chronic hepatitis C patients with prior HBV infection. Thus, those patients must be closely monitored for serum HBV DNA levels during and after DAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Miyasaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimozuke, Tochigi, Japan
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12
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Drafting Committee for Hepatitis Management Guidelines, the Japan Society of Hepatology. Japan Society of Hepatology Guidelines for the Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: 2019 update. Hepatol Res 2020; 50:892-923. [PMID: 32343469 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Drafting Committee for Hepatitis Management Guidelines established by the Japan Society of Hepatology published the first version of the Guidelines for the Management of Hepatitis B in 2013 (first English version in 2014), and has since been publishing updates to the Guidelines as new drugs become available, with the latest original Japanese version being Version 3.1. Herein, the Drafting Committee publishes the second English version that contains all the changes made since the first English version of the guidelines was published in 2014. This 2019 version covers: (i) the nucleos(t)ide analogs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide; (ii) updates to treatment recommendations and management of drug-resistant hepatitis B virus that reflect the new availability of these drugs; and (iii) new information about hepatitis B virus reactivation with each update. This latest update also contains information about treatment goals, indications for treatment and cessation of nucleos(t)ide analog therapy, most of which were covered by the first version.
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13
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection can be encountered in either virus endemic countries. Co-infection can also be found in populations at risk of parenteral transmission. Previous studies demonstrated a high risk of liver disease progression in patients with HCV/HBV co-infection; thus, they should be treated aggressively. Previous evidence recommended therapy combining peginterferon (pegIFN) alfa and ribavirin for co-infected patients with positive HCV RNA. Recent trials further advise using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the clearance of HCV in the co-infected patients. Reactivation of HBV has been observed in patients post-intervention, with higher risks and earlier onset in those having had HCV cured by DAA- versus pegIFN-based therapy. The mechanism of HBV reactivation is an interesting but unsolved puzzle. Our recent study revealed that in vitro HBV replication was suppressed by HCV co-infection; HBV suppression was attenuated when interferon signaling was blocked. In vivo, the HBV viremia, initially suppressed by the presence of HCV super-infection, rebounded following HCV clearance by DAA treatment and was accompanied by a reduced hepatic interferon response. In summary, major achievements in the treatment of HCV/HBV co-infection have been accomplished over the past 20 years. Future clinical trials should address measures to reduce or prevent HBV reactivation post HCV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Shih
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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14
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Jaroszewicz J, Pawłowska M, Simon K, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Lorenc B, Klapaczyński J, Tudrujek-Zdunek M, Sitko M, Mazur W, Janczewska E, Paluch K, Dybowska D, Buczyńska I, Czauż-Andrzejuk A, Berak H, Krygier R, Piasecki M, Dobracka B, Citko J, Piekarska A, Socha Ł, Deroń Z, Tronina O, Laurans Ł, Białkowska J, Tomasiewicz K, Halota W, Flisiak R. Low risk of HBV reactivation in a large European cohort of HCV/HBV coinfected patients treated with DAA. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1045-1054. [PMID: 32538232 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HCV/HBV coinfection and to evaluate the rate of HBV-reactivation during anti-HCV therapy in a large real-world study. METHODS Analyzed population consisted of 10,152 chronic hepatitis C patients treated with DAA between 2015 and 2019 in a nationwide study. Prior to the DAA all subjects had HBsAg and 60% anti-HBc testing. RESULTS 111 of 10,152 patients (1.1%) had detectable HBsAg and 1239 of 6139 (20.2%) anti-HBcAb. The prevalence of occult hepatitis B was 0.48%. HCV/HBV patients were younger with a higher proportion of males, HIV-coinfected, and advanced fibrosis. They were less often diagnosed with diabetes but more often with chronic kidney disease. In HBsAg(+) subjects with baseline HBV-DNA available 6/102 (5.9%) HBV-reactivations during or after DAA therapy were observed, and in two (1.9%) significant hepatic flares were noted. In HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+) group 2 (0.16%) reactivations were observed only in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. DISCUSSION Data from a large European cohort suggest a relatively low risk of HBV-reactivation during DAA-therapy for HCV infection in HBsAg(+) patients. In HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+) HBV-reactivation seems to be limited to subjects with immunodeficiency. Importantly, previous exposure to HBV and occult hepatitis B is present in a significant proportion of HCV-infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Jaroszewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawłowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Beata Lorenc
- Pomeranian Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Klapaczyński
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration , Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Sitko
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum , Kraków, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Mazur
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases in Chorzów, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Janczewska
