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Chao AM, Wadden TA, Cao W, Zhou Y, Maldonado D, Cardel MI, Foster GD, Loughead J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Effects of Behavioral Weight Loss Treatment on Food Cue Reactivity. Nurs Res 2024; 73:91-100. [PMID: 37916843 PMCID: PMC10922238 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether behavioral weight loss can attenuate blood oxygen level-dependent responses to food stimuli. OBJECTIVES This randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of a commercially available behavioral weight loss program (WW, WeightWatchers) compared to a wait-list control on blood oxygen level-dependent response to food cues. METHODS Females with obesity ( N = 61) were randomized to behavioral weight loss or wait-list control. At baseline and follow-up, participants completed assessments that included functional magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess response to images of high-calorie foods (HCF) or low-calorie foods (LCF), and neutral objects. RESULTS There were no significant between-group differences in change from baseline to follow-up in any regions of the brain in response to viewing HCF or LCF. From baseline to follow-up, participants in behavioral weight loss, compared with wait-list control, reported significantly greater increases in desire for LCF. Changes in liking and palatability of LCF and liking, palatability, and desire for HCF did not differ between groups. DISCUSSION Behavioral weight loss was associated with increased desire for LCF without changes in neural reactivity to food cues. These results suggest that alteration of neurological processes underlying responsiveness to food is difficult to achieve through behavioral weight management alone.
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Hosseini E, Ammar A, Josephson JK, Gibson DL, Askari G, Bragazzi NL, Trabelsi K, Schöllhorn WI, Mokhtari Z. Fasting diets: what are the impacts on eating behaviors, sleep, mood, and well-being? Front Nutr 2024; 10:1256101. [PMID: 38264193 PMCID: PMC10803520 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1256101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasting diets (FDs) have drawn great attention concerning their contribution to health and disease over the last decade. Despite considerable interest in FDs, the effect of fasting diets on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood-essential components of diet satisfaction and mental health- has not been addressed comprehensively. Understanding the critical role that fasting plays in these elements will open up potential treatment avenues that have not yet been explored. The aim of the present paper was to conduct a comprehensive critical review exploring the effects of fasting on eating behaviors, sleep, and mood. There is currently a lack of clarity regarding which fasting option yields the most advantageous effects, and there is also a scarcity of consistent trials that assess the effects of FDs in a comparable manner. Similarly, the effects and/or treatment options for utilizing FDs to modify eating and sleep behaviors and enhance mood are still poorly understood. Further researches aiming at understanding the impacts of various fasting regimes, providing new insights into the gut-brain axis and offering new treatment avenues for those with resistant anxiety and depression, are warranted. Alteration of eating behaviors can have lasting effects on various physiological parameters. The use of fasting cures can underpin ancient knowledge with scientific evidence to form a new approach to the prevention and treatment of problems associated with co-morbidities or challenges pertaining to eating behaviors. Therefore, a thorough examination of the various fasting regimens and how they impact disease patterns is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hosseini
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ketchum K, Jevitt CM. Evidence-Based Eating Patterns and Behavior Changes to Limit Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 38276803 PMCID: PMC10815062 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International prenatal care guidelines set a standard for clinicians to discuss gestational weight gain with their patients along with the complications associated with prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain. Clinicians often lack evidence-based eating, nutrition, and activity strategies to share with patients. METHODS This systematic review aimed to find eating patterns and behaviors that could be used safely during pregnancy to limit excessive gestational weight gain. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were searched for research or systematic reviews performed in the United States or Canada and published in English from 2013 to 2023. Keyword search terms included weight, manage, behavior, strategy, strategies, gestational weight gain, and nutrition. Excluded research used pediatric or adolescent populations, restrictive diets, such as no carbohydrate or no fat diets, fasting, bariatric surgery, weight loss medications, private industry or profit-earning programs using food brands, or specific diet programs. RESULTS A total of 844 abstracts were retrieved, with 103 full-text studies reviewed. Behaviors had to be useful for maintaining a healthy gestational weight gain and had to be safe for use during pregnancy. Behaviors useful during pregnancy included meal planning, home meal preparation, portion control, using diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the low-glycemic index diet, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH), regular physical activity, sleeping 6-7 h a night, mindful eating, intuitive eating, and regular seif-weighing. CONCLUSION The evidence-based strategies outlined in this review are safe for use during pregnancy and can assist patients in avoiding excessive gestational weight gain while maintaining the nutrition needed for healthy fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia M. Jevitt
