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Khazaei M, Alizadeh M, Rezakhani L. Resveratrol-loaded decellularized ovine pericardium: ECM introduced for tissue engineering. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:387-401. [PMID: 38082540 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
An ideal scaffold for skin tissue engineering should have a suitable potential for antibacterial activity, no hemolysis, sufficient porosity for air exchange, water retention capacity, and a suitable swelling rate to maintain tissue moisture. Considering this issue, our study used decellularized ovine pericardial tissue's extracellular matrix (ECM). These scaffolds were decellularized with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium deoxycholate (SD) detergents along with vacuum methods. Following imaging with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), analysis of the mechanical properties, and the measurement of the amount of DNA, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG), our study observed that the three-dimensional (3D) structure of ECM was largely preserved. Resveratrol (RES) 400 µg/µL was loaded into the above scaffold, and analysis revealed that scaffolds containing RES and with vacuum reported higher antibacterial properties, a higher swelling rate, and increased water retention capacity. The biocompatibility and hemocompatibility properties of the above scaffolds also reported a significant difference between methods of decellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Di Francesco D, Di Varsavia C, Casarella S, Donetti E, Manfredi M, Mantovani D, Boccafoschi F. Characterisation of Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBVs) Isolated from Decellularised Bovine Pericardium: New Frontiers in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:740. [PMID: 38255814 PMCID: PMC10815362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) are a recently discovered type of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and they are characterised by a strong adhesion to extracellular matrix structural proteins (ECM) and ECM-derived biomaterials. MBVs contain a highly bioactive and tissue-specific cargo that recapitulates the biological activity of the source ECM. The rich content of MBVs has shown to be capable of potent cell signalling and of modulating the immune system, thus the raising interest for their application in regenerative medicine. Given the tissue-specificity and the youthfulness of research on MBVs, until now they have only been isolated from a few ECM sources. Therefore, the objective of this research was to isolate and identify the presence of MBVs in decellularised bovine pericardium ECM and to characterise their protein content, which is expected to play a major role in their biological potential. The results showed that nanovesicles, corresponding to the definition of recently described MBVs, could be isolated from decellularised bovine pericardium ECM. Moreover, these MBVs were composed of numerous proteins and cytokines, thus preserving a highly potential biological effect. Overall, this research shows that bovine pericardium MBVs show a rich and tissue-specific biological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Di Francesco
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (C.D.V.); (S.C.)
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Carolina Di Varsavia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (C.D.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Casarella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (C.D.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Aging Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC-I, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering, University Hospital Research Center, Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (D.D.F.); (C.D.V.); (S.C.)
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El-Husseiny HM, Mady EA, Kaneda M, Shimada K, Nakazawa Y, Usui T, Elbadawy M, Ishihara Y, Hirose M, Kamei Y, Doghish AS, El-Mahdy HA, El-Dakroury WA, Tanaka R. Comparison of Bovine- and Porcine-Derived Decellularized Biomaterials: Promising Platforms for Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1906. [PMID: 37514092 PMCID: PMC10384422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived xenogeneic biomaterials utilized in different surgeries are promising for various applications in tissue engineering. However, tissue decellularization is necessary to attain a bioactive extracellular matrix (ECM) that can be safely transplanted. The main objective of the present study is to assess the structural integrity, biocompatibility, and potential use of various acellular biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Hence, a bovine pericardium (BP), porcine pericardium (PP), and porcine tunica vaginalis (PTV) were decellularized using a Trypsin, Triton X (TX), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Trypsin + TX + SDS) protocol. The results reveal effective elimination of the cellular antigens with preservation of the ECM integrity confirmed via staining and electron microscopy. The elasticity of the decellularized PP (DPP) was markedly (p < 0.0001) increased. The tensile strength of DBP, and DPP was not affected after decellularization. All decellularized tissues were biocompatible with persistent growth of the adipose stem cells over 30 days. The staining confirmed cell adherence either to the peripheries of the materials or within their matrices. Moreover, the in vivo investigation confirmed the biocompatibility and degradability of the decellularized scaffolds. Conclusively, Trypsin + TX + SDS is a successful new protocol for tissue decellularization. Moreover, decellularized pericardia and tunica vaginalis are promising scaffolds for the engineering of different tissues with higher potential for the use of DPP in cardiovascular applications and DBP and DPTV in the reconstruction of higher-stress-bearing abdominal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mady
