1
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Kłos J, Tiesinga E, Kotochigova S. Quantum scattering of icosahedron fullerene C 60 with noble-gas atoms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9267. [PMID: 38649408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There exist multiple ways to cool neutral molecules. A front runner is the technique of buffer gas cooling, where momentum-changing collisions with abundant cold noble-gas atoms cool the molecules. This approach can, in principle, produce the most diverse samples of cold molecules. We present quantum mechanical and semiclassical calculations of the elastic scattering differential cross sections and rate coefficients of the C60 fullerene with He and Ar noble-gas atoms in order to quantify the effectiveness of buffer gas cooling for this molecule. We also develop new three-dimensional potential energy surfaces for this purpose using dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) with counterpoise correction. The icosahedral anisotropy of the molecular system is reproduced by expanding the potential in terms of symmetry-allowed spherical harmonics. Long-range dispersion coefficients have been computed from frequency dependent polarizabilities of C60 and the noble-gas atoms. We find that the potential of the fullerene with He is about five times shallower than that with Ar. Anisotropic corrections are very weak for both systems and omitted in the quantum scattering calculations giving us a nearly quantitative estimate of elastic scattering observables. Finally, we have computed differential cross sections at the collision energies used in experiments by Han et al. (Chem Phys Lett 235:211, 1995), corrected for the sensitivity of their apparatus, and we find satisfactory agreement for C60 scattering with Ar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kłos
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Eite Tiesinga
- Joint Quantum Institute, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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2
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Miyamoto Y, Hiramoto A, Iwakuni K, Kuma S, Enomoto K, Nakayama N, Baba M. Analysis on high-resolution spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144304. [PMID: 38591681 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A high-resolution absorption spectrum of the S1-S0 transition of free-base phthalocyanine was observed and analyzed with improved reliability. The spectrum, with a partially resolved rotational structure, was obtained by using the buffer-gas cooling technique and a single-mode tunable laser. Our new analysis reveals that the S1←S0000 band belongs to the a-type transition, where the electronic transition moment aligns parallel to the NH-HN direction, allowing the assignment of the S1 state to 1B3u. These results agree with a prior study using supersonic expansion and are well supported by theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the rotational constant B in the S1 state, which is often smaller than that in the ground state for typical molecules, was found to be slightly larger than that in the S01Ag state. This suggests a change in the character of π bonds with the electronic excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayami Hiramoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kana Iwakuni
- Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Naofumi Nakayama
- CONFLEX Corporation, 3-23-17 Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074, Japan
| | - Masaaki Baba
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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3
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Clausen G, Scheidegger S, Agner JA, Schmutz H, Merkt F. Imaging-Assisted Single-Photon Doppler-Free Laser Spectroscopy and the Ionization Energy of Metastable Triplet Helium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:103001. [PMID: 37739364 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Skimmed supersonic beams provide intense, cold, collision-free samples of atoms and molecules and are one of the most widely used tools in atomic and molecular laser spectroscopy. High-resolution optical spectra are typically recorded in a perpendicular arrangement of laser and supersonic beams to minimize Doppler broadening. Typical Doppler widths are nevertheless limited to tens of MHz by the residual transverse-velocity distribution in the gas-expansion cones. We present an imaging method to overcome this limitation that exploits the correlation between the positions of the atoms and molecules in the supersonic expansion and their transverse velocities, and thus their Doppler shifts. With the example of spectra of (1s)(np) ^{3}P_{0-2}←(1s)(2s) ^{3}S_{1} transitions to high Rydberg states of metastable triplet He, we demonstrate the suppression of the residual Doppler broadening and a reduction of the full linewidths at half maximum to only about 1 MHz in the UV. Using a retroreflection arrangement for the laser beam and a cross-correlation method, we determine Doppler-free spectra without any signal loss from the selection, by imaging, of atoms within ultranarrow transverse-velocity classes. As an illustration, we determine the ionization energy of triplet metastable He and confirm the significant discrepancy between recent experimental [G. Clausen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 093001 (2021)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.127.093001] and high-level theoretical [V. Patkós et al., Phys. Rev. A 103, 042809 (2021)PLRAAN2469-992610.1103/PhysRevA.103.042809] values of this quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Clausen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Scheidegger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef A Agner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hansjürg Schmutz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Merkt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Liu LR, Rosenberg D, Changala PB, Crowley PJD, Nesbitt DJ, Yao NY, Tscherbul TV, Ye J. Ergodicity breaking in rapidly rotating