- Midwifery Program, Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Aukan MI, Brandsæter IØ, Skårvold S, Finlayson G, Nymo S, Coutinho S, Martins C. Changes in hedonic hunger and food reward after a similar weight loss induced by a very low-energy diet or bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1963-1972. [PMID: 36046953 PMCID: PMC9804643 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare changes in hedonic hunger and food reward in individuals with severe obesity achieving 10% to 15% weight loss with a very low-energy diet (VLED) alone or VLED and bariatric surgery. METHODS Patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) initiated a VLED 2 weeks prior to surgery and continued the diet for 8 weeks postoperatively. BMI-matched controls underwent a VLED for 10 weeks. Hedonic hunger was assessed with the Power of Food Scale, and food reward with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, pre and post intervention. RESULTS A total of 44 participants completed the study: 15 SG, 14 RYGB, and 15 controls (61%, 79% and 69% females, respectively; BMI: 40.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ; age: 43.9 ± 1.4 years). Average weight loss was 18.3 ± 0.6 kg (16%), comprising 13.5 ± 0.5 kg fat mass, with no significant differences between groups. Similar reductions in hedonic hunger were observed in all groups. Overall, food reward was similarly reduced in SG and RYGB groups, whereas controls showed little or no change. CONCLUSIONS Independent of modality, weight loss seems to reduce hedonic hunger, but bariatric surgery leads to several additional favorable changes in food reward and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Ingrid Øfsti Brandsæter
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Silje Skårvold
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Siren Nymo
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Nord‐Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Clinic of SurgeryNamsos HospitalNamsosNorway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of SurgerySt. Olav University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Nutrition SciencesUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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Shanmugamprema D, Muthuswamy K, Ponnusamy V, Subramanian G, Velusamy T, Krishnan V, Subramaniam S. CD36 and GPR120 mediated orogustatory perception of dietary lipids and its physiological implication in the pygmy mouse Mus booduga. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1408-1419. [PMID: 35864815 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fat taste perception has long been concerned in the regulation of dietary fat intake. Substantial experimental evidence defends fat as a sixth taste modality, but its allied peripheral mechanisms are not yet well established. The present study aimed to analyse the diet-induced changes in fat taste perception and its associated physiological variations in Mus booduga. Four groups of animals were used for the present study and were fed any one of the following diet; normal diet (10% fat), low-fat diet (4% fat), high-fat diet (36% fat), or high-fat diet (HFD) (36% fat) + rapeseed oil (HFRDO) (14%) for 9 weeks. The animals were then subjected to metabolic tolerance, fat preference, and conditioned taste aversion studies. Diet-induced alterations in the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis, inflammation, and fat taste (CD36 and GPR120) were analysed. Capacitative calcium signalling induced by both linoleic acid and grifolic acid in taste bud cells (TBCs) was also analysed. In result, both the HFD and HFDRO groups revealed deterioration in glucose homoeostasis and displayed decreased preference scores for fatty acids, which are associated with lower CD36 expression and increased GPR120 expression in TBCs. Furthermore, change in [Ca2+ ]i induced by LA was also compromised in CD36 positive TBCs along with elevated systemic inflammatory and lipidemic responses in both these obese groups. Overall, for the first time, our results support that chronic HFD feeding alters the CD36 and GPR120 mediated fat taste perception in M. booduga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankumar Shanmugamprema
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthi Muthuswamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinithra Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowtham Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanth Krishnan
- Department of Botany, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wiss D. Clinical Considerations of Ultra-processed Food Addiction Across Weight Classes: an Eating Disorder Treatment and Care Perspective. Curr Addict Rep. [PMID: 35531579 PMCID: PMC9058754 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To examine the prevalence rates of ultra-processed food addiction across different weight classes and offer guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians are provided with practical considerations in the assessment of ultra-processed food addiction beyond the use of validated instruments. Recent Findings The weighted mean prevalence of ultra-processed food addiction is approximately 20% worldwide and varies widely based on the sample. At first glance, there appears a linear relationship between ultra-processed food addiction and BMI class. Further investigation indicates a J-shaped curve with heightened prevalence among the underweight. These findings highlight the need to assess for additional factors that may increase objective or subjective food addiction symptoms including eating disorders, dietary restraint, and other mental health diagnoses. Summary While clinical considerations across different weight classes vary, overemphasis on weight status may detract from the clinical utility of the ultra-processed food addiction construct. Considering weight status in conjunction with other psychiatric symptoms helps to better understand the various biopsychosocial mechanisms that influence eating behavior and can inform individualized treatment strategies.
