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Kim J, Li CL, Chen X, Cui Y, Golebiowski FM, Wang H, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K, Yang W. Lesion recognition by XPC, TFIIH and XPA in DNA excision repair. Nature 2023; 617:170-175. [PMID: 37076618 PMCID: PMC10416759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair removes DNA lesions caused by ultraviolet light, cisplatin-like compounds and bulky adducts1. After initial recognition by XPC in global genome repair or a stalled RNA polymerase in transcription-coupled repair, damaged DNA is transferred to the seven-subunit TFIIH core complex (Core7) for verification and dual incisions by the XPF and XPG nucleases2. Structures capturing lesion recognition by the yeast XPC homologue Rad4 and TFIIH in transcription initiation or DNA repair have been separately reported3-7. How two different lesion recognition pathways converge and how the XPB and XPD helicases of Core7 move the DNA lesion for verification are unclear. Here we report on structures revealing DNA lesion recognition by human XPC and DNA lesion hand-off from XPC to Core7 and XPA. XPA, which binds between XPB and XPD, kinks the DNA duplex and shifts XPC and the DNA lesion by nearly a helical turn relative to Core7. The DNA lesion is thus positioned outside of Core7, as would occur with RNA polymerase. XPB and XPD, which track the lesion-containing strand but translocate DNA in opposite directions, push and pull the lesion-containing strand into XPD for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia-Lung Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanxiang Cui
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Filip M Golebiowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Roche Polska, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Huaibin Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center and Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Le J, Min JH. Structural modeling and analyses of genetic variations in the human XPC nucleotide excision repair protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13535-13562. [PMID: 36890638 PMCID: PMC10485178 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2177349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) is a key initiator in the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway in mammalian cells. Inherited mutations in the XPC gene can cause xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cancer predisposition syndrome that dramatically increases the susceptibility to sunlight-induced cancers. Various genetic variants and mutations of the protein have been reported in cancer databases and literature. The current lack of a high-resolution 3-D structure of human XPC makes it difficult to assess the structural impact of the mutations/genetic variations. Using the available high-resolution crystal structure of its yeast ortholog, Rad4, we built a homology model of human XPC protein and compared it with a model generated by AlphaFold. The two models are largely consistent with each other in the structured domains. We have also assessed the degree of conservation for each residue using 966 sequences of XPC orthologs. Our structure- and sequence conservation-based assessments largely agree with the variant's impact on the protein's structural stability, computed by FoldX and SDM. Known XP missense mutations such as Y585C, W690S, and C771Y are consistently predicted to destabilize the protein's structure. Our analyses also reveal several highly conserved hydrophobic regions that are surface-exposed, which may indicate novel intermolecular interfaces that are yet to be characterized.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Le
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Min
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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3
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Kusakabe M, Kakumu E, Kurihara F, Tsuchida K, Maeda T, Tada H, Kusao K, Kato A, Yasuda T, Matsuda T, Nakao M, Yokoi M, Sakai W, Sugasawa K. Histone deacetylation regulates nucleotide excision repair through an interaction with the XPC protein. iScience 2022; 25:104040. [PMID: 35330687 PMCID: PMC8938288 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The XPC protein complex plays a central role in DNA lesion recognition for global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). Lesion recognition can be accomplished in either a UV-DDB-dependent or -independent manner; however, it is unclear how these sub-pathways are regulated in chromatin. Here, we show that histone deacetylases 1 and 2 facilitate UV-DDB-independent recruitment of XPC to DNA damage by inducing histone deacetylation. XPC localizes to hypoacetylated chromatin domains in a DNA damage-independent manner, mediated by its structurally disordered middle (M) region. The M region interacts directly with the N-terminal tail of histone H3, an interaction compromised by H3 acetylation. Although the M region is dispensable for in vitro NER, it promotes DNA damage removal by GG-NER in vivo, particularly in the absence of UV-DDB. We propose that histone deacetylation around DNA damage facilitates the recruitment of XPC through the M region, contributing to efficient lesion recognition and initiation of GG-NER. Histone deacetylation by HDAC1/2 promotes the DNA lesion recognition by XPC The HDAC1/2 activators, MTA proteins, also promote the recruitment of XPC XPC tends to localize in hypoacetylated chromatin independently of DNA damage Disordered middle region of XPC interacts with histone H3 tail and promotes GG-NER
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4
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Apelt K, Lans H, Schärer OD, Luijsterburg MS. Nucleotide excision repair leaves a mark on chromatin: DNA damage detection in nucleosomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7925-7942. [PMID: 34731255 PMCID: PMC8629891 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) eliminates a broad spectrum of DNA lesions from genomic DNA. Genomic DNA is tightly wrapped around histones creating a barrier for DNA repair proteins to access DNA lesions buried in nucleosomal DNA. The DNA-damage sensors XPC and DDB2 recognize DNA lesions in nucleosomal DNA and initiate repair. The emerging view is that a tight interplay between XPC and DDB2 is regulated by post-translational modifications on the damage sensors themselves as well as on chromatin containing DNA lesions. The choreography between XPC and DDB2, their interconnection with post-translational modifications such as ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, methylation, poly(ADP-ribos)ylation, acetylation, and the functional links with chromatin remodelling activities regulate not only the initial recognition of DNA lesions in nucleosomes, but also the downstream recruitment and necessary displacement of GG-NER factors as repair progresses. In this review, we highlight how nucleotide excision repair leaves a mark on chromatin to enable DNA damage detection in nucleosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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5
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Chen H, Wu P, Deng Z, Deng G, Zheng Y, Li G, Yuan L, Xu Y. The correlation between polymorphisms in the XPC gene and glioma susceptibility in a Chinese pediatric population. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:1896-1904. [PMID: 34430438 PMCID: PMC8349950 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous study revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coding genes play a key role in tumorigenesis, genetic disorders, and drug resistance. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein is a key DNA damage recognition factor that is required for maintaining the genomic stability. However, the correlation between XPC polymorphisms and glioma susceptibility is still unclear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between XPC polymorphisms and pediatric glioma susceptibility. METHODS A total of 399 participants (171 glioma patients and 228 controls) were enrolled to evaluate the correlation between XPC polymorphism and pediatric glioma susceptibility. The count data of two groups was analyzed by chi-squared (χ2) test. Moreover, logistic regression was used to assess the strength of XPC polymorphisms associated with glioma susceptibility. RESULTS We identified that XPC rs1870134 G>C reduced pediatric glioma susceptibility. Compared to participants with rs1870134 GG/GC genotypes, those with rs1870134 CC genotype had a significantly lower risk for glioma [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01 to 0.78, P=0.028]. Patients with 4-5 genotypes have higher risk of glioma than those with 0-3 genotypes (AOR =1.59, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.43, P=0.031). The stratified analysis showed that the risky effects of rs2228000 CT/TT genotypes and rs2229090 GC/CC genotypes were more predominant among children aged ≥60 months, astrocytic tumors, and clinical stage I. CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that XPC polymorphisms had a statistically significant correlation with pediatric glioma susceptibility in a Chinese population. The XPC rs2228000 CT/TT and rs2229090 GC/CC genotypes could both increase the risk of pediatric glioma in subgroups with females, astrocytic tumors, and clinical stage I. The XPC polymorphism has potential to be a useful adjunct method to screen pediatric glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuorong Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihuan Huang