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior, and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Division of Animal Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shimada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumoto Nakazawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Yusuke Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Hirose
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kamei
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11651, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11651, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
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Peng B, Du L, Zhang T, Chen J, Xu B. Research progress in decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels for intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1981-1993. [PMID: 36734099 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01862d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common clinical disorders, low back pain (LBP) influences patient quality of life and causes substantial social and economic burdens. Many factors can result in LBP, the most common of which is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The progression of IDD cannot be alleviated by conservative or surgical treatments, and gene therapy, growth factor therapy, and cell therapy have their own limitations. Recently, research on the use of hydrogel biomaterials for the treatment of IDD has garnered great interest, and satisfactory treatment results have been achieved. This article describes the classification of hydrogels, the methods of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) production and the various types of gel formation. The current research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD is described in detail in this article. First, an overview of the material sources, decellularization methods, and gel formation methods is given. The focus is on research performed over the last three years, which mainly consists of bovine and porcine NP tissues, while for decellularization methods, combinations of several approaches are primarily used. dECM hydrogels have significantly improved mechanical properties after the polymers are cross-linked. The main effects of these gels include induction of stem cell differentiation to intervertebral disc (IVD) cells, good mechanical properties to restore IVD height after polymer cross-linking, and slow release of exosomes. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD are summarised, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper is the first to summarise the research on dECM hydrogels for the treatment of IDD and aims to provide a theoretical reference for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Peng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10, Poyang Lake Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lilong Du
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Tongxing Zhang
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Liuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beizhengzhong Road, Hunan, 410399, China.
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, No.406, Jiefang South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Ordóñez-Chávez GDC, Rodríguez-Fuentes N, Peñaloza-Cuevas R, Cervantes-Uc JM, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Maya-García IA, Herrera-Valencia VA, Mendiburu-Zavala CE. In vitro evaluation of crosslinked bovine pericardium as potential scaffold for the oral cavity. Biomed Mater Eng 2023; 34:561-575. [PMID: 37545206 PMCID: PMC10657658 DOI: 10.3233/bme-230027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine pericardium (BP) is a scaffold widely used in soft tissues regeneration; however, its calcification in contact with glutaraldehyde, represent an opportunity for its application in hard tissues, such as bone in the oral cavity. OBJECTIVE To develop and to characterize decellularized and glutaraldehyde-crosslinked bovine pericardium (GC-BP) as a potential scaffold for guided bone regeneration GBR. METHODS BP samples from healthy animals of the bovine zebu breed were decellularized and crosslinked by digestion with detergents and glutaraldehyde respectively. The resulting cell-free scaffold was physical, chemical, mechanical, and biologically characterized thought hematoxylin and eosin staining, DNA quantification, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tensile test, cell viability and live and dead assay in cultures of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). RESULTS The decellularization and crosslinking of BP appeared to induce conformational changes of the CLG molecules, which led to lower mechanical properties at the GC-BP scaffold, at the same time that promoted cell adhesion and viability of DPSCs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the decellularized and GC-BP is a scaffold with the potential to be used promoting DPSCs recruitment, which has a great impact on the dental area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayeli Rodríguez-Fuentes
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Yucatan, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Yucatan, Mexico
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6
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Seyrek A, Günal G, Aydin HM. Development of Antithrombogenic ECM-Based Nanocomposite Heart Valve Leaflets. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:3883-3895. [PMID: 35839464 PMCID: PMC9382671 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thrombogenicity, which is commonly encountered in artificial
heart
valves after replacement surgeries, causes valvular failure. Even
life-long anticoagulant drug use may not be sufficient to prevent
thrombogenicity. In this study, it was aimed to develop a heart valve
construct with antithrombogenic properties and suitable mechanical
strength by combining multiwalled carbon nanotubes within a decellularized
bovine pericardium. In this context, the decellularization process
was performed by using the combination of freeze–thawing and
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Evaluation of decellularization efficiency