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Nunes CL, Carraça EV, Jesus F, Finlayson G, Francisco R, Silva MN, Santos I, Bosy-Westphal A, Martins P, Minderico C, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Changes in food reward and intuitive eating after weight loss and maintenance in former athletes with overweight or obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1004-1014. [PMID: 35347875 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the following: 1) the impact of Champ4Life's intervention on intuitive eating and food reward; and 2) associations between changes in eating behavior and changes in body composition. METHODS A total of 94 former athletes (mean [SD], BMI = 31.1 [4.3] kg/m2 , age = 43.0 [9.4] years, 34% female) assigned to intervention (n = 49) and control groups (n = 45) underwent 4 months of active weight loss (WL) followed by 8 months of WL maintenance. Intuitive eating and food reward were assessed by the Intuitive Eating Scale and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS The WL was -4.8% (4.9%) and 0.3% (2.6%) for the intervention and control groups, respectively. Participants reported a decrease in fat bias for explicit/implicit wanting and explicit liking after 4 months and 1 year. For intuitive eating, the unconditional permission to eat decreased after 4 months, and the body-food choice congruence increased after 1 year. Changes in unconditional permission to eat and in body-food choice congruence were positively and negatively associated with both Δweight and with Δfat mass, respectively. Changes in explicit wanting for fat and taste bias were associated with Δweight. CONCLUSIONS Food reward decreased after a moderate WL intervention. Participants successfully maintained their reduced weight, and most of the changes in eating behavior remained significant at the end of the follow-up period. Lifestyle interventions aiming at WL should also consider intuitive eating and food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Eliana V Carraça
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rúben Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Marlene N Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Programa Nacional para a Promoção da Atividade Física, Direcção-Geral da Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Hilbert A, Witte V, Meule A, Braehler E, Kliem S. Development of the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091865. [PMID: 35565829 PMCID: PMC9100100 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive-like eating is prevalent, but a clear conceptualization and operationalization outside of an addiction framework is lacking. By adopting a biopsychological framework of food reward, this study sought to develop and evaluate a brief self-report questionnaire for the trait assessment of hedonic overeating and dyscontrol. Items in the Hedonic Overeating–Questionnaire (HEDO–Q) were constructed following a rational approach and psychometrically evaluated in a large random sample from the German population (N = 2531). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional nature of the six-item HEDO–Q with the three postulated components of wanting, liking, and dyscontrol. Psychometric properties were favorable with good corrected item-total correlations, acceptable item difficulty and homogeneity, and high internal consistency. Population norms were provided. The HEDO–Q revealed strict measurement invariance for sex and partial invariance for age and weight status. Discriminant validity was demonstrated in distinguishing participants with versus without eating disturbances or obesity. Associations with the established measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology supported the convergent and divergent validity of the HEDO–Q. This first evaluation indicates good psychometric properties of the HEDO–Q in the general population. Future validation work is warranted on the HEDO–Q’s stability, sensitivity to change, and predictive and construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Witte
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany
| | - Elmar Braehler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Soeren Kliem
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences, 07745 Jena, Germany;
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10
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Monti KS. Optimizing nutrition in plant-based diets. JAAPA 2022; 35:39-42. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000823180.17959.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Guyot E, Nazare JA, Oustric P, Robert M, Disse E, Dougkas A, Iceta S. Food Reward after Bariatric Surgery and Weight Loss Outcomes: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030449. [PMID: 35276808 PMCID: PMC8840022 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in food preferences after bariatric surgery may alter its effectiveness as a treatment for obesity. We aimed to compare food reward for a comprehensive variety of food categories between patients who received a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to explore whether food reward differs according to weight loss. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, food reward was assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) in patients at 6, 12, or 24 months after SG or RYGB. We assessed the liking and wanting of 11 food categories. Comparisons were done regarding the type of surgery and total weight loss (TWL; based on tertile distribution). Fifty-six patients (30 SG and 26 RYGB) were included (women: 70%; age: 44.0 (11.1) y). Regarding the type of surgery, scores were not significantly different between SG and RYGB, except for ‘non-dairy products—without color’ explicit liking (p = 0.04). Regarding TWL outcomes, explicit liking, explicit wanting, and implicit wanting, scores were significantly higher for good responders than low responders for ‘No meat—High fat’ (post-hoc corrected p-value: 0.04, 0.03, and 0.04, respectively). Together, our results failed to identify major differences in liking and wanting between the types of surgery and tended to indicate that higher weight loss might be related to a higher reward for high protein-content food. Rather focus only on palatable foods, future studies should also consider a broader range of food items, including protein reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Guyot
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Nutrition, Integrated Center for Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (E.G.); (E.D.)
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Laboratoire Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France;
- CarMeN, Unité INSERM 1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, 69130 Lyon, France;
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Laboratoire Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France;
- CarMeN, Unité INSERM 1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Pauline Oustric
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Maud Robert
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery, Integrated Center for Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Emmanuel Disse
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Nutrition, Integrated Center for Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (E.G.); (E.D.)
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Laboratoire Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France;
- CarMeN, Unité INSERM 1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Sylvain Iceta
- Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Nutrition, Integrated Center for Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (E.G.); (E.D.)
