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Zhang S, Orozco CC, Tang LWT, Racich J, Carlo AA, Chang G, Tess D, Keefer C, Di L. Characterization and Applications of Permeabilized Hepatocytes in Drug Discovery. AAPS J 2024; 26:38. [PMID: 38548986 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are one of the most physiologically relevant in vitro liver systems for human translation of clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDI). However, the cell membranes of hepatocytes can limit the entry of certain compounds into the cells for metabolism and DDI. Passive permeability through hepatocytes can be different in vitro and in vivo, which complicates the human translation. Permeabilized hepatocytes offer a useful tool to probe mechanistic understanding of permeability-limited metabolism and DDI. Incubation with saponin of 0.01% at 0.5 million cells/mL and 0.05% at 5 million cells/mL for 5 min at 37°C completely permeabilized the plasma membrane of hepatocytes, while leaving the membranes of subcellular organelles intact. Permeabilized hepatocytes maintained similar enzymatic activity as intact unpermeabilized hepatocytes and can be stored at -80°C for at least 7 months. This approach reduces costs by preserving leftover hepatocytes. The relatively low levels of saponin in permeabilized hepatocytes had no significant impact on the enzymatic activity. As the cytosolic contents leak out from permeabilized hepatocytes, cofactors need to be added to enable metabolic reactions. Cytosolic enzymes will no longer be present if the media are removed after cells are permeabilized. Hence permeabilized hepatocytes with and without media removal may potentially enable reaction phenotyping of cytosolic enzymes. Although permeabilized hepatocytes work similarly as human liver microsomes and S9 fractions experimentally requiring addition of cofactors, they behave more like hepatocytes maintaining enzymatic activities for over 4 h. Permeabilized hepatocytes are a great addition to the drug metabolism toolbox to provide mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Christine C Orozco
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Jillian Racich
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Anthony A Carlo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA.
- Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84101, USA.
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Hirosawa K, Fujioka H, Morinaga G, Fukami T, Ishiguro N, Kishimoto W, Nakase H, Mizuguchi H, Nakajima M. Quantitative Analysis of mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase and Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Isoforms in the Human Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1569-1577. [PMID: 37722844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyzing the reduction reaction of xenobiotics are mainly members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamilies. The intestine, together with the liver, is responsible for first-pass effects and is an organ that determines the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mRNA and protein expression levels of 12 AKR isoforms (AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1B15, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, AKR1D1, AKR1E2, AKR7A2, and AKR7A3) and 7 SDR isoforms (CBR1, CBR3, CBR4, DCXR, DHRS4, HSD11B1, and HSD17B12) in each region of the human intestine using next-generation sequencing and data-independent acquisition proteomics. At both the mRNA and protein levels, most AKR isoforms were highly expressed in the upper regions of the intestine, namely the duodenum and jejunum, and then declined toward the rectum. Among the members in the SDR superfamily, CBR1 and DHRS4 were highly expressed in the upper regions, whereas the expression levels of the other isoforms were almost uniform in all regions. Significant positive correlations between mRNA and protein levels were observed in AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1C3, AKR7A2, AKR7A3, CBR1, and CBR3. The mRNA level of AKR1B10 was highest, followed by AKR7A3 and CBR1, each accounting for more than 10% of the sum of all AKR and SDR levels in the small intestine. This expression profile in the human intestine was greatly different from that in the human liver, where AKR1C isoforms are predominantly expressed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study comprehensively determined the mRNA and protein expression profiles of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase isoforms involved in xenobiotic metabolism in the human intestine and found that most of them are highly expressed in the upper region, where AKR1B10, AKR7A3, and CBR1 are predominantly expressed. Since the intestine is significantly involved in the metabolism of orally administered drugs, the information provided here is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hijiri Fujioka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wang S, Wei C, Jackson KD. Biotransformation research advances - 2022 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:301-342. [PMID: 37737116 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2262161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This annual review is the eighth of its kind since 2016 (Baillie et al. 2016, Khojasteh et al. 2017, Khojasteh et al. 2018, Khojasteh et al. 2019, Khojasteh et al. 2020, Khojasteh et al. 2021, Khojasteh et al. 2022). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, MD Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Takano S, Fukami T, Ichida H, Suzuki K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. In Vitro Evaluation of the Reductase Activities of Human AKR1C3 Allelic Variants. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1188-1195. [PMID: 37344179 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) plays a role in the detoxification and activation of clinical drugs by catalyzing reduction reactions. There are approximately 400 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AKR1C3 gene, but their impact on the enzyme activity is still unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effects of SNPs of AKR1C3 with more than 0.5% global minor allele frequency on the reductase activities for its typical substrates. Recombinant AKR1C3 wild-type and R66Q, E77G, C145Y, P180S, or R258C variants were constructed using insect Sf21 cells, and reductase activities for acetohexamide, doxorubicin, and loxoprofen by recombinant AKR1C3s were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the variants tested, the C145Y variant showed remarkably low (6%-14% of wild type) intrinsic clearances of reductase activities for all three drugs. Reductase activities of these three drugs were measured using 34 individual Japanese liver cytosols, revealing that heterozygotes of the SNP g.55101G>A tended to show lower reductase activities for three drugs than homozygotes of the wild type. Furthermore, genotyping of the SNP g.55101G>A causing C145Y in 96 Caucasians, 166 African Americans, 192 Koreans, and 183 Japanese individuals was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. This allelic variant was specifically detected in Asians, with allele frequencies of 6.8% and 3.6% in Koreans and Japanese, respectively. To conclude, an AKR1C3 allele with the SNP g.55101G>A causing C145Y would be one of the causal factors for interindividual variabilities in the efficacy and toxicity of drugs reduced by AKR1C3. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first study to clarify that the AKR1C3 allele with the SNP g.55101G>A causing C145Y results in a decrease in reductase activity. Since the allele was specifically observed in Asians, the allele would be a factor causing an interindividual variability in sensitivity of drug efficacy or toxicity of drugs reduced by AKR1C3 in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Takano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (S.T., T.F., H.I., K.S., Ma.N., Mi.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa, Japan (T.F., Ma.N., Mi.N.)
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Ichida H, Fukami T, Kudo T, Mishiro K, Takano S, Nakano M, Morinaga G, Matsui A, Ishiguro N, Nakajima M. Identification of HSD17B12 as an enzyme catalyzing drug reduction reactions through investigation of nabumetone metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109536. [PMID: 36724833 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nabumetone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug, is converted to a pharmacologically active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA); however, it is 11-fold more efficiently converted to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-ol (MNBO) via a reduction reaction in human hepatocytes. The goal of this study was to identify the enzyme(s) responsible for MNBO formation from nabumetone in the human liver. MNBO formation by human liver microsomes (HLM) was 5.7-fold higher than in the liver cytosol. In a panel of 24 individual HLM samples with quantitative proteomics data, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 12 (HSD17B12) protein level had the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.80, P < 0.001) among 4457 proteins quantified in microsomal fractions during MNBO formation. Recombinant HSD17B12 expressed in HEK293T cells exhibited prominent nabumetone reductase activity, and the contribution of HSD17B12 to the activity in the HLM was calculated as almost 100%. MNBO formation in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was significantly decreased by the knockdown of HSD17B12. We also examined the role of HSD17B12 in drug metabolism and found that recombinant HSD17B12 catalyzed the reduction reactions of pentoxifylline and S-warfarin, suggesting that HSD17B12 prefers compounds containing a methyl ketone group on the alkyl chain. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HSD17B12 is responsible for the formation of MNBO from nabumetone. Together with the evidence for pentoxifylline and S-warfarin reduction, this is the first study to report that HSD17B12, which is known to metabolize endogenous compounds, such as estrone and 3-ketoacyl-CoA, plays a role as a drug-metabolizing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishiro
- Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Takano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsui
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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