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Ting AKY, Tay VSY, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review on the Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Opioid Drugs Used in Reptiles. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 17:100267. [PMID: 36043206 PMCID: PMC9420515 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are analgesics used for moderate to severe pain in many animals, including reptiles. However, reptilian dosing regimens are often extrapolated from other animal species. This is not ideal as inter- and intra-species variability in physiology may result in varied drug disposition. Therefore, this critical review aims to collate data from pharmacological studies of selected NSAIDs and opioids performed in reptile and provide an analysis and discussion on the existing pharmacodynamic knowledge and pharmacokinetic data of NSAIDs and opioids use in reptiles. Additionally, key pharmacokinetic trends that may aid dosing of NSAIDs and opioids in reptiles will also be highlighted. Most of the existing reports of NSAID used in reptiles did not observe any adverse effects directly associated to the respective NSAID used, with meloxicam being the most well-studied. Despite the current absence of analgesic efficacy studies for NSAIDs in reptiles, most reports observed behavioural improvements in reptiles after NSAID treatment. Fentanyl and morphine were studied in the greatest number of reptile species with analgesic effects observed with the doses used, while adverse effects such as sedation were observed most with butorphanol use. While pharmacokinetic trends were drug- and species-specific, it was observed that clearance (CL) of drugs tended to be higher in squamates compared to chelonians. The half-life (t1/2) of meloxicam also appeared to be longer when dosed orally compared to other routes of drug administration. This could have been due to absorption-rate limited disposition. Although current data provided beneficial information, there is an urgent need for future research on NSAID and opioid pharmacology to ensure the safe and effective use of opioids in reptiles.
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Chen T, Xie G, Mi J, Wen X, Cao Z, Ma B, Zou Y, Zhang N, Wang Y, Liao X, Wu Y, Hom EFY. Recovery of the Structure and Function of the Pig Manure Bacterial Community after Enrofloxacin Exposure. Microbiol Spectr. [PMID: 35604139 PMCID: PMC9241743 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02004-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable intestinal bacterial community balance is beneficial for animal health. Enrofloxacin is widely used in animal husbandry as a therapeutic drug, but it can cause intestinal environmental imbalance.
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Vercelli C, Gambino G, Amadori M, Re G. Implications of Veterinary Medicine in the comprehension and stewardship of antimicrobial resistance phenomenon. From the origin till nowadays. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 16:100249. [PMID: 35479515 PMCID: PMC9036142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a well-known phenomenon with several implications The contribution of Veterinary Medicine is underestimated. It was believed that only livestock was responsible for antibiotic resistance. Companion animals, wild animals and environment are more involved than estimated. Educational tools for public and more veterinary specialists are needed.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is defined by the entire scientific community as the major threat for human health and it is responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. The reasons behind this phenomenon are complex and the solution is achievable only considering the One Health approach, that encompasses the integration and implementation of human health, veterinary medicine and environmental status. Authors aimed to write this review to summarize to readers the three milestones of One-Health, underlying the most important topics in which veterinary medicine is mostly involved. Therefore, a short introduction about the history of AMR in veterinary medicine is provided, then more detailed aspects about the impact of AMR related to pets, food producing animals, wild animals and environment are discussed. Finally, some critical aspects about current and future issues are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Graziana Gambino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
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Taylor E, Trott DJ, Kimble B, Xie S, Govendir M, McLelland DJ. Pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of an oral pradofloxacin suspension administered to eastern long-necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:503-509. [PMID: 33283306 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of fluoroquinolones in chelonians are well described but this does not extend to pradofloxacin, a broad-spectrum veterinary fluoroquinolone available as an oral suspension for cats and dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of pradofloxacin oral suspension at 7.5 mg/kg in eastern long-necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis). Eight treated turtles were sampled at multiple time points up to 168 hr. Plasma concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pradofloxacin was quantifiable for up to 48 hr after drug administration. The Tmax (9.0 hr) and T½ to 48 hr (13.16 hr) were longer, and the Cmax (0.2 μg/ml) and AUC0-24 (2.2 hr*μg/ml) lower, than previously reported in cats and dogs. Pradofloxacin was measurable in tank water samples for up to 48 hr. No adverse effects were observed in six turtles administered 7.5 mg/kg sid for 7 days. Using mammalian MIC data, the AUC0-24 /MIC ratios for a range of bacterial isolates suggest that this dose of pradofloxacin in turtles is unlikely to be effective against many bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Taylor
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J McLelland