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-656-8711
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12
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Guyot E, Dougkas A, Nazare JA, Bagot S, Disse E, Iceta S. A systematic review and meta-analyses of food preference modifications after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13315. [PMID: 34312976 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analyses aimed to synthesize evidence of the link between bariatric surgery and changes in food preferences, considering the method of assessment. MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Cinahl, PsychINFO, ProQuest, and Open grey were searched incorporating two blocks of terms ("Intervention" and "Food Preferences"). Interventional or observational studies involving patients (BMI ≥ 35 kg m-2 ) with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and a control group were included. Meta-analyses were performed comparing the standardized daily mean percentage energy from proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids between preoperative and postoperative patients. Fifty-seven studies concerning 2,271 patients with RYGB and 903 patients with SG met the inclusion criteria, of which 24 were eligible for meta-analysis. Despite a total reduction in macronutrient intakes, the meta-analyses revealed a postoperative increase in percentage energy from proteins at 12 months (0.24, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.46, {I2 } = 73%) and a decrease in percentage energy from fat at 1 month (-0.47, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.09, {I2 } = 72%), up to 24 months (-0.20, 95% CI: -0.31, 0.08, {I2 } = 0%). In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analyses showed changes of food preferences in terms of macronutrient, food selection and, overall food appreciation up to 5 years following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Guyot
- Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Pierre-Bénite, France.,Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, Ecully, France
| | | | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Pierre-Bénite, France.,Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Pierre-Bénite, France.,Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center, Ecully, France
| | - Emmanuel Disse
- Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA), Pierre-Bénite, France.,Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Integrated Center for Obesity, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sylvain Iceta
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Iceta S, Panahi S, García-García I, Michaud A. The Impact of Restrictive and Non-restrictive Dietary Weight Loss Interventions on Neurobehavioral Factors Related to Body Weight Control: the Gaps and Challenges. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:385-395. [PMID: 34318394 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Restrictive diets, such as low-calorie diets, are difficult to maintain in the long term. For this reason, their popularity has decreased compared to non-restrictive approaches, which instead promote healthy eating strategies. Since both strategies may entail different neurobiological mechanisms, this review will examine the current evidence on the effects of restrictive and non-restrictive interventions on neurobehavioral factors. RECENT FINDINGS Restrictive diets appear to improve eating behaviors, and the evidence reviewed argues against the notion that they may worsen the severity of binge eating. Moreover, they may lead to short-term changes in brain structure and improvements in cerebrovascular markers which, in turn, could impact eating behaviors. Non-restrictive interventions may have a positive effect on weight management and eating behaviors. However, evidence of their neural effects is scarce. Small sample sizes, short follow-ups, and the absence of control groups are limitations of the studies targeting both interventions. Rigorous long-term randomized studies are needed to examine the neurobehavioral effects of restrictive and non-restrictive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Iceta
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Shirin Panahi
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Isabel García-García
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andréanne Michaud
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada.
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V OA6, Canada.
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14
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Toh JY, Quah PL, Wong CH, Lun Yuan W, Aris IM, McCrickerd K, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Shek LP, Tan KH, Yap F, Meaney MJ, Forde CG, Lee YS, Broekman BFP, Chong MFF. Evaluation of a child food reward task and its association with maternal feeding practices. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254773. [PMID: 34288967 PMCID: PMC8294516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food reward is defined as the momentary value of a food to the individual at the time of ingestion and is characterised by two psychological processes-"liking" and "wanting". We aimed to validate an age-appropriate food reward task to quantify implicit wanting of children from the GUSTO cohort (n = 430). At age 5 years, child appetitive traits and maternal feeding practices were reported by mothers via questionnaires. At age 6, a write-for-food task based on the child's preference for food or toy rewards was undertaken in laboratory conditions. Child BMI and skinfold measurements were taken at age 7. Convergent validity of the food reward task was assessed by associating with child appetitive traits, where enjoyment of food/food responsiveness (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.15) and emotional overeating (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.48) were positively associated with high food reward in children. Criterion validity was tested by associating with child BMI, however no significant relationships were observed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with maternal feeding practices revealed that children whose mother tend to restrict unhealthy food (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.82) and girls whose mothers taught them about nutrition (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.67) were more likely to have high food reward. No further significant associations were observed between food reward, other appetitive traits and feeding practices. Despite the lack of association with child weight status, this study demonstrated the value of the write-for-food task to assess food reward in children and presented sex-specific associations with maternal feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phaik Ling Quah
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Hong Wong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Lun Yuan
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M. Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keri McCrickerd
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Divisions of Paediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Departments of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Integrative Neurosciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciarán G. Forde
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birit F. P. Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and AmsterdamUMC, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mary F. F. Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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15
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Epstein LH, Carr KA. Food reinforcement and habituation to food are processes related to initiation and cessation of eating. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113512. [PMID: 34217735 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An individual bout of eating involves cues to start eating, as well as cues to terminate eating. One process that determines initiation of eating is food reinforcement. Foods with high reinforcing value are also likely to be consumed in greater quantities. Research suggests both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between food reinforcement and obesity, food reinforcement is positively related to energy intake, and energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and obesity. A process related to cessation of eating is habituation. Habituation is a general behavioral process that describes a reduction in physiological or affective response to a stimulus, or a reduction in the behavioral responding to obtain a stimulus. Repeated exposure to the same food during a meal can result in habituation to that food and a reduction in consumption. Habituation is also cross-sectionally and prospectively related to body weight, as people who habituate slower consume more in a meal and are more overweight. Research from our laboratory has shown that these two processes independently influence eating, as they can account for almost 60% of the variance in ad libitum intake. In addition, habituation phenotypes show reliable relationships with reinforcing value, such that people who habituate faster also find food less reinforcing. Developing a better understanding of cues to start and stop eating is fundamental to understanding how to modify eating behavior. An overview of research on food reinforcement, habituation and food intake for people with a range of weight status and without eating disorders is provided, and ideas about integrating these two processes that are related to initiation and termination of a bout of eating are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, G56 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA.