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Chen
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Deng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaoyan Deng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqin Zheng
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyuan Li
- Department of Comprehensive and Emergency Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Kumar N, Raja S, Van Houten B. The involvement of nucleotide excision repair proteins in the removal of oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11227-11243. [PMID: 33010169 PMCID: PMC7672477 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The six major mammalian DNA repair pathways were discovered as independent processes, each dedicated to remove specific types of lesions, but the past two decades have brought into focus the significant interplay between these pathways. In particular, several studies have demonstrated that certain proteins of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) pathways work in a cooperative manner in the removal of oxidative lesions. This review focuses on recent data showing how the NER proteins, XPA, XPC, XPG, CSA, CSB and UV-DDB, work to stimulate known glycosylases involved in the removal of certain forms of base damage resulting from oxidative processes, and also discusses how some oxidative lesions are probably directly repaired through NER. Finally, since many glycosylases are inhibited from working on damage in the context of chromatin, we detail how we believe UV-DDB may be the first responder in altering the structure of damage containing-nucleosomes, allowing access to BER enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Kumar
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sripriya Raja
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bennett Van Houten
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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7
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Sassa A, Tada H, Takeishi A, Harada K, Suzuki M, Tsuda M, Sasanuma H, Takeda S, Sugasawa K, Yasui M, Honma M, Ura K. Processing of a single ribonucleotide embedded into DNA by human nucleotide excision repair and DNA polymerase η. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13910. [PMID: 31558768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases often incorporate non-canonical nucleotide, i.e., ribonucleoside triphosphates into the genomic DNA. Aberrant accumulation of ribonucleotides in the genome causes various cellular abnormalities. Here, we show the possible role of human nucleotide excision repair (NER) and DNA polymerase η (Pol η) in processing of a single ribonucleotide embedded into DNA. We found that the reconstituted NER system can excise the oxidized ribonucleotide on the plasmid DNA. Taken together with the evidence that Pol η accurately bypasses a ribonucleotide, i.e., riboguanosine (rG) or its oxidized derivative (8-oxo-rG) in vitro, we further assessed the mutagenic potential of the embedded ribonucleotide in human cells lacking NER or Pol η. A single rG on the supF reporter gene predominantly induced large deletion mutations. An embedded 8-oxo-rG caused base substitution mutations at the 3′-neighboring base rather than large deletions in wild-type cells. The disruption of XPA, an essential factor for NER, or Pol η leads to the increased mutant frequency of 8-oxo-rG. Furthermore, the frequency of 8-oxo-rG-mediated large deletions was increased by the loss of Pol η, but not XPA. Collectively, our results suggest that base oxidation of the embedded ribonucleotide enables processing of the ribonucleotide via alternative DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways.
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8
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9
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Calses PC, Dhillon KK, Tucker N, Chi Y, Huang JW, Kawasumi M, Nghiem P, Wang Y, Clurman BE, Jacquemont C, Gafken PR, Sugasawa K, Saijo M, Taniguchi T. DGCR8 Mediates Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage Independently of RNA Processing. Cell Rep 2017; 19:162-174. [PMID: 28380355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a carcinogen that generates DNA lesions. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected role for DGCR8, an RNA binding protein that canonically functions with Drosha to mediate microRNA processing, in the repair of UV-induced DNA lesions. Treatment with UV induced phosphorylation on serine 153 (S153) of DGCR8 in both human and murine cells. S153 phosphorylation was critical for cellular resistance to UV, the removal of UV-induced DNA lesions, and the recovery of RNA synthesis after UV exposure but not for microRNA expression. The RNA-binding and Drosha-binding activities of DGCR8 were not critical for UV resistance. DGCR8 depletion was epistatic to defects in XPA, CSA, and CSB for UV sensitivity. DGCR8 physically interacted with CSB and RNA polymerase II. JNKs were involved in the UV-induced S153 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that UV-induced S153 phosphorylation mediates transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA lesions in a manner independent of microRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philamer C Calses
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - Kiranjit K Dhillon
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Nyka Tucker
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Yong Chi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - Masaoki Kawasumi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109-4714, USA
| | - Yemin Wang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Bruce E Clurman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Celine Jacquemont
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Philip R Gafken
- Proteomics Core Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., DE-352, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masafumi Saijo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., C1-015, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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10
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Balbo Pogliano C, Gatti M, Rüthemann P, Garajovà Z, Penengo L, Naegeli H. ASH1L histone methyltransferase regulates the handoff between damage recognition factors in global-genome nucleotide excision repair. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1333. [PMID: 29109511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global-genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) prevents ultraviolet (UV) light-induced skin cancer by removing mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). These lesions are formed abundantly on DNA wrapped around histone octamers in nucleosomes, but a specialized damage sensor known as DDB2 ensures that they are accessed by the XPC initiator of GG-NER activity. We report that DDB2 promotes CPD excision by recruiting the histone methyltransferase ASH1L, which methylates lysine 4 of histone H3. In turn, methylated H3 facilitates the docking of the XPC complex to nucleosomal histone octamers. Consequently, DDB2, ASH1L and XPC proteins co-localize transiently on histone H3-methylated nucleosomes of UV-exposed cells. In the absence of ASH1L, the chromatin binding of XPC is impaired and its ability to recruit downstream GG-NER effectors diminished. Also, ASH1L depletion suppresses CPD excision and confers UV hypersensitivity. These findings show that ASH1L configures chromatin for the effective handoff between damage recognition factors during GG-NER activity.