C 60 fullerenes. Science 2023; 381:778-783. [PMID: 37590361 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi6354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Ergodicity, the central tenet of statistical mechanics, requires an isolated system to explore all available phase space constrained by energy and symmetry. Mechanisms for violating ergodicity are of interest for probing nonequilibrium matter and protecting quantum coherence in complex systems. Polyatomic molecules have long served as a platform for probing ergodicity breaking in vibrational energy transport. Here, we report the observation of rotational ergodicity breaking in an unprecedentedly large molecule, 12C60, determined from its icosahedral rovibrational fine structure. The ergodicity breaking occurs well below the vibrational ergodicity threshold and exhibits multiple transitions between ergodic and nonergodic regimes with increasing angular momentum. These peculiar dynamics result from the molecule's distinctive combination of symmetry, size, and rigidity, highlighting its relevance to emergent phenomena in mesoscopic quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Liu
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dina Rosenberg
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - P Bryan Changala
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02135, USA
| | | | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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5
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Asnaashari K, Krems RV, Tscherbul TV. General Classification of Qubit Encodings in Ultracold Diatomic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6593-6602. [PMID: 37494464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their rich internal structure and significant long-range interactions, ultracold molecules have been widely explored as carriers of quantum information. Several different schemes for encoding qubits into molecular states, both bare and field-dressed, have been proposed. At the same time, the rich internal structure of molecules leaves many unexplored possibilities for qubit encodings. We show that all molecular qubit encodings can be classified into four classes by the type of the effective interaction between the qubits. In the case of polar molecules, the four classes are determined by the relative magnitudes of matrix elements of the dipole moment operator in the single-molecule basis. We exemplify our classification scheme by considering the encoding of the effective spin-1/2 system into nonadjacent rotational states (e.g., N = 0 and 2) of polar and nonpolar molecules with the same nuclear spin projection. Our classification scheme is designed to inform the optimal choice of molecular qubit encoding for quantum information storage and processing applications, as well as for dynamical generation of many-body entangled states and for quantum annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Asnaashari
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Roman V Krems
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Timur V Tscherbul
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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6
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Wright AD, Nelson JC, Weichman ML. Rovibrational Polaritons in Gas-Phase Methane. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5982-5987. [PMID: 36867733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Polaritonic states arise when a bright optical transition of a molecular ensemble is resonantly matched to an optical cavity mode frequency. Here, we lay the groundwork to study the behavior of polaritons in clean, isolated systems by establishing a new platform for vibrational strong coupling in gas-phase molecules. We access the strong coupling regime in an intracavity cryogenic buffer gas cell optimized for the preparation of simultaneously cold and dense ensembles and report a proof-of-principle demonstration in gas-phase methane. We strongly cavity-couple individual rovibrational transitions and probe a range of coupling strengths and detunings. We reproduce our findings with classical cavity transmission simulations in the presence of strong intracavity absorbers. This infrastructure will provide a new testbed for benchmark studies of cavity-altered chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jane C Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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7
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Miyamoto Y, Tobaru R, Takahashi Y, Hiramoto A, Iwakuni K, Kuma S, Enomoto K, Baba M. High-resolution spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled phthalocyanine. Commun Chem 2022; 5:161. [PMID: 36697667 PMCID: PMC9814875 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For over five decades, studies in the field of chemical physics and physical chemistry have primarily aimed to understand the quantum properties of molecules. However, high-resolution rovibronic spectroscopy has been limited to relatively small and simple systems because translationally and rotationally cold samples have not been prepared in sufficiently large quantities for large and complex systems. In this study, we present high-resolution rovibronic spectroscopy results for large gas-phase molecules, namely, free-base phthalocya-nine (FBPc). The findings suggest that buffer-gas cooling may be effective for large molecules introduced via laser ablation. High-resolution electronic spectroscopy, combined with other experimental and theoretical studies, will be useful in understanding the quantum properties of molecules. These findings also serve as a guide for quantum chemical calculations of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - Reo Tobaru
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - Yuiki Takahashi
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Ayami Hiramoto
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama Japan
| | - Kana Iwakuni
- grid.266298.10000 0000 9271 9936Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo Japan