| | - Katelyn A Carr
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, G56 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Building #26, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000, USA.
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16
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Stubbs RJ, Turicchi J. From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance-related behaviors. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13191. [PMID: 33527688 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding physiological and behavioral responses to energy imbalances is important for the management of overweight/obesity and undernutrition. Changes in body composition and physiological functions associated with energy imbalances provide the structural and functional context in which to consider psychological and behavioral responses. Compensatory changes in physiology and behavior are more pronounced in response to negative than positive energy balances. The physiological and psychological impact of weight loss (WL) occur on a continuum determined by (i) the degree of energy deficit (ED), (ii) its duration, (iii) body composition at the onset of the energy deficit, and (iv) the psychosocial environment in which it occurs. Therapeutic WL and famine/semistarvation both involve prolonged EDs, which are sometimes similar in magnitude. The key differences are that (i) the body mass index (BMI) of most famine victims is lower at the onset of the ED, (ii) therapeutic WL is intentional and (iii) famines are typically longer in duration (partly due to the voluntary nature of therapeutic WL and disengagement with WL interventions). The changes in psychological outcomes, motivation to eat, and energy intake in therapeutic WL are often modest (bearing in mind the nature of the measures used) and can be difficult to detect but are quantitatively significant over time. As WL progresses, these changes become more marked. It appears that extensive WL beyond 10%-20% in lean individuals has profound effects on body composition and physiological function. At this level of WL, there is a marked erosion of psychological functioning, which appears to run in parallel to WL. Psychological resources dwindle and become increasingly focused on alleviating escalating hunger and food seeking behavior. Functional changes in fat-free mass, characterized by catabolism of skeletal muscle and organs may be involved in the drive to eat associated with semistarvation. Higher levels of body fat mass may act as a buffer to protect fat-free mass, functional integrity and limit compensatory changes in energy balance behaviors. The increase in appetite that accompanies therapeutic WL appears to be very different to the intense and all-consuming drive to eat that occurs during prolonged semistarvation. The mechanisms may also differ but are not well understood, and longitudinal comparisons of the relationship between body structure, function, and behavior in response to differing EDs in those with higher and lower BMIs are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Stubbs
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jake Turicchi
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Individuals seeking to achieve weight loss are encouraged to achieve a negative energy balance, essentially eat less and move more. The complex relationship between energy expenditure and intake is often overlooked, leaving individuals and practitioners underwhelmed by the results of weight loss efforts. Independently, physical activity and diet interventions can yield modest weight loss and when combined have synergistic effects that promote sustained weight loss. Although physical activity benefits appetite suppression, reduces food rewards, and can be considered a gateway to healthy eating, high levels of daily activity are needed to induce weight loss. Diet is an important component to achieving weight loss, and high-protein diets have the potential for supporting weight loss as well. This column will be focused on the benefits of physical activity in reducing body weight, more specifically, the interdependent relationship between dietary intake and physical activity in achieving weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Kazlausky Esquivel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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18
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Oustric P, Beaulieu K, Casanova N, O'Connor D, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Food Liking but Not Wanting Decreases after Controlled Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction to ≥5% Weight Loss in Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:E182. [PMID: 33435287 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Food reward (i.e., liking and wanting) has been shown to decrease after different types of weight management interventions. However, it is unknown whether specific dietary modalities (continuous (CER) vs. intermittent (IER) energy restriction) have differing effects on liking and implicit wanting after weight loss (WL) and whether these changes are sustained after 1-year of no-contact. Women with overweight or obesity (age 18–55 years) were randomly allocated to controlled-feeding CER (25% daily energy restriction) or IER (alternating ad libitum and 75% energy restriction days). Study visits were conducted at baseline, post-WL (to ≥5% WL within 12 weeks) and 1-year post-WL. The main outcomes were liking and implicit wanting for 4 categories of common food varying in fat and taste assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Linear mixed models were conducted on the 30 participants achieving ≥5% WL and 15 returners. After an initial WL of −5.1 ± 0.2 kg, after 1-year 2.6 ± 0.5 kg were regained. Liking but not wanting decreased after WL. Food reward after 1-year did not differ from baseline, but the high loss to follow-up prevents generalization. IER and CER did not differ in their effects on food reward during WL or at 1-year follow-up.