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11
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Ho JJ, Cattoglio C, McSwiggen DT, Tjian R, Fong YW. Regulation of DNA demethylation by the XPC DNA repair complex in somatic and pluripotent stem cells. Genes Dev 2017; 31:830-844. [PMID: 28512237 PMCID: PMC5435894 DOI: 10.1101/gad.295741.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Ho et al. research the mechanism by which TDG-dependent DNA demethylation occurs in a rapid and site-specific manner. Their findings demonstrate two distinct but complementary mechanisms by which XPC influences gene regulation by coordinating efficient TDG-mediated DNA demethylation along with active transcription during somatic cell reprogramming. Faithful resetting of the epigenetic memory of a somatic cell to a pluripotent state during cellular reprogramming requires DNA methylation to silence somatic gene expression and dynamic DNA demethylation to activate pluripotency gene transcription. The removal of methylated cytosines requires the base excision repair enzyme TDG, but the mechanism by which TDG-dependent DNA demethylation occurs in a rapid and site-specific manner remains unclear. Here we show that the XPC DNA repair complex is a potent accelerator of global and locus-specific DNA demethylation in somatic and pluripotent stem cells. XPC cooperates with TDG genome-wide to stimulate the turnover of essential intermediates by overcoming slow TDG–abasic product dissociation during active DNA demethylation. We further establish that DNA demethylation induced by XPC expression in somatic cells overcomes an early epigenetic barrier in cellular reprogramming and facilitates the generation of more robust induced pluripotent stem cells, characterized by enhanced pluripotency-associated gene expression and self-renewal capacity. Taken together with our previous studies establishing the XPC complex as a transcriptional coactivator, our findings underscore two distinct but complementary mechanisms by which XPC influences gene regulation by coordinating efficient TDG-mediated DNA demethylation along with active transcription during somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn J Ho
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T McSwiggen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yick W Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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12
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Gu Y, Chang X, Dai S, Song Q, Zhao H, Lei P. Identification of four novel XPC mutations in two xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C patients and functional study of XPC Q320X mutant. Gene 2017; 628:162-169. [PMID: 28669926 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, recessive hereditary disease characterized by sunlight hypersensitivity and high incidence of skin cancer with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We collected two unrelated Chinese patients showing typical symptoms of XPC without neurologic symptoms. Direct sequencing of XPC gene revealed that patient 1 carried IVS1+1G>A and c.958 C>T mutations, and patient 2 carried c.545_546delTA and c.2257_2258insC mutations. All these four mutations introduced premature terminal codons (PTCs) in XPC gene. The nonsense mutation c.958 C>T yielded truncated mutant Q320X, and we studied its function for global genome repair kinetics. Overexpressed Q320X mutant can localize to site of DNA damage, but it is defective in CPD and 6-4PP repair. Readthrough of PTCs is a new approach to treatment of genetic diseases. We found that aminoglycosides could significantly increase the full length protein expression of Q320X mutant, but NER defects were not rescued in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongshan Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Human Disease Genomics Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengcheng Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Kakumu E, Nakanishi S, Shiratori HM, Kato A, Kobayashi W, Machida S, Yasuda T, Adachi N, Saito N, Ikura T, Kurumizaka H, Kimura H, Yokoi M, Sakai W, Sugasawa K. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein interacts with histones: regulation by acetylated states of histone H3. Genes Cells 2017; 22:310-327. [PMID: 28233440 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway, two damage recognition factors, XPC and UV-DDB, play pivotal roles in the initiation of the repair reaction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of the lesion recognition process in the context of chromatin structures remain to be understood. Here, we show evidence that damage recognition factors tend to associate with chromatin regions devoid of certain types of acetylated histones. Treatment of cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors retarded recruitment of XPC to sites of UV-induced DNA damage and the subsequent repair process. Biochemical studies showed novel multifaceted interactions of XPC with histone H3, which were profoundly impaired by deletion of the N-terminal tail of histone H3. In addition, histone H1 also interacted with XPC. Importantly, acetylation of histone H3 markedly attenuated the interaction with XPC in vitro, and local UV irradiation of cells decreased the level of H3K27ac in the damaged areas. Our results suggest that histone deacetylation plays a significant role in the process of DNA damage recognition for nucleotide excision repair and that the localization and functions of XPC can be regulated by acetylated states of histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kakumu
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Seiya Nakanishi
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromi M Shiratori
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akari Kato
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikura
- Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoi
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Division of Genomic Functions and Dynamics, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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14
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Uribe-Bojanini E, Hernandez-Quiceno S, Cock-Rada AM. Xeroderma Pigmentosum with Severe Neurological Manifestations/De Sanctis-Cacchione Syndrome and a Novel XPC Mutation. Case Rep Med 2017; 2017:7162737. [PMID: 28255305 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7162737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic disorders caused by defective nucleotide excision repair that affect the skin and the nervous system have been described, including Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP), De Sanctis–Cacchione syndrome (DSC), Cockayne syndrome, and Trichothiodystrophy. Cutaneous photosensitivity with an increased risk of skin malignancy is a common feature of these disorders, but clinical manifestations commonly overlap these syndromes. Several genes have been found to be altered in these pathologies, but we lack more genotype-phenotype correlations in order to make an accurate diagnosis. Very few cases of DSC syndrome have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 12-year-old Colombian male, with multiple skin lesions in sun-exposed areas from the age of 3 months and a history of 15 skin cancers. He also displayed severe neurologic abnormalities (intellectual disability, ataxia, altered speech, and hyperreflexia), short stature, and microcephaly, which are features associated with DSC. Genetic testing revealed a novel germline mutation in the XP-C gene (c.547A>T). This is the first case of an XP-C mutation causing De Sanctis–Cacchione syndrome. Multigene panel testing is becoming more widely available and accessible in the clinical setting and will help rapidly unveil the molecular etiology of these rare genetic disorders.
