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Haas J, Stach R, Kolm C, Krska R, Mizaikoff B. Gallium arsenide waveguides as a platform for direct mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3447-3456. [PMID: 32236656 PMCID: PMC7214513 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy has matured into a versatile and powerful sensing tool for a wide variety of analytical sensing tasks. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) techniques have gained increased interest due to their potential to perform non-destructive sensing tasks close to real time. In ATR, the essential component is the sampling interface, i.e., the ATR waveguide and its material properties interfacing the sample with the evanescent field ensuring efficient photon-molecule interaction. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a versatile alternative material vs. commonly used ATR waveguide materials including but not limited to silicon, zinc selenide, and diamond. GaAs-based internal reflection elements (IREs) are a new generation of semiconductor-based waveguides and are herein used for the first time in direct spectroscopic applications combined with conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Next to the characterization of the ATR waveguide, exemplary surface reactions were monitored, and trace-level analyte detection via signal amplification taking advantage of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effects was demonstrated. As an example of real-world relevance, the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was used as a model analyte in food and feed safety analysis. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haas
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Stach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolm
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Falk NA. Surfactants as Antimicrobials: A Brief Overview of Microbial Interfacial Chemistry and Surfactant Antimicrobial Activity. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019; 22:1119-1127. [PMID: 32336911 PMCID: PMC7166552 DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this brief overview of a large and complex subject, as presented at the 2018 Surfactants in Solution conference, the need for, and impact of, hard surface antimicrobial products is demonstrated. The composition of the interfaces of three common classes of pathological microbes, bacteria, viruses, and fungi, is discussed so that surfactant and cleaning product development scientists better understand their interfacial characteristics. Studies of antimicrobial efficacy from the four major classes of surfactants (cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic) are shown. The need for preservatives in surfactants is elucidated. The regulatory aspects of antimicrobials in cleaning products to make antimicrobial claims are stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Falk
- Clorox Services Company 4900 Johnson Drive, Pleasanton CA 94588 USA
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Wilson SC, Brasel TL, Martin JM, Wu C, Andriychuk L, Douglas DR, Cobos L, Straus DC. Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide as a Gas and in Solution in the Inactivation of Two Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Int J Toxicol 2016; 24:181-6. [PMID: 16040571 DOI: 10.1080/10915810590953437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in detoxifying two potential bioterrorism agents, the trichothecene mycotoxins verrucarin A and roridin A, was evaluated. In the first experiment, verrucarin A (1, 5, or 10 μg) and roridin A (5 or 10 μg) were each inoculated onto square-inch sections of glass, paper, and cloth and exposed to 1000 ppm of ClO2 for either 24 or 72 h at room temperature. In the second experiment, verrucarin A and roridin A (1 or 2 ppm in water) were treated with 200, 500, or 1000 ppm ClO2 for up to 116 h at room temperature in light and dark conditions ( N = 9 per treatment for test and control). A yeast assay using Kluyveromyces marxianus was used to quantify the toxicity of verrucarin A and roridin A. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography was performed on selected samples. Results for the first experiment showed that ClO2 treatment had no detectable effect on either toxin. For the second experiment, both toxins were completely inactivated at all tested concentrations in as little as 2 h after treatment with 1000 ppm ClO2. For verrucarin A, an effect was seen at the 500 ppm level, but this effect was not as strong as that observed at the 1000 ppm level. Roridin A toxicity was decreased after treatment with 200 and 500 ppm ClO2, but this was not significant until the 24-h exposure time was reached. These data show that ClO2 (in solution) can be effective for detoxification of roridin A or verrucarin A at selected concentrations and exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wilson
- Center for Indoor Air Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA.