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Beaulieu K, Hopkins M, Gibbons C, Oustric P, Caudwell P, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Exercise Training Reduces Reward for High-Fat Food in Adults with Overweight/Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:900-908. [PMID: 31764466 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing evidence that exercise training may facilitate weight management via improvements in homeostatic appetite control, but little is known about how exercise training affects food reward and susceptibility to overeating. METHODS This study examined changes in food reward and eating behavior traits after a supervised 12-wk exercise intervention (10.5 MJ·wk) in inactive individuals with overweight/obesity (exercisers; n = 46, 16 men/30 women; mean (SD) body mass index, 30.6 (3.8) kg·m; and mean (SD) age, 43.2 (7.5) yr) compared with nonexercising controls (n = 15; 6 men/9 women; mean (SD) body mass index, 31.4 (3.7) kg·m; and mean (SD) age, 41.4 (10.7) yr). Liking and wanting scores for high-fat relative to low-fat foods were assessed with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire before and after consumption of an isoenergetic high-fat or high-carbohydrate lunch. Eating behavior traits were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Binge Eating Scale. RESULTS A week-group interaction indicated that wanting scores decreased from baseline to postintervention in exercisers only (M[INCREMENT]Pre-Post = -4.1, P = 0.03, ηp = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], -7.8 to -0.4), but there was no exercise effect on liking. There was also a week-group interaction for binge eating, which decreased in exercisers only (M[INCREMENT]Pre-Post = -1.5, P = 0.01, ηp = 0.11; 95% CI, -2.7 to -0.4). A small reduction in disinhibition was also apparent in exercisers (M[INCREMENT]Pre-Post = -0.7, P = 0.02, ηp = 0.10; 95% CI, -1.3 to -0.1). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that 12 wk of exercise training reduced wanting scores for high-fat foods and trait markers of overeating in individuals with overweight/obesity compared with nonexercising controls. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these exercise-induced changes in food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Pauline Oustric
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dieting is often blamed for causing food cravings. Such diet-induced cravings may be mediated by physiological (e.g., nutritional deprivation) or psychological (e.g., ironic effects of food thought suppression) mechanisms. However, this notion is often based on cross-sectional findings and, thus, the causal role of food deprivation on food cravings is unclear. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental studies suggest that a short-term, selective food deprivation seems to indeed increase cravings for the avoided foods. However, experimental studies also show that food craving can be understood as a conditioned response that, therefore, can also be unlearned. This is supported by intervention studies which indicate that long-term energy restriction results in a reduction of food cravings in overweight adults. Dieting's bad reputation for increasing food cravings is only partially true as the relationship between food restriction and craving is more complex. While short-term, selective food deprivation may indeed increase food cravings, long-term energy restriction seems to decrease food cravings, suggesting that food deprivation can also facilitate extinction of conditioned food craving responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Schoen Clinic Roseneck, Am Roseneck 6, 83209, Prien am Chiemsee, Germany.