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15
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Rafiq R, Bhat GA, Lone MM, Masood A, Dar NA. Potential risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma due to nucleotide excision repair XPA and XPC gene variants and their interaction among themselves and with environmental factors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10193-207. [PMID: 26831662 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of nucleotide excision repair (NER) gene polymorphisms with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is inconclusive. The aim of the current study was to assess the association of repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) (rs-1800975) and xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) (rs-2228000) polymorphisms with ESCC risk as well as modifying effects of environmental factors. The genotyping was done in 450 confirmed ESCC cases and equal number of individually matched controls by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and direct sequencing methods. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the genotypic associations and interactions. A high ESCC risk was found in subjects who carried the homozygous minor allele of XPA (odds ratio (OR) = 3.57; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.76-7.23), and the risk was higher when analysis was limited to participants who were ever smokers (OR = 4.22; 95 % CI = 2.01-8.88), lived in adobe houses (OR = 8.42; 95 % CI = 3.74-18.95), consumed large volumes of salt tea (OR = 7.42; 95 % CI = 3.30-16.69), or had a positive family history of cancer (FHC) (OR = 9.47; 95 % CI = 4.67-19.20). In case of XPC, a homozygous minor allele also showed strong association with ESCC risk (OR = 4.43; 95 % CI = 2.41-8.16). We again observed a very strong effect of the above environmental factors in elevating the risk of ESCC. Further, the variant genotypes of both genes in combination showed an increased risk towards ESCC (OR = 7.01; 95 % CI = 3.14-15.64) and such association was synergistically significant. Salt tea consumption showed an interaction with genotypes of XPA and XPC. However, an interaction with FHC was significant in the case of XPA genotype only. XPA and XPC genotypes are associated with an increased risk of ESCC, and such association was reasonably modulated by different exposures.
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16
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Zhang ET, He Y, Grob P, Fong YW, Nogales E, Tjian R. Architecture of the human XPC DNA repair and stem cell coactivator complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14817-22. [PMID: 26627236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520104112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) complex is a versatile factor involved in both nucleotide excision repair and transcriptional coactivation as a critical component of the NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 pluripotency gene regulatory network. Here we present the structure of the human holo-XPC complex determined by single-particle electron microscopy to reveal a flexible, ear-shaped structure that undergoes localized loss of order upon DNA binding. We also determined the structure of the complete yeast homolog Rad4 holo-complex to find a similar overall architecture to the human complex, consistent with their shared DNA repair functions. Localized differences between these structures reflect an intriguing phylogenetic divergence in transcriptional capabilities that we present here. Having positioned the constituent subunits by tagging and deletion, we propose a model of key interaction interfaces that reveals the structural basis for this difference in functional conservation. Together, our findings establish a framework for understanding the structure-function relationships of the XPC complex in the interplay between transcription and DNA repair.
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17
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Akita M, Tak YS, Shimura T, Matsumoto S, Okuda-Shimizu Y, Shimizu Y, Nishi R, Saitoh H, Iwai S, Mori T, Ikura T, Sakai W, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K. SUMOylation of xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein regulates DNA damage recognition during nucleotide excision repair. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10984. [PMID: 26042670 PMCID: PMC4455304 DOI: 10.1038/srep10984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein complex is a key factor that detects DNA damage and initiates nucleotide excision repair (NER) in mammalian cells. Although biochemical and structural studies have elucidated the interaction of XPC with damaged DNA, the mechanism of its regulation in vivo remains to be understood in more details. Here, we show that the XPC protein undergoes modification by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins and the lack of this modification compromises the repair of UV-induced DNA photolesions. In the absence of SUMOylation, XPC is normally recruited to the sites with photolesions, but then immobilized profoundly by the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB) complex. Since the absence of UV-DDB alleviates the NER defect caused by impaired SUMOylation of XPC, we propose that this modification is critical for functional interactions of XPC with UV-DDB, which facilitate the efficient damage handover between the two damage recognition factors and subsequent initiation of NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Akita
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yon-Soo Tak
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shimura
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Syota Matsumoto
- 1] Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryotaro Nishi
- 1] Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Cellular Physiology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hisato Saitoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikura
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- 1] Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- 1] Cellular Physiology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan [2] Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- 1] Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [3] Cellular Physiology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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18
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Cattoglio C, Zhang ET, Grubisic I, Chiba K, Fong YW, Tjian R. Functional and mechanistic studies of XPC DNA-repair complex as transcriptional coactivator in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2317-26. [PMID: 25901318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505569112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell (ESC) state is transcriptionally controlled by OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG with cofactors, chromatin regulators, noncoding RNAs, and other effectors of signaling pathways. Uncovering components of these regulatory circuits and their interplay provides the knowledge base to deploy ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells. We recently identified the DNA-repair complex xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC)-RAD23B-CETN2 as a stem cell coactivator (SCC) required for OCT4/SOX2 transcriptional activation. Here we investigate the role of SCC genome-wide in murine ESCs by mapping regions bound by RAD23B and analyzing transcriptional profiles of SCC-depleted ESCs. We establish OCT4 and SOX2 as the primary transcription factors recruiting SCC to regulatory regions of pluripotency genes and identify the XPC subunit as essential for interaction with the two proteins. The present study reveals new mechanistic and functional aspects of SCC transcriptional activity, and thus underscores the diversified functions of this regulatory complex.
