1
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Zhang S, Huo S, Song X, Zhang X. Surface Stability and Exfoliability of Non-van der Waals Magnetic Chromium Tellurides. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10609-10616. [PMID: 37982382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Exfoliation of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials from non-van der Waals (non-vdW) materials has attracted increasing attention because it provides a great platform for the construction of 2D magnetic materials. For non-vdW magnetic chromium tellurides with high Curie temperatures, their few-layer samples show promising applications in the field of spintronics. However, there is still no consensus on whether the surface structures of few-layer chromium tellurides should be terminated by Cr or Te atoms. By calculating the surface and exfoliation energy, we find that which structure is more stable depends greatly on the value of the chemical potential of Te atoms, and the few-layer sample with a Cr-terminated surface is easier to exfoliate than that with both Te-terminated surfaces. Finally, we propose that different exfoliated structures can be identified by using the atomic number ratio of Cr to Te and the average magnetic moment of Cr atoms in few-layer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Sitong Huo
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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2
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Stavrou M, Chazapis N, Georgakilas V, Couris S. 2D Non-van der Waals Nanoplatelets of Hematene and Magnetene: Nonlinear Optical Response and Optical Limiting Performance from UV to NIR. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301959. [PMID: 37589720 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the preparation of some hematene and magnetene ultrathin non van der Waals (non-vdW) 2D nanoplatelets was reported starting from hematite and magnetite natural iron ores. The present work reports on the determination and evaluation of the nonlinear optical response and the optical limiting (OL) action of these 2D nanoplatelets dispersed in water under ns laser excitation. The obtained results show that both hematene and magnetene exhibit strong nonlinear absorption and refraction, comparable and even larger than those of other van der Waals (vdW) 2D counterpart materials. In addition, due to their strong nonlinear absorption, both hematene and magnetene show exceptional OL performance from the UV to visible, attaining very low values of optical limiting onset (OLon ), comparable and even lower than that of vdW 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, graphene oxide, other transition metal dichalcogenides like MoS2 , WS2 and MoSe2 , black phosphorous and antimonene. Moreover, hematene was found to exhibit more efficient OL action than magnetene for all the excitation wavelengths studied, attributed to more efficient ligand to metal charge transfer. The present findings open new possibilities for the potential use of these non-vdW 2D materials in photonics and optoelectronics, e. g., as optical limiters and optical switchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Stavrou
- Department of Physics, University of Patras University Campus, 26504, Rion, Achaia, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) Stadiou St, Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chazapis
- Department of Physics, University of Patras University Campus, 26504, Rion, Achaia, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) Stadiou St, Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasilios Georgakilas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras University Campus, 26504, Rion, Achaia, Greece
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department of Physics, University of Patras University Campus, 26504, Rion, Achaia, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH) Stadiou St, Platani, 26504, Patras, Greece
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3
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Gürsoy E, Vonbun-Feldbauer GB, Meißner RH. Oxidation-State Dynamics and Emerging Patterns in Magnetite. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:6800-6807. [PMID: 37479223 PMCID: PMC10405268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite is an important mineral with many interesting applications related to its magnetic, electrical, and thermal properties. Typically studied by electronic structure calculations, these methods are unable to capture the complex ion dynamics at relevant temperatures, time, and length scales. We present a hybrid Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics (MC/MD) method based on iron oxidation-state swapping for accurate atomistic modeling of bulk magnetite, magnetite surfaces, and nanoparticles that captures the complex ionic dynamics. By comparing the oxidation-state patterns with those obtained from density functional theory, we confirmed the accuracy of our approach. Lattice distortions leading to the stabilization of excess charges and a critical surface thickness at which the oxidation states transition from ordered to disordered were observed. This simple yet efficient approach paves the way for elucidating aspects of oxidation-state ordering of inverse spinel structures in general and battery materials in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gürsoy
- Institute
of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert H. Meißner
- Institute
of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University
of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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4
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric materials have recently drawn intense interest in studying the nanoscale electromechanical coupling phenomenon and device development. A critical knowledge gap exists to correlate the nanoscale piezoelectric property with the static strains often found in 2D materials. Here, we present a study of the out-of-plane piezoelectric property of nanometer-thick 2D ZnO-nanosheets (NS) in correlation to in-plane strains, using in situ via strain-correlated piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). We show that the strain configuration (either tensile or compressive) can dramatically influence the measured piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 2D ZnO-NS. A comparison of the out-of-plane piezoresponse is made for in-plane tensile and compressive strains approaching 0.50%, where the measured d33 varies between 2.1 and 20.3 pm V-1 resulting in an order-of-magnitude change in the piezoelectric property. These results highlight the important role of in-plane strain in the quantification and application of 2D piezoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Carlos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin Jordan Berg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yizhan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Liu Z, Vilhena JG, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Luo F, Zhang J, Glatzel T, Gnecco E, Meyer E. Moiré-Tile Manipulation-Induced Friction Switch of Graphene on a Platinum Surface. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4693-4697. [PMID: 36917620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Friction control and technological advancement are intimately intertwined. Concomitantly, two-dimensional materials occupy a unique position for realizing quasi-frictionless contacts. However, the question arises of how to tune superlubric sliding. Drawing inspiration from twistronics, we propose to control superlubricity via moiré patterning. Friction force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations unequivocally demonstrate a transition from a superlubric to dissipative sliding regime for different twist angles of graphene moirés on a Pt(111) surface triggered by the normal force. This follows from a novel mechanism at superlattice level where, beyond a critical load, moiré tiles are manipulated in a highly dissipative shear process connected to the twist angle. Importantly, the atomic detail of the dissipation associated with the moiré tile manipulation─i.e., enduring forced registry beyond a critical normal load─allows the bridging of disparate sliding regimes in a reversible manner, thus paving the road for a subtly intrinsic control of superlubricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Feng Luo