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21
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Miguet M, Beaulieu K, Fillon A, Khammassi M, Masurier J, Lambert C, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Finlayson G, Thivel D. Effect of a 10-month residential multidisciplinary weight loss intervention on food reward in adolescents with obesity. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112996. [PMID: 32505785 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) programs have been suggested to improve the sensitivity of appetite control system, this study examined for the first time the effect of a specific multidisciplinary intervention on the hedonic aspects of food intake in adolescents with obesity. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-four adolescents (11-15 years) with obesity (mean BMI: 35.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2; BMI percentile: 98.7 ± 0.5) took part in a 10-month inpatient WL program, which included physical activity, nutritional education and psychological support. Height, weight, body composition, food reward (pre- and post-meal), ad libitum energy intake, appetite sensations and eating behavior traits were assessed at baseline, 5 months and at the end of the 10-month intervention. Analyses were conducted with linear mixed models and paired t-tests. RESULTS The mean WL was 8.9 ± 6.9 kg. Appetite sensations and pre-meal hedonic ratings of liking for all food categories (HF: high-fat; LF: low-fat; SA: savory; SW: sweet) increased after 5 months (fasting hunger, p = 0.02; fasting desire to eat, p = 0.01; daily hunger, p = 0.001; pre-meal liking for HFSA, p = 0.03; LFSA, p = 0.04; HFSW, p = 0.009; LFSW, p = 0.005). In contrast, appetite sensations (fasting and daily), emotional eating (p < 0.001), uncontrolled eating (p = 0.009), and pre-meal explicit liking (for all food categories) decreased between months 5 and 10. Post-meal liking for HFSA (p < 0.001), LFSA (p = 0.002), HFSW (p = 0.02) and LFSW (p < 0.001) decreased between baseline and month 5 and remained unchanged between months 5 and 10. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that adaptive mechanisms to WL occurring in the short-to-medium term are attenuated in the longer term with the persistence of WL. These results indicate improvements in the reward response to food in adolescents with obesity and may contribute to the beneficial effect of multicomponent WL interventions in this population. Future studies are required to confirm these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Miguet
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alicia Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marwa Khammassi
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Masurier
- UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Graham Finlayson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
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22
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Beaulieu K, Oustric P, Finlayson G. The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, and Chronic Exercise Training Studies. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:63-80. [PMID: 32297126 PMCID: PMC7261263 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review brings together current evidence from observational, acute, and chronic exercise training studies to inform public debate on the impact of physical activity and exercise on food reward. RECENT FINDINGS Low levels of physical activity are associated with higher liking and wanting for high-energy food. Acute bouts of exercise tend to reduce behavioral indices of reward for high-energy food in inactive individuals. A dissociation in liking (increase) and wanting (decrease) may occur during chronic exercise training associated with loss of body fat. Habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with lower liking and wanting for high-fat food, and higher liking for low-fat food. Food reward does not counteract the benefit of increasing physical activity levels for obesity management. Exercise training appears to be accompanied by positive changes in food preferences in line with an overall improvement in appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Pauline Oustric
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
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23
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Beaulieu K, Casanova N, Oustric P, Turicchi J, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Varady K, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Matched Weight Loss Through Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction Does Not Lead To Compensatory Increases in Appetite and Eating Behavior in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Women with Overweight and Obesity. J Nutr 2020; 150:623-633. [PMID: 31825067 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous energy restriction (CER) is purported to be problematic because of reductions in fat-free mass (FFM), compensatory motivation to overeat, and weakened satiety. Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is an alternative behavioral weight loss (WL) strategy that may mitigate some of these limitations. OBJECTIVE The objective of the DIVA study was to compare the effects of CER and IER on appetite when the degree of WL (≥5%) is matched. METHODS Women with overweight/obesity (BMI 25.0-34.9 kg/m2; age 18-55 y) were recruited for this controlled-feeding RCT via CER (25% daily energy restriction) or IER (alternating ad libitum and 75% energy restriction days). Probe days were conducted at baseline and post-intervention to assess body composition, ad libitum energy intake and subjective appetite in response to a fixed-energy breakfast, and eating behavior traits. After baseline measurements, participants were allocated to CER (n = 22) or IER (n = 24). Per protocol analyses (≥5% WL within 12 wk) were conducted with use of repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Thirty of 37 completers reached ≥5% WL [CER (n = 18): 6.3 ± 0.8% in 57 ± 16 d, IER (n = 12): 6.6 ± 1.1% in 67 ± 13 d; % WL P = 0.43 and days P = 0.10]. Fat mass [-3.9 (95% CI: -4.3, -3.4) kg] and FFM [-1.3 (95% CI: -1.6, -1.0) kg] were reduced post-WL (P < 0.001), with no group differences. Self-selected meal size decreased post-WL in CER (P = 0.03) but not in IER (P = 0.19). Hunger AUC decreased post-WL (P < 0.05), with no group differences. Satiety quotient remained unchanged and was similar in both groups. Both interventions improved dietary restraint, craving control, susceptibility to hunger, and binge eating (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Controlled ≥5% WL via CER or IER did not differentially affect changes in body composition, reductions in hunger, and improvements in eating behavior traits. This suggests that neither CER nor IER lead to compensatory adaptations in appetite in women with overweight/obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03447600.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuno Casanova
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pauline Oustric
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jake Turicchi
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Krista Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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24