was determined by histology (Hematoxylin and Eosin, DAPI and Masson’s
Trichrome) and biochemical (DNA, sGAG and collagen) analyses. After
the decellularization process of the bovine pericardium, composite
pericardial tissues were prepared by incorporating −COOH-modified
multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Characterization of MWCNT incorporation
was performed by ATR-FTIR, TGA, and mechanical analysis, while SEM
and AFM were used for morphological evaluations. Thrombogenicity assessments
were studied by platelet adhesion test, Calcein-AM staining, kinetic
blood clotting, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity analyses. As a result
of this study, the composite pericardial material revealed improved
mechanical and thermal stability and hemocompatibility in comparison
to decellularized pericardium, without toxicity. Approximately 100%
success is achieved in preventing platelet adhesion. In addition,
kinetic blood-coagulation analysis demonstrated a low rate and slow
coagulation kinetics, while the hemolysis index was below the permissible
limit for biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsen Seyrek
- Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Günal
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Murat Aydin
- Bioengineering Division, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.,Centre for Bioengineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Duarte MM, Silva IV, Eisenhut AR, Bionda N, Duarte ARC, Oliveira AL. Contributions of supercritical fluid technology for advancing decellularization and postprocessing of viable biological materials. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:864-891. [PMID: 34931632 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The demand for tissue and organ transplantation worldwide has led to an increased interest in the development of new therapies to restore normal tissue function through transplantation of injured tissue with biomedically engineered matrices. Among these developments is decellularization, a process that focuses on the removal of immunogenic cellular material from a tissue or organ. However, decellularization is a complex and often harsh process that frequently employs techniques that can negatively impact the properties of the materials subjected to it. The need for a more benign alternative has driven research on supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) assisted decellularization. scCO2 can achieve its critical point at relatively low temperature and pressure conditions, and for its high transfer rate and permeability. These properties make scCO2 an appealing methodology that can replace or diminish the exposure of harsh chemicals to sensitive materials, which in turn could lead to better preservation of their biochemical and mechanical properties. The presented review covers relevant literature over the last years where scCO2-assisted decellularization is employed, as well as discussing major topics such as the mechanism of action behind scCO2-assisted decellularization, CO2 and cosolvents' solvent properties, effect of the operational parameters on decellularization efficacy and on the material's properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Duarte
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês V Silva
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Nina Bionda
- iFyber, LLC, 950 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ana Rita C Duarte
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Liu X, Yu K, Cheng S, Ren T, Maitusong M, Liu F, Chen J, Qian Y, Xu D, Zhu G, Fang J, Cao N, Wang J. Ulvan mediated VE cadherin antibody and REDV peptide co-modification to improve endothelialization potential of bioprosthetic heart valves. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 128:112337. [PMID: 34474888 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An aging population and a rapid increase in the incidence of degenerative valve diseases have led to greater use of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs). The durability of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bioprostheses currently available for clinical use is poor due to calcification, coagulation, and degradation. Decellularization can partially reduce calcification by removal of xenogenic cells, but can also lead to thrombosis, which can be addressed by further surface modification. The natural sulfated polysaccharide ulvan possesses antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and can behave as a heparinoid to immobilize proteins through their heparin binding sites. VE-cadherin antibody and the Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) peptide can facilitate selective endothelial cell attachment, adhesion and proliferation. In this study, we functionalized decellularized porcine pericardium (DPP) with ulvan, REDV, and VE-cadherin antibody (U-R-VE). Ulvan was covalently modified to act as a protective coating and spacer for VE-cadherin antibody, and to immobilize REDV. In in vitro tests, we found that functionalization significantly and selectively promoted adhesion and growth of endothelial cells while reducing platelet adhesion, inflammation, and in vitro calcification of DPPs. In an in vivo subdermal implantation model, U-R-VE modified DPP exhibited greater endothelialization potential and biocompatibility compared with unmodified pericardium. Thus, U-R-VE modification provides a promising solution to the problem of preparing BHVs with enhanced endothelialization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaixiang Yu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tanchen Ren
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Miribani Maitusong
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Dilin Xu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Gangjie Zhu
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Fang
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Naifang Cao
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China; Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China.