| | - Susumu Kuma
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama Japan
| | - Katsunari Enomoto
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Physics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Baba
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe Japan
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8
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Wright SC, Doppelbauer M, Hofsäss S, Christian Schewe H, Sartakov B, Meijer G, Truppe S. Cryogenic buffer gas beams of AlF, CaF, MgF, YbF, Al, Ca, Yb and NO – a comparison. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2146541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney C. Wright
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Absolute frequency metrology of buffer-gas-cooled molecular spectra at 1 kHz accuracy level. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7016. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBy reducing both the internal and translational temperature of any species down to a few kelvins, the buffer-gas-cooling (BGC) technique has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of ro-vibrational molecular spectra, thus offering unique opportunities for transition frequency measurements with unprecedented accuracy. However, the difficulty in integrating metrological-grade spectroscopic tools into bulky cryogenic equipment has hitherto prevented from approaching the kHz level even in the best cases. Here, we overcome this drawback by an original opto-mechanical scheme which, effectively coupling a Lamb-dip saturated-absorption cavity ring-down spectrometer to a BGC source, allows us to determine the absolute frequency of the acetylene (ν1 + ν3) R(1)e transition at 6561.0941 cm−1 with a fractional uncertainty as low as 6 × 10−12. By improving the previous record with buffer-gas-cooled molecules by one order of magnitude, our approach paves the way for a number of ultra-precise low-temperature spectroscopic studies, aimed at both fundamental Physics tests and optimized laser cooling strategies.
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10
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Słowiński M, Makowski M, Sołtys KL, Stankiewicz K, Wójtewicz S, Lisak D, Piwiński M, Wcisło P. Cryogenic mirror position actuator for spectroscopic applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:115003. [PMID: 36461519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a mirror position actuator that operates in a wide temperature range from room temperature to a deep cryogenic regime (10 K). We use a Michelson interferometer to measure the actuator tuning range (and piezoelectric efficiency) in the full temperature range. We demonstrate an unprecedented range of tunability of the mirror position in the cryogenic regime (over 22 μm at 10 K). The capability of controlling the mirror position in the range from few to few tens of microns is crucial for cavity-enhanced molecular spectroscopy techniques, especially in the important mid-infrared spectral regime where the length of an optical cavity has to be tunable in a range larger than the laser wavelength. The piezoelectric actuator offering this range of tunability in the cryogenic conditions, on the one hand, will enable development of optical cavities operating at low temperatures that are crucial for spectroscopy of large molecules whose dense spectra are difficult to resolve at room temperature. On the other hand, this will enable us to increase the accuracy of the measurement of simple molecules aimed at fundamental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Słowiński
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Makowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Kamil Leon Sołtys
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Kamil Stankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Szymon Wójtewicz
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Daniel Lisak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Mariusz Piwiński
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Wcisło
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziądzka 5, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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11
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CHAWANANON S, Pirali O, Goubet M, ASSELIN P. Characterizing centrosymmetric two-ring PAHs using jet-cooled high resolution mid-infrared laser spectroscopy and anharmonic Quantum Chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:064301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0096777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) molecules in the interstellar medium, recently confirmed by the detection of cyano-naphthalenes, renews the interest of extensive spectroscopic and physical-chemistry studies about such large species. The present study reports the jet-cooled rovibrational IR study of three centrosymmetric two-ring PAH molecules, naphthalene (C10H8), [1,5] naphthyridine (C8H6N2) and biphenyl (C12H10) in the in-plane ring C-H bending (975-1035 cm-1) and C-C ring stretching (1580-1620 cm-1) regions. For the two most rigid PAHs, the accuracy of spectroscopic parameters derived in ground and several excited states (6 for naphthalene and 6 for [1,5] naphthyridine) has significantly improved the literature values. In addition, comparison between experiments and quantum chemical calculations confirms the predictive power of the corrected calculated rotational parameters. The more flexible structure of biphenyl makes particularly challenging the analysis of high resolution jet-cooled spectra of n19 and n23 modes recorded at about 1601 and 1013 cm-1 respectively. The presence of three torsional vibrations below 120 cm-1 together with small values of the rotational constants prevented us to determine the ground and v19=1 excited rotational constants independently. In the n23 band region, the presence of two bands rotationally resolved and separated by only 0.8 cm-1, raises the question of possible splittings due to a large amplitude motion, most probably the torsion of the aliphatic bond between the two phenyl rings.