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19
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Matsumoto S, Fischer ES, Yasuda T, Dohmae N, Iwai S, Mori T, Nishi R, Yoshino KI, Sakai W, Hanaoka F, Thomä NH, Sugasawa K. Functional regulation of the DNA damage-recognition factor DDB2 by ubiquitination and interaction with xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1700-13. [PMID: 25628365 PMCID: PMC4330392 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian nucleotide excision repair, the DDB1-DDB2 complex recognizes UV-induced DNA photolesions and facilitates recruitment of the XPC complex. Upon binding to damaged DNA, the Cullin 4 ubiquitin ligase associated with DDB1-DDB2 is activated and ubiquitinates DDB2 and XPC. The structurally disordered N-terminal tail of DDB2 contains seven lysines identified as major sites for ubiquitination that target the protein for proteasomal degradation; however, the precise biological functions of these modifications remained unknown. By exogenous expression of mutant DDB2 proteins in normal human fibroblasts, here we show that the N-terminal tail of DDB2 is involved in regulation of cellular responses to UV. By striking contrast with behaviors of exogenous DDB2, the endogenous DDB2 protein was stabilized even after UV irradiation as a function of the XPC expression level. Furthermore, XPC competitively suppressed ubiquitination of DDB2 in vitro, and this effect was significantly promoted by centrin-2, which augments the DNA damage-recognition activity of XPC. Based on these findings, we propose that in cells exposed to UV, DDB2 is protected by XPC from ubiquitination and degradation in a stochastic manner; thus XPC allows DDB2 to initiate multiple rounds of repair events, thereby contributing to the persistence of cellular DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syota Matsumoto
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nishi
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshino
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Nicolas H Thomä
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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20
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Feltes BC, Bonatto D. Overview of xeroderma pigmentosum proteins architecture, mutations and post-translational modifications. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2014; 763:306-20. [PMID: 25795128 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group proteins (XPs), which include XPA through XPG, play a critical role in coordinating and promoting global genome and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER and TC-NER, respectively) pathways in eukaryotic cells. GG-NER and TC-NER are both required for the repair of bulky DNA lesions, such as those induced by UV radiation. Mutations in genes that encode XPs lead to the clinical condition xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Although the roles of XPs in the GG-NER/TC-NER subpathways have been extensively studied, complete knowledge of their three-dimensional structure is only beginning to emerge. Hence, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of mapped mutations and other structural information on XP proteins that influence their function and protein-protein interactions. We also review the possible post-translational modifications for each protein and the impact of these modifications on XP protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Feltes
- Biotechnology Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Biotechnology Center of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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21
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Guthrie JW, Limmer RT, Brooks EA, Wisnewski CC, Loggins-Davis ND, Bouzid A. Simultaneous detection of ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 853:676-681. [PMID: 25467517 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An immunoassay based on CE-LIF was developed for the simultaneous detection of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs) in genomic DNA irradiated with UVB or natural sunlight. Human cells were first exposed to varying amounts of UVB or natural sunlight to induce DNA damage. Genomic DNA was extracted and incubated with anti-CPD and anti-6-4PP primary antibodies attached to secondary antibodies with a fluorescent quantum dot (QD) reporter that emitted either red or yellow fluorescence. CE was used to separate the unbound antibodies from those bound to the photoproducts, and LIF with appropriate optical filters was used to separate the fluorescence signals from each QD to individual photomultiplier tubes for simultaneous photoproduct detection. Using this strategy, photoproducts were detected from ∼6 ng (200 ng μL(-1)) of DNA under a low UVB fluence of 65 J m(-2) for CPDs or 195 J m(-2) for 6-4PPs. This assay was also the first to demonstrate the detection of CPDs in human cells after only 15 min of irradiation under natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Guthrie
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
| | - Robert T Limmer
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Eric A Brooks
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Chelsea C Wisnewski
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Nnekia D Loggins-Davis
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Abderraouf Bouzid
- 541 Mark Jefferson Science Complex, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
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22
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Iwai S. Preparation of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing the pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct by using a dinucleotide building block. Curr Protoc Nucleic Acid Chem 2013; Chapter 4:4.56.1-4.56.18. [PMID: 23775809 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0456s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes procedures for the synthesis of a dinucleotide-type building block of the pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproduct [(6-4) photoproduct], which is one of the major DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet (UV) light, and its incorporation into oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Although this type of lesion is frequently found at thymine-cytosine sites, the building block of the (6-4) photoproduct formed at thymine-thymine sites can be synthesized much more easily. The problem in the oligonucleotide synthesis is that the (6-4) photoproduct is labile under alkaline conditions. Therefore, building blocks with an amino-protecting group that can be removed by a brief treatment with ammonia water at room temperature must be used for the incorporation of the normal bases. Byproduct formation by the coupling of phosphoramidites with the N3 of the 5' component should also be considered. This side reaction can be avoided by using benzimidazolium triflate as an activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Iwai
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Li T, Wang Z, Zhao Y, He W, An L, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang H, Hang H. Checkpoint protein Rad9 plays an important role in nucleotide excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:284-92. [PMID: 23433811 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rad9, an evolutionarily conserved checkpoint gene with multiple functions for preserving genomic integrity, has been shown to play important roles in homologous recombination repair, base excision repair and mismatch repair. However, whether Rad9 has an impact on nucleotide excision repair remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that Rad9 was involved in nucleotide excision repair and loss of Rad9 led to defective removal of the UV-derived photoproduct 6-4PP (6,4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone) and the BPDE (anti-benzo(a)pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide)-DNA adducts in mammalian cells. We also demonstrated that Rad9 could co-localize with XPC in response to local UV irradiation. However, our data showed that Rad9 was not required for the photoproducts recognition step of nucleotide excision repair. Further investigation revealed that reduction of Rad9 reduced the UV-induced transcription of the genes of the nucleotide excision repair factors DDB2, XPC, DDB1 and XPB and DDB2 protein levels in human cells. Interestingly, knockdown of one subunit of DNA damage recognition complex, hHR23B impaired Rad9-loading onto UV-damaged chromatin. Based on these results, we suggest that Rad9 plays an important role in nucleotide excision repair through mechanisms including maintaining DDB2 protein level in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiepeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Gong S. An association between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and the risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:973-82. [PMID: 23269608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymorphism Lys939Gln in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) gene has been reported to be associated with bladder cancer in some studies, though the results remain inconclusive. To explore this relationship between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and the susceptibility for bladder cancer and the impact of smoking exposures, a cumulative meta-analysis was performed in this study. PubMed and EMBASE databases have been systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and susceptibility to bladder cancer (BC). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Thirteen studies were chosen in this meta-analysis, involving 4,927 BC cases (1,119 Asian, 2,670 Caucasian, and 1,138 mixed) and 5,185 controls (1,399 Asian, 2,629 Caucasian, and 1,157 mixed). The XPC 939Gln allele was significantly associated with increased risk of BC based on allelic contrast (OR = 1.11, 95 % CI = 1.02-1.21), homozygote comparison (OR = 1.35, 95 % CI = 1.08-1.68), and a recessive genetic model (OR = 1.36, 95 % CI = 1.09-1.68). The results from the present meta-analysis indicated that the 939Gln polymorphism in XPC is a risk factor for bladder carcinogenesis. Further large and well-designed studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Fong YW, Inouye C, Yamaguchi T, Cattoglio C, Grubisic I, Tjian R. A DNA repair complex functions as an Oct4/Sox2 coactivator in embryonic stem cells. Cell 2011; 147:120-31. [PMID: 21962512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional activators Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog cooperate with a wide array of cofactors to orchestrate an embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific gene expression program that forms the molecular basis of pluripotency. Here, we report using an unbiased in vitro transcription-biochemical complementation assay to discover a multisubunit stem cell coactivator complex (SCC) that is selectively required for the synergistic activation of the Nanog gene by Oct4 and Sox2. Purification, identification, and reconstitution of SCC revealed this coactivator to be the trimeric XPC-nucleotide excision repair complex. SCC interacts directly with Oct4 and Sox2 and is recruited to the Nanog and Oct4 promoters as well as a majority of genomic regions that are occupied by Oct4 and Sox2. Depletion of SCC/XPC compromised both pluripotency in ES cells and somatic cell reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This study identifies a transcriptional coactivator with diversified functions in maintaining ES cell pluripotency and safeguarding genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yick W Fong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Fei J, Kaczmarek N, Luch A, Glas A, Carell T, Naegeli H. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair by UV-DDB: prioritization of damage recognition to internucleosomal DNA. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001183. [PMID: 22039351 PMCID: PMC3201922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals the molecular mechanism by which the nucleotide excision repair protein DDB2 prioritises excision of UV-induced DNA lesions in the nucleosome landscape. How tightly packed chromatin is thoroughly inspected for DNA damage is one of the fundamental unanswered questions in biology. In particular, the effective excision of carcinogenic lesions caused by the ultraviolet (UV) radiation of sunlight depends on UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB), but the mechanism by which this DDB1-DDB2 heterodimer stimulates DNA repair remained enigmatic. We hypothesized that a distinctive function of this unique sensor is to coordinate damage recognition in the nucleosome repeat landscape of chromatin. Therefore, the nucleosomes of human cells have been dissected by micrococcal nuclease, thus revealing, to our knowledge for the first time, that UV-DDB associates preferentially with lesions in hypersensitive, hence, highly accessible internucleosomal sites joining the core particles. Surprisingly, the accompanying CUL4A ubiquitin ligase activity is necessary to retain the xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) partner at such internucleosomal repair hotspots that undergo very fast excision kinetics. This CUL4A complex thereby counteracts an unexpected affinity of XPC for core particles that are less permissive than hypersensitive sites to downstream repair subunits. That UV-DDB also adopts a ubiquitin-independent function is evidenced by domain mapping and in situ protein dynamics studies, revealing direct but transient interactions that promote a thermodynamically unfavorable β-hairpin insertion of XPC into substrate DNA. We conclude that the evolutionary advent of UV-DDB correlates with the need for a spatiotemporal organizer of XPC positioning in higher eukaryotic chromatin. Like all molecules in living organisms, DNA undergoes spontaneous decay and is constantly under attack by endogenous and environmental agents. Unlike other molecules, however, DNA—the blueprint of heredity—cannot be re-created de novo; it can only be copied. The original blueprint must therefore remain pristine. All kinds of DNA damage pose a health hazard. DNA lesions induced by the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight, for example, can lead to skin aging and skin cancer. A repair process known as nucleotide excision repair (NER) is dedicated to correcting this UV damage. Although the enzymatic steps of this repair process are known in detail, we still do not understand how it copes with the native situation in the cell, where the DNA is tightly wrapped around protein spools called nucleosomes. Our study has revealed the molecular mechanism by which an enigmatic component of NER called UV-DDB stimulates excision of UV-induced lesions in the landscape of nucleosome-packaged DNA in human skin cells. In particular, we describe how this accessory protein prioritizes, in space and time, which UV lesions in packaged DNA to target for repair by NER complexes, thus optimizing the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Kaczmarek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety & Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Glas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Pascucci B, D'Errico M, Parlanti E, Giovannini S, Dogliotti E. Role of nucleotide excision repair proteins in oxidative DNA damage repair: an updating. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2011; 76:4-15. [PMID: 21568835 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair is a crucial factor in maintaining a low steady-state level of oxidative DNA damage. Base excision repair (BER) has an important role in preventing the deleterious effects of oxidative DNA damage, but recent evidence points to the involvement of several repair pathways in this process. Oxidative damage may arise from endogenous and exogenous sources and may target nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as RNA and proteins. The importance of preventing mutations associated with oxidative damage is shown by a direct association between defects in BER (i.e. MYH DNA glycosylase) and colorectal cancer, but it is becoming increasingly evident that damage by highly reactive oxygen species plays also central roles in aging and neurodegeneration. Mutations in genes of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway are associated with diseases, such as xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome, that involve increased skin cancer and/or developmental and neurological symptoms. In this review we will provide an updating of the current evidence on the involvement of NER factors in the control of oxidative DNA damage and will attempt to address the issue of whether this unexpected role may unlock the difficult puzzle of the pathogenesis of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pascucci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy.