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paluch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Hospital , Kielce, Poland
| | - Dorota Dybowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Poland
| | - Iwona Buczyńska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czauż-Andrzejuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok , Białystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Berak
- Outpatient Clinic, Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Krygier
- Outpatient Clinic, State University of Applied Sciences in Konin , Poland
| | - Maciej Piasecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia , Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Dobracka
- Outpatient Clinic, Medical Center MedicalSpec , Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Citko
- Outpatient Clinic, Regional Hospital, Medical Practice of Infections , Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Łódź , Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Socha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Deroń
- Ward of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Biegański Regional Specialist Hospital , Łódź, Poland
| | - Olga Tronina
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw , Warszawa, Poland
| | - Łukasz Laurans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland.,Outpatient Department, Multidisciplinary Regional Hospital , Gorzów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Białkowska
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, Medical University , Łódź, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tomasiewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar Halota
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Poland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok , Białystok, Poland
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections share common routes of transmission. HBV/HCV coinfection can lead to interactions affecting mechanisms of infection and therapy. AREAS COVERED In the review, we present epidemiology of HBV/HCV coinfection and current therapeutic options for both viruses. The possibility of drug-drug interactions during the treatment of coinfected patients is discussed. However, the major part of the review is dedicated to interactions between viruses and risk of HBV reactivation during HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA). Finally, we analyze available international and national guidelines for the management of HBV reactivations related to DAA administration. EXPERT OPINION The most important international societies' guidelines include comments on HBV/HCV coinfection, but due to their inconsistency we present a proposal of management for HBV/HCV coinfected patients focusing mostly on HBV reactivation in patients treated for HCV. We provide some advice that should be considered in future guidelines for the management of HBV/HCV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok , 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Flisiak-Jackiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology, Medical University of Bialystok , 15-247, Bialystok, Poland
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16
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Guardigni V, Granozzi B, Badia L, Galli S, Bon I, Verucchi G. HBsAg seroreversion in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients with HIV infection treated with direct-acting antivirals for HCV: A retrospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:466-469. [PMID: 32081621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Guardigni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Bianca Granozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Badia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Galli
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Isabella Bon
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Verucchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Joko K, Mashiba T, Ochi H, Yano R, Sato K, Okujima Y, Aono M, Azemoto N, Takechi S, Yokota T, Jinoka R, Moriyama Y, Nishiyama M. Relation of Reduction of Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence in the Patients with Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection Following Direct-acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2020; 9:78-83. [PMID: 32117695 PMCID: PMC7047307 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A possible interaction of hepatitis viruses at cellular and molecular levels has been suggested. Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been reported to induce activation of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver diseases. Materials and methods The present study examined association of HBV markers with recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with resolved HCV infection by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. In a patient pool of 378 patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) by DAA, the antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and HBV-DNA levels were estimated before and at the end of DAA therapy. These patients were HBsAg negative. Eighty-nine patients had a history of curative treatment of HCC by resection or radiofrequency ablation. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for HCC recurrence, including the change ratio of the antibody against HBV proteins. Results Although 188 patients had resolved HBV infection, no patient showed HBV reactivation, but anti-HBs and anti-HBc levels decreased significantly. No significant difference in the HCC recurrence rate was evident between patients with and without resolved HBV infection. Changes of immune responses to HBV proteins did not affect HCC recurrence after DAA therapy for HCV infection in this cohort. Conclusion The mechanisms underlying diverse roles of DAA-induced SVR of HCV on HBV kinetics need to be resolved in future. How to cite this article Joko K, Mashiba T, Ochi H, et al. Relation of Reduction of Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence in the Patients with Resolved Hepatitis B Virus Infection Following Direct-acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2019;9(2):78–83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Joko