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12
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Palotás J, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J. Laboratory IR Spectra of the Ionic Oxidized Fullerenes C 60O + and C 60OH . J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2928-2935. [PMID: 35533303 PMCID: PMC9125688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We present the first
experimental vibrational spectra of gaseous
oxidized derivatives of C60 in protonated and radical cation
forms, obtained through infrared multiple-photon dissociation spectroscopy
using the FELIX free-electron laser. Neutral C60O has two
nearly iso-energetic isomers: the epoxide isomer in which the O atom
bridges a CC bond that connects two six-membered rings and the annulene
isomer in which the O atom inserts into a CC bond connecting a five-
and a six-membered ring. To determine the isomer formed for C60O+ in our experiment—a question that cannot
be confidently answered on the basis of the DFT-computed stabilities
alone—we compare our experimental IR spectra to vibrational
spectra predicted by DFT calculations. We conclude that the annulene-like
isomer is formed in our experiment. For C60OH+, a strong OH stretch vibration observed in the 3 μm range
of the spectrum immediately reveals its structure as C60 with a hydroxyl group attached, which is further confirmed by the
spectrum in the 400–1600 cm–1 range. We compare
the experimental spectra of C60O+ and C60OH+ to the astronomical IR emission spectrum of
a fullerene-rich planetary nebula and discuss their astrophysical
relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Palotás
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Niman JW, Kamerin BS, Villers TH, Linker TM, Nakano A, Kresin VV. Probing the presence and absence of metal-fullerene electron transfer reactions in helium nanodroplets by deflection measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10378-10383. [PMID: 35438706 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00751g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-fullerene compounds are characterized by significant electron transfer to the fullerene cage, giving rise to an electric dipole moment. We use the method of electrostatic beam deflection to verify whether such reactions take place within superfluid helium nanodroplets between an embedded C60 molecule and either alkali (heliophobic) or rare-earth (heliophilic) atoms. The two cases lead to distinctly different outcomes: C60Nan (n = 1-4) display no discernable dipole moment, while C60Yb is strongly polar. This suggests that the fullerene and small alkali clusters fail to form a charge-transfer bond in the helium matrix despite their strong van der Waals attraction. The C60Yb dipole moment, on the other hand, is in agreement with the value expected for an ionic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Niman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Benjamin S Kamerin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Thomas H Villers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
| | - Thomas M Linker
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0242, USA
| | - Aiichiro Nakano
- Collaboratory for Advanced Computing and Simulations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0242, USA
| | - Vitaly V Kresin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0484, USA.
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14
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Komagata KN, Gianella M, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Shahmohammadi M, Beck M, Matthey R, Wittwer VJ, Hugi A, Faist J, Emmenegger L, Südmeyer T, Schilt S. Absolute frequency referencing in the long wave infrared using a quantum cascade laser frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12891-12901. [PMID: 35472915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have transformed mid-infrared spectroscopy. However, QCL-OFCs have not yet been exploited to provide a broadband absolute frequency reference. We demonstrate this possibility by performing comb-calibrated spectroscopy at 7.7 µm (1305 cm-1) using a QCL-OFC referenced to a molecular transition. We obtain 1.5·10-10 relative frequency stability (100-s integration time) and 3·10-9 relative frequency accuracy, comparable with state-of-the-art solutions relying on nonlinear frequency conversion. We show that QCL-OFCs can be locked with sub-Hz-level stability to a reference for hours, thus promising their use as metrological tools for the mid-infrared.