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Clement FC, Kaczmarek N, Mathieu N, Tomas M, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Dissection of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein function by site-directed mutagenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2479-90. [PMID: 20649465 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein is a sensor of helix-distorting DNA lesions, the function of which is to trigger the global genome repair (GGR) pathway. Previous studies demonstrated that XPC protein operates by detecting the single-stranded character of non-hydrogen-bonded bases opposing lesion sites. This mode of action is supported by structural analyses of the yeast Rad4 homologue that identified critical side chains making close contacts with a pair of extrahelical nucleotides. Here, alanine substitutions of the respective conserved residues (N754, F756, F797, F799) in human XPC were tested for DNA-binding activity, accumulation in tracks and foci of DNA lesions, nuclear protein mobility, and the induction of downstream GGR reactions. This study discloses a dynamic interplay between XPC protein and DNA, whereby the association with one displaced nucleotide in the undamaged strand mediates the initial encounter with lesion sites. The additional flipping-out of an adjacent nucleotide is necessary to hand over the damaged site to the next GGR player. Surprisingly, this mutagenesis analysis also reveals that the rapid intranuclear trafficking of XPC protein depends on constitutive interactions with native DNA, implying that the search for base damage takes place in living cells by a facilitated diffusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flurina C Clement
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gil J, Ramsey D, Stembalska A, Karpinski P, Pesz KA, Laczmanska I, Leszczynski P, Grzebieniak Z, Sasiadek MM. The C/A polymorphism in intron 11 of the XPC gene plays a crucial role in the modulation of an individual's susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2011. [PMID: 21559836 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-0110767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data show that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent malignancy worldwide. The involvement of "minor impact genes" such as XME and DNA-repair genes in the etiology of sporadic cancer has been postulated by other authors. We focused on analyzing polymorphisms in DNA-repair genes in CRC. We considered the following genes involved in DNA-repair pathways: base excision repair (OGG1 Ser326Cys, XRCC1 Trp194Arg and Arg399Gln); nucleotide excision repair [XPA (-4)G/A, XPC C/A (i11) and A33512C (Lys939Gln), XPD Asp312Asn and A18911C (Lys751Gln), XPF Arg415Gln, XPG Asp1104His, ERCC1 C118T]; homologous recombination repair [NBS1 Glu185Gln, Rad51 135G/C, XRCC3 C18067 (Thr241Met)]. The study group consisted of 133 patients diagnosed with sporadic CRC, while the control group was composed of 100 age-matched non-cancer volunteers. Genotyping was performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Fisher's exact test with a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was used. We found that: (i) XPC C/A (i11) heterozygous variant is associated with increased risk of CRC [OR is 2.07 (95% CI 1.1391, 3.7782) P=0.038], (ii) XPD A18911C (Lys751Gln) is associated with decreased risk of CRC [OR=0.4497, (95% CI 0.2215, 0.9131) P=0.031] for an individual with at least one A allele at this locus. (1) The XPC C/A (i11) genotype is associated with an increased risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. (2) The NER pathway has been highlighted in our study, as a most important in modulation of individual susceptibility to sCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gil
- Department of Genetics, Medical University of Wroclaw, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Gil J, Ramsey D, Stembalska A, Karpinski P, Pesz KA, Laczmanska I, Leszczynski P, Grzebieniak Z, Sasiadek MM. The C/A polymorphism in intron 11 of the XPC gene plays a crucial role in the modulation of an individual's susceptibility to sporadic colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:527-34. [PMID: 21559836 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data show that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent malignancy worldwide. The involvement of "minor impact genes" such as XME and DNA-repair genes in the etiology of sporadic cancer has been postulated by other authors. We focused on analyzing polymorphisms in DNA-repair genes in CRC. We considered the following genes involved in DNA-repair pathways: base excision repair (OGG1 Ser326Cys, XRCC1 Trp194Arg and Arg399Gln); nucleotide excision repair [XPA (-4)G/A, XPC C/A (i11) and A33512C (Lys939Gln), XPD Asp312Asn and A18911C (Lys751Gln), XPF Arg415Gln, XPG Asp1104His, ERCC1 C118T]; homologous recombination repair [NBS1 Glu185Gln, Rad51 135G/C, XRCC3 C18067 (Thr241Met)]. The study group consisted of 133 patients diagnosed with sporadic CRC, while the control group was composed of 100 age-matched non-cancer volunteers. Genotyping was performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP. Fisher's exact test with a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was used. We found that: (i) XPC C/A (i11) heterozygous variant is associated with increased risk of CRC [OR is 2.07 (95% CI 1.1391, 3.7782) P=0.038], (ii) XPD A18911C (Lys751Gln) is associated with decreased risk of CRC [OR=0.4497, (95% CI 0.2215, 0.9131) P=0.031] for an individual with at least one A allele at this locus. (1) The XPC C/A (i11) genotype is associated with an increased risk of sporadic colorectal cancer. (2) The NER pathway has been highlighted in our study, as a most important in modulation of individual susceptibility to sCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gil
- Department of Genetics, Medical University of Wroclaw, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Qiao B, Ansari AH, Scott GB, Sak SC, Chambers PA, Elliott F, Teo MT, Bentley J, Churchman M, Hall J, Taylor CF, Bishop TD, Knowles MA, Kiltie AE. In vitro functional effects of XPC gene rare variants from bladder cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:516-21. [PMID: 21273643 PMCID: PMC3066418 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The XPC gene is involved in repair of bulky DNA adducts formed by carcinogenic metabolites and oxidative DNA damage, both known bladder cancer risk factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XPC have been associated with increased bladder cancer risk. Recently, rarer genetic variants have been identified but it is difficult to ascertain which are of functional importance. During a mutation screen of XPC in DNA from 33 bladder tumour samples and matched blood samples, we identified five novel variants in the patients' germ line DNA. In a case-control study of 771 bladder cancer cases and 800 controls, c.905T>C (Phe302Ser), c.1177C>T (Arg393Trp), c.*156G>A [3' untranslated region (UTR)] and c.2251-37C>A (in an intronic C>G SNP site) were found to be rare variants, with a combined odds ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0-9.8, P=0.048) for carriage of one variant. The fifth variant was a 2% minor allele frequency SNP not associated with bladder cancer. The two non-synonymous coding variants were predicted to have functional effects using analytical algorithms; a reduced recruitment of GFP-tagged XPC plasmids containing either c.905T>C or c.1177C>T to sites of 408 nm wavelength laser-induced oxidative DNA damage was found in vitro. c.*156G>A appeared to be associated with reduced messenger RNA stability in an in vitro plasmid-based assay. Although the laser microbeam assay is relevant to a range of DNA repair genes, our 3' UTR assay based on Green fluorescent protein(GFP) has widespread applicability and could be used to assess any gene. These assays may be useful in determining which rare variants are functional, prior to large genotyping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip A. Chambers
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Faye Elliott
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Mark T.W. Teo
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Michael Churchman
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Janet Hall
- INSERM U612 Bats 110-112, Centre Universitaire, Orsay 91450, France
- Institut Curie, Bats 110-112, Centre Universitaire, Orsay 91450, France
| | - Claire F. Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Genome Variation Laboratory Service, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Timothy D. Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Anne E. Kiltie
- Section of Experimental Oncology
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Rocca CJ, Poindessous V, Soares DG, Ouadrani KE, Sarasin A, Guérin E, de Gramont A, Henriques JA, Escargueil AE, Larsen AK. The NER proteins XPC and CSB, but not ERCC1, regulate the sensitivity to the novel DNA binder S23906: Implications for recognition and repair of antitumor alkylators. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:335-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cleaver JE, Lam ET, Revet I. Disorders of nucleotide excision repair: the genetic and molecular basis of heterogeneity. Nat Rev Genet 2009; 10:756-68. [PMID: 19809470 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes on the nucleotide excision repair pathway are associated with diseases, such as xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy, that involve skin cancer and developmental and neurological symptoms. These mutations cause the defective repair of damaged DNA and increased transcription arrest but, except for skin cancer, the links between repair and disease have not been obvious. Widely different clinical syndromes seem to result from mutations in the same gene, even when the mutations result in complete loss of function. The mapping of mutations in recently solved protein structures has begun to clarify the links between the molecular defects and phenotypes, but the identification of additional sources of clinical variability is still necessary.