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Zoos South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Llewelyn VK, Sitovs A, Tikhomirov M, Sartini I, Kim TW, Tabari MA, Poźniak B, Kadir AA, Milanova A, Vercelli C, Giorgi M. Journal clubs: an educational tool for veterinary practitioners. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:869-871. [PMID: 32223708 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.8.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Agius JE, Kimble B, Govendir M, Rose K, Pollard CL, Phalen DN. Pharmacokinetic profile of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in Asian house geckos ( Hemidactylus frenatus) after single-dose oral administration of enrofloxacin. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 9:100116. [PMID: 32734117 PMCID: PMC7386737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were determined following oral administration in 21 Asian house geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Changes in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin plasma concentrations were quantified at regular intervals over 72 h (1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Samples were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic data underwent a two-compartment analysis. Due to the limited ciprofloxacin plasma concentrations above the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), the ciprofloxacin data underwent non-compartment analysis and the half-life was determined by the Lineweaver-Burke plot and analysis. The enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin mean half-lives (t ½) were 0.95 h (α) / 24.36 h (β), and 11.06 h respectively, area under the curve (AUC0-24h) were 60.56 and 3.14 µg/mL*h, respectively, maximum concentrations (C max) were 12.31 and 0.24 µg/mL, respectively, and time required to reach the C max (T max) were 1 and 2 h respectively. Enrofloxacin was minimally converted to the active metabolite ciprofloxacin, with ciprofloxacin concentrations contributing only 4.91% of the total fluoroquinolone concentrations (AUC0-24h). Based on the pharmacokinetic indices when using susceptibility breakpoints when determined at mammalian body temperature it is predicted that single oral administration of enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) would result in plasma concentrations effective against susceptible bacterial species inhibited by an enrofloxacin MIC ≤ 0.5 µg/mL in vitro, but additional studies will be required to determine its efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Agius
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Charley-Lea Pollard
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - David N Phalen
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas 75189, United States
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Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Hosseinifard SM, Moghaddamnia AA, Kazemi S, Sadati NY, Jalali Mothahari A, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:276-281. [PMID: 32201965 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of levamisole were determined in the Caspian salmon after intramuscular (IM), oral by gavage, and oral by feed administrations. Eighty-one healthy fish in three different groups received levamisole at the dose of 25 mg/fish by each route. Blood samples were collected at time points of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, and 24 hr after administrations. Plasma levamisole concentrations were measured by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and were analyzed using a noncompartmental approach. The mean terminal half-life was 4.56, 3.95, and 2.91 hr for IM, gavage and feed routes, respectively. The peak plasma concentration for IM, gavage, and feed routes of levamisole were 35.53, 4.63, and 8.36 µg/ml, respectively, at the time of 0.25 for IM, and 1 hr for gavage and feed. The relative bioavailability for gavage and feed routes was 54.80 and 69.30. The similar bioavailability for gavage and feed might be indicative of similar efficacy for these routes of administrations. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the absolute oral bioavailability and the effective dose in Caspian salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh A Tabari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Moghaddamnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - NadAli Yousefi Sadati
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Griffioen JA, Lewbart GA, Papich MG. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:222-230. [PMID: 32052471 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is frequently administered to turtles in wildlife clinics during rehabilitation due to its wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and availability of injectable formulations. However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in chelonians presenting injured to a wildlife clinic. Thirty-six Eastern box turtles (EBT, Terrapene carolina carolina), 23 yellow-bellied sliders (YBS, Trachemys scripta scripta), and 13 river cooters (RC, Pseudemys concinna) received a single subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected between 0 and 240 hr postinjection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NMLE). Overall elimination half-life (T½) was over 75 hr, and varied among species. T½ was 63 hr in EBT and 79 hr in YBS, which is longer than in previous reports. The volume of distribution (steady-state) was 1.4 L/kg across turtle species, but highly variable-ranging from 0.4 L/kg in RC to 1.9 L/kg in YBS. Antibiotic concentrations were above a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.5 µg/ml for over 200 hr. These results indicate variable pharmacokinetic parameters for enrofloxacin among turtle species, which will help guide appropriate dosing protocols in injured turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Griffioen
- Turtle Rescue Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Lewbart
- Turtle Rescue Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Xiao X, Jiang L, Lan W, Jiang Y, Wang Z. In vivo pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic modeling of Enrofloxacin against Escherichia coli in broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:374. [PMID: 30497453 PMCID: PMC6267815 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic Escherichia coli infections cause early mortality of commercial broiler chickens. Although enrofloxacin has long been used in poultry, the in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of enrofloxacin against E. coli is unclear. The present study aimed to establish an in vivo PK/PD model of enrofloxacin against E. coli in seven-day-old chicks and to ascertain whether the selection of target organ for PD determination is critical for parameter magnitude calculation in enrofloxacin PK/PD modeling. Results The in vivo effectiveness of enrofloxacin against E. coli in different organs varied, with the Emax ranging from − 4.4 to − 5.8 Log10 colony forming units (cfu)/mL or cfu/g. Both the surrogate AUC0–24/MIC of enrofloxacin or AUC0–24/MIC of the combination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin correlated well with effectiveness in each organ. The AUC0–24/MIC ratio of the combination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin producing bactericidal and elimination effects were 21.29 and 32.13 in blood; 41.68, and 58.52 in the liver; and 27.65 and 46.22 in the lung, respectively. Conclusions The in vivo effectiveness of enrofloxacin against E. coli in different organs was not identical after administration of the same dosage. To describe the magnitude of PK/PD parameter exactly, bacterial loading reduction in different organs as PD endpoints should be evaluated and compared in PK/PD modeling. The selection of a target organ to evaluate PDs is critical for rational dosage recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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