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Tan J, Zhang QY, Huang LP, Huang K, Xie HQ. Decellularized scaffold and its elicited immune response towards the host: the underlying mechanism and means of immunomodulatory modification. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4803-4820. [PMID: 34018503 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of the host towards a decellularized scaffold is complex. Not only can a number of immune cells influence this process, but also the characteristics, preparation and modification of the decellularized scaffold can significantly impact this reaction. Such factors can, together or alone, trigger immune cells to polarize towards either a pro-healing or pro-inflammatory direction. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed factors which may influence the immune response of the host towards a decellularized scaffold, including the source of the biomaterial, biophysical properties or modifications of the scaffolds with bioactive peptides, drugs and cytokines. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism has also been recapitulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Qing-Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Li-Ping Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Hui-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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10
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Alizadeh M, Rezakhani L, Taghdiri Nooshabadi V, Alizadeh A. The effect of Scrophularia striata on cell attachment and biocompatibility of decellularized bovine pericardia. Cell Tissue Bank 2021. [PMID: 34173897 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-021-09939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since using tissue transplantation has faced limitations all over the world, regenerative medicine has introduced decellularized tissues as natural scaffolds and researchers are trying to improve their efficiency and function. In this study, to increase cell attachment and ultimately cell proliferation on decellularized bovine pericardia, scrophularia striata extract was used. Scrophularia striata is an Iranian traditional medicinal plant. For this aim after decellularization of bovine pericardium and analysis of its morphology, it was incubated in scrophularia striata solution. Next, isolated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the tissue. Finally, MTT assay, nitric oxide assay, and scanning electron microscopy observation were performed. MTT showed an increase in cell survival after treating the tissue with the plant extract after 48 h in a dose dependent manner significantly. The survival of cells in 0.5%, 2.5%, and 5% groups was about 5, 10 and 15 folds higher in comparison to control groups, respectively. Additionally, nitric oxide secretion in 2.5% and 5% samples was three and five folds higher than that in control group, respectively. Moreover, SEM observation indicated an impressive and dose-dependent effect of using Scrophularia striata on tissue biocompatibility. The results of this study showed that using Scrophularia striata increased cell viability and cell attachment on decellularized pericardia which could pave the way for the use of natural extracts of medicinal plants to reduce unwanted effects and make desired changes in decellularized tissues.
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Stieglmeier F, Grab M, König F, Büch J, Hagl C, Thierfelder N. Mapping of bovine pericardium to enable a standardized acquirement of material for medical implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104432. [PMID: 33853036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bovine pericardium - native, fixed as well as decellularized - is one of the most common implant materials in modern cardiovascular surgery. Although used in everyday procedures, there are no recommendations in regard to which part of the pericardium to prefer. It was the aim of this study, to identify areas of the pericardium with consistent properties and high durability. METHODS Fresh bovine pericardia were collected from a local slaughterhouse. The native pericardia were analyzed at 140 spots in regard to thickness and fiber orientation. Based on these results, five promising areas were selected for further evaluation. The pericardia were decellularized with detergents (0.5% sodiumdesoxycholate/0.5% sodiumdodecylsulfate) and subsequently incubated in DNAse. The two investigation groups native und DC consisted of 20 samples each. The efficiency of the decellularization was evaluated by DNA quantification, as well as DAPI and H&E staining. Biomechanical properties were determined using uniaxial tensile tests. To evaluate the microstructure, scanning electron microscopy, Picrosirius Red- and Movat's Pentachrome staining were utilized. To assess the long-term durability, patches were tested in a high-cycle system for a duration equaling the stress of three months in-vivo. Commercially available, fixed pericardium patches served as control group. RESULTS Only a limited part of the pericardium showed a homogenous and usable thickness. The decellularization removed all cell nuclei, proven by negative DAPI and H&E staining, and also significantly reduced the DNA amount by 84%. The mechanical testing revealed that two investigated areas had an inconsistent tensile strength. Microscopical observations showed that the integrity of the extracellular matrix did not suffer by the decellularization procedure. During the long-term testing, most of the pericardia slowly lost tautness, though none of them got measurably damaged. Especially one area showed no decline of tensile strength after durability testing at all. Decellularized patches and fixed patches achieved comparable results in mechanical testing and microscopical evaluation after the durability testing. CONCLUSION We could clearly document significant, location-based differences within single pericardia. Only one area showed consistent properties and a high durability. We highly recommend taking this into account for future implant material selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stieglmeier