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Oustric P, Thivel D, Dalton M, Beaulieu K, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Measuring food preference and reward: Application and cross-cultural adaptation of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire in human experimental research. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goals of this paper are to report current research practices in investigations of human appetite control and to assess their relationships with emerging theoretical principles. Appetite is often distinguished by the separation of homeostatic and hedonic processes. RECENT FINDINGS This report assesses the validity of a homeostatic toolkit to measure subjectively perceived hunger and its relationship to the developing processes of satiation (control of meal size) and satiety (control of the post-eating period). The capacity of a procedure to measure the influence of hedonic processes on food intake is also evaluated. A major issue is the relationship between the pattern of eating behaviour (influenced by the underlying drive to eat and the inhibition induced by the act of eating itself) and the parallel underlying profile of hormonal and other metabolic biomarkers. Increasing recognition is being given to individual variability in the expression of appetite, and the fact that the use of the average (mean) response conceals important information about the nature of appetite control. There is a growing interest in the identification of satiety phenotypes that operate in parallel to metabolic phenotypes. Interestingly, energy expenditure (metabolic and behavioural) contributes to an energy balance framework for understanding energy intake (appetite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gibbons
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pauline Oustric
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John E Blundell
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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26
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Abstract
Food reward is an important concept for research in eating behaviors. Many food reward tasks have been developed and are in active use. However, little is known how much these tasks overlap. Here, we sought to compare three promising food reward tasks: (1) the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ; a procedure combining explicit ratings of wanting and liking and an implicit wanting task based on forced choice), (2) a hand grip force task, and (3) an emotional attentional blink (EAB) task. Specifically, we assessed whether the tasks are sensitive to changes in hunger, correlate with each other, and correlate with trait binge eating and snack food calorie intake. Thirty-nine women aged 25.51 ± 5.99 years, with a BMI of 22.51 ± 3.58 kg/m2 completed the three tasks twice: after a 6-h fast and following a breakfast meal. In the fasted condition, participants were also given ad libitum access to snack foods to assess calorie intake. Prior to the two laboratory sessions, participants completed a trait binge eating questionnaire. Results revealed that the LFPQ’s explicit wanting and explicit liking subscales, as well as grip force reflected higher food reward scores in the fasted condition. The three metrics also correlated positively with each other. Explicit wanting and liking correlated with snack food intake, while grip force did not. None of the tasks were related to trait binge eating. Reaction times in the forced choice procedure did not reflect changes in hunger, but the task was nevertheless able to differentiate between foods varying in taste and fat content. The EAB was not sensitive to the hunger manipulation; neither did the task correlate with binge eating or energy intake. Collectively, our findings suggest that the explicit wanting and liking scales and the grip force task measure the same construct, whereas EAB results may be obscured by a variety of potential confounding factors. Future research could include additional food reward tasks in comparisons, measure covariates that may moderate the variables’ associations, and compare hunger-dependent changes in food reward in different subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Arumäe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kairi Kreegipuu
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adopting an addiction perspective on eating disorders and obesity may have practical implications for diagnostic classification, prevention, and treatment of these disorders. The present article critically examines these implications derived from the food addiction concept. RECENT FINDINGS Introducing food addiction as a new disorder in diagnostic classification system seems redundant as most individuals with an addiction-like eating behavior are already covered by established eating disorder diagnoses. Food addiction may be a useful metaphor in the treatment of binge eating, but would be inappropriate for the majority of obese individuals. Implying an addiction to certain foods is not necessary when applying certain approaches inspired by the addiction field for prevention and treatment of obesity. The usefulness of abstinence models in the treatment of eating disorders and obesity needs to be rigorously tested in future studies. Some practical implications derived from the food addiction concept provide promising avenues for future research (e.g., using an addiction framework in the treatment of binge eating or applying abstinence models). For others, however, the necessity of implying an addiction to some foods needs to be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Meule
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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28
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Vainik U, García-García I, Dagher A. Uncontrolled eating: a unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating, personality and the brain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2430-2445. [PMID: 30667547 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many eating-related psychological constructs have been proposed to explain obesity and overeating. However, these constructs, including food addiction, disinhibition, hedonic hunger, emotional eating, binge eating and the like all have similar definitions, emphasizing loss of control over intake. As questionnaires measuring the constructs correlate strongly (r > 0.5) with each other, we propose that these constructs should be reconsidered to be part of a single broad phenotype: uncontrolled eating. Such an approach enables reviewing and meta-analysing evidence obtained with each individual questionnaire. Here, we describe robust associations between uncontrolled eating, body mass index (BMI), food intake, personality traits and brain systems. Reviewing cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we show that uncontrolled eating is phenotypically and genetically intertwined with BMI and food intake. We also review evidence on how three psychological constructs are linked with uncontrolled eating: lower cognitive control, higher negative affect and a curvilinear association with reward sensitivity. Uncontrolled eating mediates all three constructs' associations with BMI and food intake. Finally, we review and meta-analyse brain systems possibly subserving uncontrolled eating: namely, (i) the dopamine mesolimbic circuit associated with reward sensitivity, (ii) frontal cognitive networks sustaining dietary self-control and (iii) the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala and hippocampus supporting stress reactivity. While there are limits to the explanatory and predictive power of the uncontrolled eating phenotype, we conclude that treating different eating-related constructs as a single concept, uncontrolled eating, enables drawing robust conclusions on the relationship between food intake and BMI, psychological variables and brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uku Vainik
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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