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Eitzinger C, Ehrlenbach S, Lindner H, Kremser L, Gottardi W, Debabov D, Anderson M, Nagl M, Orth D. N-chlorotaurine, a long-lived oxidant produced by human leukocytes, inactivates Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47105. [PMID: 23139739 PMCID: PMC3491008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT), the main representative of long-lived oxidants produced by granulocytes and monocytes, is known to exert broad-spectrum microbicidal activity. Here we show that NCT directly inactivates Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), used as a model toxin secreted by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Bacterial growth and Stx2 production were both inhibited by 2 mM NCT. The cytotoxic effect of Stx2 on Vero cells was removed by ≥5.5 mM NCT. Confocal microscopy and FACS analyses showed that the binding of Stx2 to human kidney glomerular endothelial cells was inhibited, and no NCT-treated Stx2 entered the cytosol. Mass spectrometry displayed oxidation of thio groups and aromatic amino acids of Stx2 by NCT. Therefore, long-lived oxidants may act as powerful tools of innate immunity against soluble virulence factors of pathogens. Moreover, inactivation of virulence factors may contribute to therapeutic success of NCT and novel analogs, which are in development as topical antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eitzinger
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Ehrlenbach
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Waldemar Gottardi
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dmitri Debabov
- NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Anderson
- NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Markus Nagl
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Dorothea Orth
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Safara M, Zaini F, Hashemi SJ, Mahmoudi M, Khosravi AR, Shojai-Aliabadi F. Aflatoxin Detoxification in Rice using Citric Acid. Iran J Public Health 2010; 39:24-9. [PMID: 23113003 PMCID: PMC3481757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins cause health hazards to human and animals and has also economical problems. Therefore, the detoxification effect of citric acid was investigated in rice as the main food of Iranian people. METHODS Initially 275 samples of rice were examined for aflatoxins by HPLC. The aflatoxins contaminated samples were later treated by aqueous citric acid and detoxification of aflatoxins were quantified using HPLC. RESULTS Among the 275 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin B(2) were detected in 211(76.72% of total) samples. Aflatoxin B(1) was detected in 203(73.82% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 2.3±10.21ppb. Aflatoxin B(2) together with aflatoxin B(1) were detected in only 8(2.91% of total) samples with a mean and standard deviation of 1.38±2.7ppb of aflatoxin B(2) and 2.99±1.56 of aflatoxin B(1) respectively. Aflatoxin B(1) level in 5 samples (1.82%) was above the maximum tolerated level of aflatoxin B(1) in Iran (5ppb). However considering the Iranian maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (30ppb), only 3(1.09%) samples were above the 30ppb and also in regard to the European maximum tolerated level for aflatoxins in rice (4ppb), only 9(3.27%) samples were considered as higher than 4ppb. CONCLUSION The HPLC assay showed that although aflatoxins with a concentration of <30 and <4 ppb in the rice samples were completely degraded, but 97.22% degradation occurred in rice contaminated with ≥30 and ≥4ppb when treated with 1N citric acid. These results revealed the efficacy of 1N citric acid in reducing aflatoxins levels in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Safara
- Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - F Zaini
- Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - SJ Hashemi
- Dept. of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - M Mahmoudi
- Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - AR Khosravi
- Dept. of Veterinary Mycology, School of Veterinary, Tehran University, Iran
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Wilson SC, Wu C, Andriychuk LA, Martin JM, Brasel TL, Jumper CA, Straus DC. Effect of chlorine dioxide gas on fungi and mycotoxins associated with sick building syndrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5399-403. [PMID: 16151130 PMCID: PMC1214660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5399-5403.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. Filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of Stachybotrys chartarum, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 or 1,000 ppm for 24 h. C. globosum was exposed to the gas both as colonies and as ascospores without asci and perithecia. After treatment, all organisms were tested for colony growth using an agar plating technique. Colonies of S. chartarum were also tested for toxicity using a yeast toxicity assay with a high specificity for trichothecene mycotoxins. Results showed that chlorine dioxide gas at both concentrations completely inactivated all organisms except for C. globosum colonies which were inactivated an average of 89%. More than 99% of ascospores of C. globosum were nonculturable. For all ascospore counts, mean test readings were lower than the controls (P < 0.001), indicating that some ascospores may also have been destroyed. Colonies of S. chartarum were still toxic after treatment. These data show that chlorine dioxide gas can be effective to a degree as a fumigant for the inactivation of certain fungal colonies, that the perithecia of C. globosum can play a slightly protective role for the ascospores and that S. chartarum, while affected by the fumigation treatment, still remains toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wilson
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine current health care literature (1980-2000) regarding the microbiology of the home environment, to summarize evidence of transmission within the home, and to assess effectiveness of cleaning practices and products. The home environment, particularly the kitchen and bathroom, serves as a reservoir of large numbers of microorganisms, particularly Enterobacteriacae, and infectious disease transmission has been demonstrated to occur in 6-60% of households in which one member is ill. Current food preparation and cleaning practices provide multiple opportunities for intra-household member spread. Routine cleaning is often sufficient, but in cases of household infection, may not adequately reduce environmental contamination. The effectiveness of disinfectants varies considerably and depends on how they are used as well as their intrinsic efficacy. The behavioral aspects of infection prevention in the home (e.g., foodhandling and cleaning practices) warrant increased public attention and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori J. Kagan
- Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elaine Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032
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Valcarcel R, Bennett JW, Vitanza J. Effect of selected inhibitors on growth, pigmentation, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycopathologia 1986; 94:7-10. [PMID: 3724834 DOI: 10.1007/bf00437255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have treated a wild type strain of Aspergillus parasiticus with several known aflatoxin inhibitors in hopes of finding specific metabolic blocks in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. In defined medium, benzoic acid (2 and 3 mg/ml), cinnamon (1 mg/ml), and sodium acetate (5 mg/ml) were fungitoxic. Benzoic acid (0.5 and 1 mg/ml), chlorox (5 microliters/ml), and dimethyl sulfoxide (5 microliters/ml) did not affect dry weight or mycelial pigmentation. Sodium benzoate (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/ml) added after 2 days growth inhibited aflatoxin production in two defined media. We were unable to confirm previously published reports that an uncharacterized yellow pigment accumulates with benzoate-inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis.
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