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Grab
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian König
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Joscha Büch
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hagl
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Thierfelder
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig - Maximilian University Munich, Germany
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Alizadeh M, Rezakhani L, Khodaei M, Soleimannejad M, Alizadeh A. Evaluating the effects of vacuum on the microstructure and biocompatibility of bovine decellularized pericardium. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 15:116-128. [PMID: 33175476 DOI: 10.1002/term.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluating the effects of vacuum on microstructure and biocompatibility of bovine decellularized pericardium. So the bovine pericardia were decellularized and then the vacuum was applied for two periods of time; 90 and 180 min. DNA, glucose amino glycan, collagen and elastin content assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome stainings performed to evaluate microstructure of tissues. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test, subcutaneous implantation, and tensile test were used to assay biocompatibility and mechanical properties of decellularized tissues. The results showed that applying vacuum reduced residual DNA significantly. Vacuum after 180 min reduced more residual DNA. There were no significant differences in the content of glucose amino glycan (GAG), collagen, and elastin between the vacuumed and control groups. SEM examination was revealed that vacuum for 180 min increased pore size and porosity more than 90 min and control groups. H&E and Masson's trichrome stainings revealed extracellular matrix preservation after decellularization in all groups. Cell viability was increased in vacuumed samples significantly after 72 h in vaccumed samples. H&E staining and tensile test after implantation of tissues were showed less inflammation in the vacuum applied tissues and increased durability. The vacuum increased DNA removal, pore size, porosity, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo and durability of bovine decellularized pericardium in vivo. Considering the important role of time, more studies should be performed to optimize time, intensity, and method of application of vacuum in decellularization of different tissues as well as bovine pericardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Rezakhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khodaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Golpayegan University of Technology, Golpayegan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleimannejad
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Predeina AL, Dukhinova MS, Vinogradov VV. Bioreactivity of decellularized animal, plant, and fungal scaffolds: perspectives for medical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10010-10022. [PMID: 33063072 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biomedical applications imply supportive materials to improve protective, antibacterial, and regenerative abilities upon surgical interventions, oncotherapy, regenerative medicine, and others. With the increasing variability of the possible sources, the materials of natural origin are among the safest and most accessible biomedical tools. Animal, plant, and fungal tissues can further undergo decellularization to improve their biocompatibility. Decellularized scaffolds lack the most reactive cellular material, nuclear and cytoplasmic components, that predominantly trigger immune responses. At the same time, the outstanding initial three-dimensional microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and general composition of the scaffolds are preserved. These unique features make the scaffolds perfect ready-to-use platforms for various biomedical applications, implying cell growth and functionalization. Decellularized materials can be repopulated with various cells upon request, including epithelial, endothelial, muscle and neuronal cells, and applied for structural and functional biorepair within diverse biological sites, including the skin and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind scaffold and host tissue interactions remain not fully understood, which significantly restricts their integration into clinical practice. In this review, we address the essential aspects of decellularization, scaffold preparation techniques, and its biochemical composition and properties, which determine the biocompatibility and immunogenicity of the materials. With the integrated evaluation of the scaffold profile in living systems, decellularized animal, plant, and fungal scaffolds have the potential to become essential instruments for safe and controllable biomedical applications.