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15
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Lisak D, Charczun D, Nishiyama A, Voumard T, Wildi T, Kowzan G, Brasch V, Herr T, Fleisher AJ, Hodges JT, Ciuryło R, Cygan A, Masłowski P. Dual-comb cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2377. [PMID: 35149716 PMCID: PMC8837621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a ubiquitous optical method used to study light-matter interactions with high resolution, sensitivity and accuracy. However, it has never been performed with the multiplexing advantages of direct frequency comb spectroscopy without significantly compromising spectral resolution. We present dual-comb cavity ring-down spectroscopy (DC-CRDS) based on the parallel heterodyne detection of ring-down signals with a local oscillator comb to yield absorption and dispersion spectra. These spectra are obtained from widths and positions of cavity modes. We present two approaches which leverage the dynamic cavity response to coherently or randomly driven changes in the amplitude or frequency of the probe field. Both techniques yield accurate spectra of methane-an important greenhouse gas and breath biomarker. When combined with broadband frequency combs, the high sensitivity, spectral resolution and accuracy of our DC-CRDS technique shows promise for applications like studies of the structure and dynamics of large molecules, multispecies trace gas detection and isotopic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lisak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Dominik Charczun
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.,National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan
| | - Thibault Voumard
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Wildi
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Kowzan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Victor Brasch
- CSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Herr
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Physics Department, Universität Hamburg UHH, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- Optical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Joseph T Hodges
- Optical Measurements Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Roman Ciuryło
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agata Cygan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Masłowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, ul. Grudziądzka 5, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Jiang J, McCartt AD. Two-color, intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:104201. [PMID: 34525821 PMCID: PMC8428946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown (CRD) detection in a three-mirror, traveling-wave cavity. With cavity-enhanced pump power and probe absorption path length, the technique is a generally applicable, high-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection method. In our experiments, the pump radiation is switched off during every other probe ringdown, which allows uncorrelated measurements of analyte and background cavity decay rates. The net, two-color signal from the difference between the pump-on and pump-off decay rates is immune to empty-CRD drifts and spectral overlaps from non-target molecular transitions. The immunity to the ringdown drifts allows longer signal-averaging and, thus, higher detection sensitivity. The ability to compensate for the background absorption enhances the detection selectivity in spectrally congested regions. Our technique is well-suited for trace-detection in the mid-IR region, where pump-probe schemes based on strong rovibrational transitions can be applied. In this work, two-color CRD detection is implemented on a ladder-type, three-level system based on the N2O, ν3 = 1 ← 0, P(19) (pump) and ν3 = 2 ← 1, R(18) (probe), rovibrational transitions. By frequency-locking two-quantum cascade lasers to the p-polarization (pump, Finesse = 5280) and s-polarization (probe, Finesse = 67 700) cavity modes, we achieve high intracavity pump power (36 W) and high probe ringdown rates (>2 kHz). The observed two-color spectra are simulated by a density-matrix, three-level system model that is solved under the constraints of the cavity resonance conditions. In addition to its background compensation capability, experimental flexibility in the selection of pump-probe schemes and signal insensitivity to intracavity laser power are further features that enhance the utility of our technique for mid-IR trace-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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17
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Zheng K, Zheng C, Zhang H, Guan G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tittel FK. A novel gas sensing scheme using near-infrared multi-input multi-output off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (MIMO-OA-ICOS). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 256:119745. [PMID: 33819761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated a novel multi-input multi-output (MIMO) laser-to-cavity coupling scheme in off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) for cavity mode noise suppression. Theoretical investigation was performed to explore the relation between the number of splitting beams and the MIMO parameters. Mode distribution and propagation inside the cavity was simulated. The noise suppression factor of the MIMO scheme and the noise level and dominated noise in the cavity were studied based on cavity mode simulation. Methane measurements were carried out using a dual-input dual-output (DIDO, N = 2) sensor system to validate the presented scheme, and good agreement was found between simulation and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chuantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Gangyun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Frank K Tittel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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18
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Gurusinghe RM, Dias N, Broderick BM. Buffer gas cooling for sensitive rotational spectroscopy of ice chemistry: A proposal. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Fuchs TM, Schäfer R. Influence of nuclear spins on electron spin coherence in isolated, p-doped tin clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11334-11344. [PMID: 33959734 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01227d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic double deflection experiments reveal that nuclear spins diminish electron spin coherence in isolated AlSn12 clusters. A temperature-dependent fraction of the endohedral cage clusters show superatomic response in Stern-Gerlach experiments which allows one to detect spin flips under controlled conditions in a double deflection arrangement. The concentration of nuclear spins in the tin cage is varied by using isotopically enriched tin samples. Hyperfine interaction, nuclear spin statistics and spin dynamics are discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that state-interference in the multistate Landau-Zener system AlSn12 explains why the spin decoherence is significantly increased when one or two nuclear spins are already present in the cluster, while the spin coherence no longer changes significantly with the addition of further nuclear spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Fuchs
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt, Germany.