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- M. Smoluchowksi Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Zhao Z, Fang Z, Han X, Yang S, Zhou C, Zeng Y, Zhang B, Li W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhou J, Ye Y, Hou X, Zhao X, Gao S, Hou Y. A general thermodynamics-triggered competitive growth model to guide the synthesis of two-dimensional nonlayered materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:958. [PMID: 36810290 PMCID: PMC9944324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nonlayered materials have recently provoked a surge of interest due to their abundant species and attractive properties with promising applications in catalysis, nanoelectronics, and spintronics. However, their 2D anisotropic growth still faces considerable challenges and lacks systematic theoretical guidance. Here, we propose a general thermodynamics-triggered competitive growth (TTCG) model providing a multivariate quantitative criterion to predict and guide 2D nonlayered materials growth. Based on this model, we design a universal hydrate-assisted chemical vapor deposition strategy for the controllable synthesis of various 2D nonlayered transition metal oxides. Four unique phases of iron oxides with distinct topological structures have also been selectively grown. More importantly, ultra-thin oxides display high-temperature magnetic ordering and large coercivity. MnxFeyCo3-x-yO4 alloy is also demonstrated to be a promising room-temperature magnetic semiconductor. Our work sheds light on the synthesis of 2D nonlayered materials and promotes their application for room-temperature spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhi Fang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xiaocang Han
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Cong Zhou
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Yi Zeng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Biao Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Zhan Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- grid.43555.320000 0000 8841 6246Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yu Ye
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xinmei Hou
- grid.69775.3a0000 0004 0369 0705Innovation Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Song Gao
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838Institute of Spin-X Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641 China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Puebla S, Pucher T, Rouco V, Sanchez-Santolino G, Xie Y, Zamora V, Cuellar FA, Mompean FJ, Leon C, Island JO, Garcia-Hernandez M, Santamaria J, Munuera C, Castellanos-Gomez A. Combining Freestanding Ferroelectric Perovskite Oxides with Two-Dimensional Semiconductors for High Performance Transistors. Nano Lett 2022; 22:7457-7466. [PMID: 36108061 PMCID: PMC9523702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of field-effect transistors based on single-layer MoS2 and a thin layer of BaTiO3 (BTO) dielectric, isolated from its parent epitaxial template substrate. Thin BTO provides an ultrahigh-κ gate dielectric effectively screening Coulomb scattering centers. These devices show mobilities substantially larger than those obtained with standard SiO2 dielectrics and comparable with values obtained with hexagonal boron nitride, a dielectric employed for fabrication of high-performance two-dimensional (2D) based devices. Moreover, the ferroelectric character of BTO induces a robust hysteresis of the current vs gate voltage characteristics, attributed to its polarization switching. This hysteresis is strongly suppressed when the device is warmed up above the tetragonal-to-cubic transition temperature of BTO that leads to a ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition. This hysteretic behavior is attractive for applications in memory storage devices. Our results open the door to the integration of a large family of complex oxides exhibiting strongly correlated physics in 2D-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Puebla
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Thomas Pucher
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Victor Rouco
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sanchez-Santolino
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yong Xie
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
- School
of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Victor Zamora
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabian A. Cuellar
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico J. Mompean
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Leon
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joshua O. Island
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Mar Garcia-Hernandez
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Santamaria
- GFMC,
Department Fisica de Materiales, Facultad de Fisica, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Munuera
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Castellanos-Gomez
- Materials
Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Madrid E-28049, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Heteroestructuras con aplicación en spintrónica, Unidad Asociada UCM/CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Abstract
2D materials are well-known for their low-friction behavior by modifying the interfacial forces at atomic surfaces. Of the wide range of 2D materials, MXenes represent an emerging material class but their lubricating behavior has been scarcely investigated. Herein, the friction mechanisms of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes are demonstrated which are attributed to their surface terminations. We find that Ti3C2Tx MXenes do not exhibit the well-known frictional layer dependence of other 2D materials. Instead, the nanoscale lubricity of 2D MXenes is governed by the termination species resulting from synthesis. Annealing the MXenes demonstrate a 7% reduction in OH termination which translates to a 16-57% reduction of friction in agreement with DFT calculations. Finally, the stability of MXene flakes is demonstrated upon isolation from their aqueous environment. This work indicates that MXenes can provide sustainable lubricity at any thickness which makes them uniquely positioned among 2D material lubricants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB3 0FS
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nima Barri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hayden Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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