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan; Department of Medical Laboratory, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshie Mashiba
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hironori Ochi
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryo Yano
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okujima
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Michiko Aono
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Azemoto
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shunji Takechi
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Jinoka
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasunori Moriyama
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masataka Nishiyama
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Ehime, Japan
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18
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Kanda T, Lau GKK, Wei L, Moriyama M, Yu ML, Chuang WL, Ibrahim A, Lesmana CRA, Sollano J, Kumar M, Jindal A, Sharma BC, Hamid SS, Kadir Dokmeci A, Mamun-Al-Mahtab, McCaughan GW, Wasim J, Crawford DHG, Kao JH, Ooka Y, Yokosuka O, Sarin SK, Omata M. APASL HCV guidelines of virus-eradicated patients by DAA on how to monitor HCC occurrence and HBV reactivation. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:649-661. [PMID: 31541423 PMCID: PMC6861433 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, sustained virological response (SVR) is very high, but close attention must be paid to the possible occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with co-infection who achieved SVR in short term. HCC occurrence was more often observed in patients with previous HCC history. We found occurrence of HCC in 178 (29.6%) of 602 patients with previous HCC history (15.4 months mean follow-up post-DAA initiation) but, in contrast, in only 604 (1.3%) of 45,870 patients without previous HCC history (18.2 months mean follow-up). Thus, in these guidelines, we recommend the following: in patients with previous HCC history, surveillance at 4-month intervals for HCC by ultrasonography (US) and tumor markers should be performed. In patients without previous HCC history, surveillance at 6- to 12-month intervals for HCC including US is recommended until the long-term DAA treatment effects, especially for the resolution of liver fibrosis, are confirmed. This guideline also includes recommendations on how to follow-up patients who have been infected with both HCV and HBV. When HCV was eradicated in these HBsAg-positive patients or patients with previous HBV infection (anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs-positive), it was shown that HBV reactivation or HBV DNA reappearance was observed in 67 (41.4%) of 162 or 12 (0.9%) of 1317, respectively. For these co-infected patients, careful attention should be paid to HBV reactivation for 24 weeks post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - George K K Lau
- Humanity and Health Medical Center, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Alaaeldin Ibrahim
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Benha, Banha, Egypt
| | - Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana
- Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Centre, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jose Sollano
- University Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saeed S Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mamun-Al-Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jafri Wasim
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yoshihiko Ooka
- Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Masao Omata
- Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan. .,The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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19
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Colombo MG, Musabaev EI, Ismailov UY, Zaytsev IA, Nersesov AV, Anastasiy IA, Karpov IA, Golubovska OA, Kaliaskarova KS, AC R, Hadigal S. Consensus on management of hepatitis C virus infection in resource-limited Ukraine and Commonwealth of Independent States regions. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3897-3919. [PMID: 31413526 PMCID: PMC6689802 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i29.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, 69.6 million individuals were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 2016. Of the six major HCV genotypes (GT), the most predominant one is GT1, worldwide. The prevalence of HCV in Central Asia, which includes most of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), has been estimated to be 5.8% of the total global burden. The predominant genotype in the CIS and Ukraine regions has been reported to be GT1, followed by GT3. Inadequate HCV epidemiological data, multiple socio-economic barriers, and the lack of region-specific guidelines have impeded the optimal management of HCV infection in this region. In this regard, a panel of regional experts in the field of hepatology convened to discuss and provide recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment, and pre-, on-, and posttreatment assessment of chronic HCV infection and to ensure the optimal use of cost-effective antiviral regimens in the region. A comprehensive evaluation of the literature along with expert recommendations for the management of GT1-GT6 HCV infection with the antiviral agents available in the region has been provided in this review. This consensus document will help guide clinical decision-making during the management of HCV infection, further optimizing treatment outcomes in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giuseppe Colombo
- Research and Clinical Center, Department of Medicine, Humanitas Hospital, Rozzano 20089, MI, Italy