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20
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Santamaria L, Di Sarno V, Aiello R, De Rosa M, Ricciardi I, De Natale P, Maddaloni P. Infrared Comb Spectroscopy of Buffer-Gas-Cooled Molecules: Toward Absolute Frequency Metrology of Cold Acetylene. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E250. [PMID: 33383699 PMCID: PMC7795711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the recent developments in precision ro-vibrational spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled neutral molecules, obtained using infrared frequency combs either as direct probe sources or as ultra-accurate optical rulers. In particular, we show how coherent broadband spectroscopy of complex molecules especially benefits from drastic simplification of the spectra brought about by cooling of internal temperatures. Moreover, cooling the translational motion allows longer light-molecule interaction times and hence reduced transit-time broadening effects, crucial for high-precision spectroscopy on simple molecules. In this respect, we report on the progress of absolute frequency metrology experiments with buffer-gas-cooled molecules, focusing on the advanced technologies that led to record measurements with acetylene. Finally, we briefly discuss the prospects for further improving the ultimate accuracy of the spectroscopic frequency measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santamaria
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Contrada Terlecchia, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Sarno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Rosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Iolanda Ricciardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo De Natale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maddaloni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (V.D.S.); (R.A.); (M.D.R.); (I.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Luo PL. Long-wave mid-infrared time-resolved dual-comb spectroscopy of short-lived intermediates. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6791-6794. [PMID: 33325898 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, an electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer with a central tunable range of 7.77-8.22 µm is demonstrated to perform transient absorption spectroscopy of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO), a short-lived species involved in many key atmospheric reactions, and its self-reaction product via comb-mode-resolved spectral sampling at microsecond temporal resolution. By combining with a Herriott-type flash photolysis cell, CH2OO can be probed with a detection limit down to ∼1×1011moleculescm-3. Moreover, pressure broadening of CH2OO absorption lines can be studied with spectrally interleaved dual-comb spectroscopy. This Letter holds promise for high-resolution precision measurements of transient molecules, especially for the study of large molecules in complex systems.
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Maity A, Maithani S, Pradhan M. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Recent Technological Advancements, Techniques, and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 93:388-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Sanchi Maithani
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
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23
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Hrodmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Linnartz H, Nahon L. VUV photoionization dynamics of the C 60 buckminsterfullerene: 2D-matrix photoelectron spectroscopy in an astrophysical context. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13880-13892. [PMID: 32396927 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01210f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the photoionization dynamics of the C60 buckminsterfullerene from threshold up to 14.0 eV recorded with VUV synchrotron radiation at the DESIRS beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The recorded data is obtained using a double-imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectrometer and is presented as a two-dimensional photoelectron matrix which contains a wealth of spectroscopic data. We present these data in an astrophysical context which relates to (i) the threshold photoelectron spectrum which is compared to data relevant to the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), (ii) the kinetic photoelectron distribution at the Lyman-α line which is relevant to the dominant heating source in the ISM, and (iii) the absolute photoionization cross section of C60 up to approx. 10.5 eV. The photoelectron spectrum implies that the symmetry of the ground state is different than previous theoretical models have predicted, and this result is discussed in context of recent experimental and theoretical findings. Also presented are partial photoionization cross sections of the first two photoelectron bands and their anisotropy parameters. These data are compared with previous theoretical values and discussed where appropriate.
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24
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Kowligy AS, Carlson DR, Hickstein DD, Timmers H, Lind AJ, Schunemann PG, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Mid-infrared frequency combs at 10 GHz. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3677-3680. [PMID: 32630928 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate mid-infrared (MIR) frequency combs at 10 GHz repetition rate via intra-pulse difference-frequency generation (DFG) in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear media. Few-cycle pump pulses (≲15fs, 100 pJ) from a near-infrared electro-optic frequency comb are provided via nonlinear soliton-like compression in photonic-chip silicon-nitride waveguides. Subsequent intra-pulse DFG in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides yields MIR frequency combs in the 3.1-4.8 µm region, while orientation-patterned gallium phosphide provides coverage across 7-11 µm. Cascaded second-order nonlinearities simultaneously provide access to the carrier-envelope-offset frequency of the pump source via in-line f-2f nonlinear interferometry. The high-repetition rate MIR frequency combs introduced here can be used for condensed phase spectroscopy and applications such as laser heterodyne radiometry.