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Abstract
The implantation of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) is increasingly becoming the treatment of choice in patients requiring heart valve replacement surgery. Unlike mechanical heart valves, BHVs are less thrombogenic and exhibit superior hemodynamic properties. However, BHVs are prone to structural valve degeneration (SVD), an unavoidable condition limiting graft durability. Mechanisms underlying SVD are incompletely understood, and early concepts suggesting the purely degenerative nature of this process are now considered oversimplified. Recent studies implicate the host immune response as a major modality of SVD pathogenesis, manifested by a combination of processes phenocopying the long‐term transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, and calcification of native aortic valves. In this review, we summarize and critically analyze relevant studies on (1) SVD triggers and pathogenesis, (2) current approaches to protect BHVs from calcification, (3) obtaining low immunogenic BHV tissue from genetically modified animals, and (4) potential strategies for SVD prevention in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Kostyunin
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation
| | - Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX
| | - Maria A Rezvova
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniy A Ovcharenko
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Glushkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation
| | - Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases Kemerovo Russian Federation
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Li P, Zhang W, Smith LJ, Ayares D, Cooper DKC, Ekser B. The potential role of 3D-bioprinting in xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 24:547-54. [PMID: 31385888 DOI: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the impact of a new technology, 3D-bioprinting, in xenotransplantation research. RECENT FINDINGS Genetically engineered pigs, beginning with human (h) CD55-transgenic and Gal-knockout pigs, have improved the outcomes of xenotransplantation research. Today, there are more than 30 different genetically engineered pigs either expressing human gene(s) or lacking pig gene(s). CRIPSR/cas9 technology has facilitated the production of multigene pigs (up to nine genes in a single pig), which lack multiple pig xenoantigens, and express human transgenes, such as hCD46, hCD55, hThrombomodulin, hCD39, etc. Although recent studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) have demonstrated prolonged survival after life-supporting pig kidney, heart, and islet xenotransplantation, researchers have difficulty determining the best genetic combination to test in NHPs because of a potential greater than 100 000 genetic combinations. 3D-bioprinting of genetically engineered pig cells: is superior to 2D in-vitro testing, enables organ-specific testing, helps to understand differences in immunogenicity between organs, and is faster and cheaper than testing in NHPs. Moreover, 3D-bioprinted cells can be continuously perfused in a bioreactor, controlling for all variables, except the studied variable. SUMMARY 3D-bioprinting can help in the study of the impact of specific genes (human or pig) in xenotransplantation in a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable way.
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He J, Li Z, Yu T, Wang W, Tao M, Ma Y, Wang S, Fan J, Tian X, Wang X, Lin Y, Ao Q. Preparation and evaluation of acellular sheep periostea for guided bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:19-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School of StomatologyChina Medical University Shenyang China
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Zhenning Li
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School of StomatologyChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Tianhao Yu
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Weizuo Wang
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Meihan Tao
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Yizhan Ma
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Shilin Wang
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Yingchi Lin
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue EngineeringChina Medical University Shenyang China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical DeviceEngineering Research Center in Biomaterial, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Leitolis A, Suss PH, Roderjan JG, Angulski ABB, da Costa FDA, Stimamiglio MA, Correa A. Human Heart Explant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characterization and Effects on the In Vitro Recellularization of Decellularized Heart Valves. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061279. [PMID: 30875722 PMCID: PMC6471048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released from different cell types and represent key components of paracrine secretion. Accumulating evidence supports the beneficial effects of EVs for tissue regeneration. In this study, discarded human heart tissues were used to isolate human heart-derived extracellular vesicles (hH-EVs). We used nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to physically characterize hH-EVs and mass spectrometry (MS) to profile the protein content in these particles. The MS analysis identified a total of 1248 proteins. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis in hH-EVs revealed the proteins involved in processes, such as the regulation of cell death and response to wounding. The potential of hH-EVs to induce proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis and wound healing was investigated in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that hH-EVs have the potential to induce proliferation and angiogenesis in endothelial cells, improve wound healing and reduce mesenchymal stem-cell adhesion. Last, we showed that hH-EVs were able to significantly promote mesenchymal stem-cell recellularization of decellularized porcine heart valve leaflets. Altogether our data confirmed that hH-EVs modulate cellular processes, shedding light on the potential of these particles for tissue regeneration and for scaffold recellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leitolis
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil.
| | - Paula Hansen Suss
- Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná-PUCPR, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Addeli Bez Batti Angulski
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco Augusto Stimamiglio
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil.
| | - Alejandro Correa
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil.
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Roderjan JG, Noronha L, Stimamiglio MA, Correa A, Leitolis A, Bueno RRL, da Costa FDA. Structural assessments in decellularized extracellular matrix of porcine semilunar heart valves: Evaluation of cell niches. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12503. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Gabriel Roderjan
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Biomédica Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Lúcia Noronha
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
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