| | - Erkin Isakovich Musabaev
- Research Institute of Virology, Scientific Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan
| | - Umed Yusupovich Ismailov
- Hepatoсenter, Research Institute of Virology, Scientific Research Institute of Virology, Tashkent 100194, Uzbekistan
| | - Igor A Zaytsev
- Department of Therapy, Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Alexander V Nersesov
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Olga A Golubovska
- Department Infectious Diseases, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Ravishankar AC
- Medical Affairs, Mylan Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, Kadubeesanahalli, Bengaluru 560103, India
| | - Sanjay Hadigal
- Medical Affairs, Mylan Pharmaceuticals Private Limited, Kadubeesanahalli, Bengaluru 560103, India
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Raimondo G, Locarnini S, Pollicino T, Levrero M, Zoulim F, Lok AS. Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2019; 71:397-408. [PMID: 31004683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In October 2018 a large number of international experts with complementary expertise came together in Taormina to participate in a workshop on occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI). The objectives of the workshop were to review the existing knowledge on OBI, to identify issues that require further investigation, to highlight both existing controversies and newly emerging perspectives, and ultimately to update the statements previously agreed in 2008. This paper represents the output from the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Raimondo
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa Pollicino
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Anna S Lok
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that 10% to 15% of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the United States as a result of the shared modality of transmission, but the true prevalence is not known. The progression of liver disease to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is generally faster in patients who are coinfected, and HCV is usually more predominant. Immunosuppression of the host or eradication of hepatitis C can change this paradigm, causing hepatitis B reactivation. This review describes HCV-HBV viral interactions, risks for reactivation, screening, and society guidelines for surveillance and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Abdelaal
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 214, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Transplant Hepatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beshoy Yanny
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 214, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Transplant Hepatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed El Kabany
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 214, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Transplant Hepatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Whitsett M, Feldman DM, Pan CQ. Risk assessment and management of hepatitis B reactivation from direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. Liver Research 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Te H, Doucette K. Viral hepatitis: Guidelines by the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Disease Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13514. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Te
- Center for Liver Diseases, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Karen Doucette
- Division of Infectious Diseases University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Jiang XW, Ye JZ, Li YT, Li LJ. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving direct-acting antiviral therapy or interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3181-3191. [PMID: 30065564 PMCID: PMC6064961 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i28.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA)-based therapy or interferon (IFN)-based therapy for hepatitis C and the effectiveness of preemptive anti-HBV therapy for preventing HBV reactivation. METHODS The PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched, and 39 studies that reported HBV reactivation in HBV/hepatitis C virus coinfected patients receiving DAA-based therapy or IFN-based therapy were included. The primary outcome was the rate of HBV reactivation. The secondary outcomes included HBV reactivation-related hepatitis and the effectiveness of preemptive anti-HBV treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues. The pooled effects were assessed using a random effects model. RESULTS The rate of HBV reactivation was 21.1% in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients receiving DAA-based therapy and 11.9% in those receiving IFN-based therapy. The incidence of hepatitis was lower in HBsAg-positive patients with undetectable HBV DNA compared to patients with detectable HBV DNA receiving DAA therapy (RR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.06-0.64, P = 0.007). The pooled HBV reactivation rate in patients with previous HBV infection was 0.6% for those receiving DAA-based therapy and 0 for those receiving IFN-based therapy, and none of the patients experienced a hepatitis flare related to HBV reactivation. Preemptive anti-HBV treatment significantly reduced the potential risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg-positive patients undergoing DAA-based therapy (RR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.1-0.96, P = 0.042). CONCLUSION The rate of HBV reactivation and hepatitis flare occurrence is higher in HBsAg-positive patients receiving DAA-based therapy than in those receiving IFN-based therapy, but these events occur less frequently in patients with previous HBV infection. Preemptive anti-HBV treatment is effective in preventing HBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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