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25
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Zhao Y, Jin B, Ding L, Xiao L, Peng R. Regioselective synthesis of 4,11,15,30-tetraalkoxyphenyl fullereno[1,2:2′,3′]dihydrobenzofurans and potential application as propellant stabilizer. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Silfies MC, Kowzan G, Chen Y, Lewis N, Hou R, Baehre R, Gross T, Allison TK. Widely tunable cavity-enhanced frequency combs. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2123-2126. [PMID: 32236084 DOI: 10.1364/ol.389412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the cavity enhancement of frequency combs over a wide tuning range of 450-700 nm (${ \gt }7900\;{{\rm cm}^{ - 1}} $>7900cm-1), covering nearly the entire visible spectrum. Tunable visible frequency combs from a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator are coupled into a four-mirror, dispersion-managed cavity with a finesse of 600-1400. An intracavity absorption path length enhancement greater than 190 is obtained over the entire tuning range, while preserving intracavity spectral bandwidths capable of supporting sub-200 fs pulse durations. These tunable cavity-enhanced frequency combs can find many applications in nonlinear optics and spectroscopy.
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27
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Catanese A, Rutledge J, Silfies MC, Li X, Timmers H, Kowligy AS, Lind A, Diddams SA, Allison TK. Mid-infrared frequency comb with 6.7 W average power based on difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1248-1251. [PMID: 32108817 DOI: 10.1364/ol.385294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a high-power mid-infrared frequency comb with 100 MHz repetition rate and 100 fs pulse duration. Difference frequency generation is realized between two branches derived from an Er:fiber comb, amplified separately in Yb:fiber and Er:fiber amplifiers. Average powers of 6.7 W and 14.9 W are generated in the 2.9 µm idler and 1.6 µm signal, respectively. With high average power, excellent beam quality, and passive carrier-envelope phase stabilization, this light source is a promising platform for generating broadband frequency combs in the far infrared, visible, and deep ultraviolet.
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28
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Roberts FC, Lewandowski HJ, Hobson BF, Lehman JH. A rapid, spatially dispersive frequency comb spectrograph aimed at gas phase chemical reaction kinetics. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1733116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. J. Lewandowski
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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Comb-locked frequency-swept synthesizer for high precision broadband spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2523. [PMID: 32054902 PMCID: PMC7018949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency combs have made optical metrology accessible to hundreds of laboratories worldwide and they have set new benchmarks in multi-species trace gas sensing for environmental, industrial and medical applications. However, current comb spectrometers privilege either frequency precision and sensitivity through interposition of a cw probe laser with limited tuning range, or spectral coverage and measurement time using the comb itself as an ultra-broadband probe. We overcome this restriction by introducing a comb-locked frequency-swept optical synthesizer that allows a continuous-wave laser to be swept in seconds over spectral ranges of several terahertz while remaining phase locked to an underlying frequency comb. This offers a unique degree of versatility, as the synthesizer can be either repeatedly scanned over a single absorption line to achieve ultimate precision and sensitivity, or swept in seconds over an entire rovibrational band to capture multiple species. The spectrometer enables us to determine line center frequencies with an absolute uncertainty of 30 kHz and at the same time to collect absorption spectra over more than 3 THz with state-of-the-art sensitivity of a few 10−10 cm−1. Beyond precision broadband spectroscopy, the proposed synthesizer is an extremely promising tool to force a breakthrough in terahertz metrology and coherent laser ranging.
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30
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Nishiyama A, Kowzan G, Charczun D, Trawiński RS, Masłowski P. Optical frequency comb-based cavity-enhanced Fourier-transform spectroscopy: Application to collisional line-shape study. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1911192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kowzan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Dominik Charczun
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Ryszard S. Trawiński
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Piotr Masłowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń 87-100, Poland
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31
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Wakabayashi T, Momose T, Fajardo ME. Matrix isolation spectroscopy and spectral simulations of isotopically substituted C 60 molecules. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234301. [PMID: 31864243 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopically enriched (3.5% 13C) and depleted (0.5% 13C) fullerene C60 molecules are isolated in parahydrogen (pH2) solids at cryogenic temperatures and studied by high resolution (0.01-0.1 cm-1) infrared (IR) absorption measurements. Spectra of natural isotopic abundance (1.1% 13C) C60 molecules isolated in solid pH2, orthodeuterium (oD2), and Ne matrix hosts serve to identify the relatively minor spectral perturbations due to the trapping environments. Spectral features observed for the four IR-active T1u modes of threefold degeneracy in Ih symmetry, namely, T1u(1) at 529.77 cm-1, T1u(2) at 578.24 cm-1, T1u(3) at 1184.7 cm-1, and T1u(4) at 1432 cm-1, are assigned to the superpositions of matrix perturbed vibrational-mode spectra of a number of 13Cn 12C60-n isotopologues. New molecular orbital calculations show the symmetry lowering effects of 13C substitution, namely, split vibrational frequencies and modified IR intensities. IR spectral patterns calculated for the 328 distinct isotopomers of 13Cn 12C60-n up to n = 3 are used to satisfactorily simulate most of the observed absorption features. For the T1u(4) mode at 1432 cm-1, the observed splitting is insensitive to the 13C abundance, indicating spectral perturbations due to Fermi resonance. Weak absorption features at 1545 cm-1 are assigned to a combination of lower frequency modes. We discuss relative and absolute band strengths for the astrophysical application of estimating C60 abundances in planetary nebulae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takamasa Momose
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mario E Fajardo
- Munitions Directorate, US Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL/RWME, Eglin AFB, Florida 32542-5910, USA
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Kowligy AS, Timmers H, Lind AJ, Elu U, Cruz FC, Schunemann PG, Biegert J, Diddams SA. Infrared electric field sampled frequency comb spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8794. [PMID: 31187063 PMCID: PMC6555623 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Probing matter with light in the mid-infrared provides unique insight into molecular composition, structure, and function with high sensitivity. However, laser spectroscopy in this spectral region lacks the broadband or tunable light sources and efficient detectors available in the visible or near-infrared. We overcome these challenges with an approach that unites a compact source of phase-stable, single-cycle, mid-infrared pulses with room temperature electric field-resolved detection at video rates. The ultrashort pulses correspond to laser frequency combs that span 3 to 27 μm (370 to 3333 cm-1), and are measured with dynamic range of >106 and spectral resolution as high as 0.003 cm-1. We highlight the brightness and coherence of our apparatus with gas-, liquid-, and solid-phase spectroscopy that extends over spectral bandwidths comparable to thermal or infrared synchrotron sources. This unique combination enables powerful avenues for rapid detection of biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter with molecular specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abijith S. Kowligy
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Henry Timmers
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Alexander J. Lind
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Ugaitz Elu
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Flavio C. Cruz
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | | | - Jens Biegert
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Scott A. Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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Martin-Drumel MA, Baraban JH, Changala PB, Stanton JF, McCarthy MC. The Hunt for Elusive Molecules: Insights from Joint Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. Chemistry 2019; 25:7243-7258. [PMID: 30673130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rotational spectroscopy is an invaluable tool to unambiguously determine the molecular structure of a species, and sometimes even to establish its very existence. This article illustrates how experimental and theoretical state-of-the-art tools can be used in tandem to investigate the rotational structure of molecules, with particular emphasis on those that have long remained elusive. The examples of three emblematic species-gauche-butadiene, disilicon carbide, and germanium dicarbide-highlight the close, mutually beneficial interaction between high-level theoretical calculations and sensitive microwave measurements. Prospects to detect other elusive molecules of chemical and astronomical interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aline Martin-Drumel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Joshua H Baraban
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - P Bryan Changala
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of, Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John F Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michael C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
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Changala PB, Weichman ML, Lee KF, Fermann ME, Ye J. Rovibrational quantum state resolution of the C 60 fullerene. Science 2019; 363:49-54. [PMID: 30606838 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The unique physical properties of buckminsterfullerene, C60, have attracted intense research activity since its original discovery. Total quantum state-resolved spectroscopy of isolated C60 molecules has been of particularly long-standing interest. Such observations have, to date, been unsuccessful owing to the difficulty in preparing cold, gas-phase C60 in sufficiently high densities. Here we report high-resolution infrared absorption spectroscopy of C60 in the 8.5-micron spectral region (1180 to 1190 wave number). A combination of cryogenic buffer-gas cooling and cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy has enabled the observation of quantum state-resolved rovibrational transitions. Characteristic nuclear spin statistical intensity patterns confirm the indistinguishability of the 60 carbon-12 atoms, while rovibrational fine structure encodes further details of the molecule's rare icosahedral symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bryan Changala
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Marissa L Weichman
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kevin F Lee
- IMRA America, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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