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Camenisch U, Träutlein D, Clement FC, Fei J, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Two-stage dynamic DNA quality check by xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. EMBO J 2009; 28:2387-99. [PMID: 19609301 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein initiates the DNA excision repair of helix-distorting base lesions. To understand how this versatile subunit searches for aberrant sites within the vast background of normal genomic DNA, the real-time redistribution of fluorescent fusion constructs was monitored after high-resolution DNA damage induction. Bidirectional truncation analyses disclosed a surprisingly short recognition hotspot, comprising approximately 15% of human XPC, that includes two beta-hairpin domains with a preference for non-hydrogen-bonded bases in double-stranded DNA. However, to detect damaged sites in living cells, these DNA-attractive domains depend on the partially DNA-repulsive action of an adjacent beta-turn extension that promotes the mobility of XPC molecules searching for lesions. The key function of this dynamic interaction surface is shown by a site-directed charge inversion, which results in increased affinity for native DNA, retarded nuclear mobility and diminished repair efficiency. These studies reveal a two-stage discrimination process, whereby XPC protein first deploys a dynamic sensor interface to rapidly interrogate the double helix, thus forming a transient recognition intermediate before the final installation of a more static repair-initiating complex.
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Scrima A, Koníčková R, Czyzewski BK, Kawasaki Y, Jeffrey PD, Groisman R, Nakatani Y, Iwai S, Pavletich NP, Thomä NH. Structural basis of UV DNA-damage recognition by the DDB1-DDB2 complex. Cell 2009; 135:1213-23. [PMID: 19109893 PMCID: PMC2676164 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light-induced pyrimidine photodimers are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair pathway. Photolesions have biophysical parameters closely resembling undamaged DNA, impeding discovery through damage surveillance proteins. The DDB1-DDB2 complex serves in the initial detection of UV lesions in vivo. Here we present the structures of the DDB1-DDB2 complex alone and bound to DNA containing either a 6-4 pyrimidine-pyrimidone photodimer (6-4PP) lesion or an abasic site. The structure shows that the lesion is held exclusively by the WD40 domain of DDB2. A DDB2 hairpin inserts into the minor groove, extrudes the photodimer into a binding pocket, and kinks the duplex by approximately 40 degrees. The tightly localized probing of the photolesions, combined with proofreading in the photodimer pocket, enables DDB2 to detect lesions refractory to detection by other damage surveillance proteins. The structure provides insights into damage recognition in chromatin and suggests a mechanism by which the DDB1-associated CUL4 ubiquitin ligase targets proteins surrounding the site of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scrima
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renata Koníčková
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bryan K. Czyzewski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Yusuke Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Philip D. Jeffrey
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Regina Groisman
- CNRS, FRE 2944, Institut Andre Lwoff, Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, F-94801
| | - Yoshihiro Nakatani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nikola P. Pavletich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Correspondence: Nicolas H. Thomä (E-mail: ), Nikola P. Pavletich (E-mail: )
| | - Nicolas H. Thomä
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH 4058, Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Nicolas H. Thomä (E-mail: ), Nikola P. Pavletich (E-mail: )
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Khan SG, Oh KS, Emmert S, Imoto K, Tamura D, DiGiovanna JJ, Shahlavi T, Armstrong N, Baker CC, Neuburg M, Zalewski C, Brewer C, Wiggs E, Schiffmann R, Kraemer KH. XPC initiation codon mutation in xeroderma pigmentosum patients with and without neurological symptoms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:114-25. [PMID: 18955168 PMCID: PMC2684809 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two unrelated xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, with and without neurological abnormalities, respectively, had identical defects in the XPC DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) gene. Patient XP21BE, a 27-year-old woman, had developmental delay and early onset of sensorineural hearing loss. In contrast, patient XP329BE, a 13-year-old boy, had a normal neurological examination. Both patients had marked lentiginous hyperpigmentation and multiple skin cancers at an early age. Their cultured fibroblasts showed similar hypersensitivity to killing by UV and reduced repair of DNA photoproducts. Cells from both patients had a homozygous c.2T>G mutation in the XPC gene which changed the ATG initiation codon to arginine (AGG). Both had low levels of XPC message and no detectable XPC protein on Western blotting. There was no functional XPC activity in both as revealed by the failure of localization of XPC and other NER proteins at the sites of UV-induced DNA damage in a sensitive in vivo immunofluorescence assay. XPC cDNA containing the initiation codon mutation was functionally inactive in a post-UV host cell reactivation (HCR) assay. Microsatellite markers flanking the XPC gene showed only a small region of identity ( approximately 30kBP), indicating that the patients were not closely related. Thus, the initiation codon mutation resulted in DNA repair deficiency in cells from both patients and greatly increased cancer susceptibility. The neurological abnormalities in patient XP21BE may be related to close consanguinity and simultaneous inheritance of other recessive genes or other gene modifying effects rather than the influence of XPC gene itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar G. Khan
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kyu-Seon Oh
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kyoko Imoto
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Deborah Tamura
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John J. DiGiovanna
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Division of Dermatopharmacology, Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Tala Shahlavi
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Najealicka Armstrong
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carl C. Baker
- Laboratory of Clinical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marcy Neuburg
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Chris Zalewski
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carmen Brewer
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edythe Wiggs
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kenneth H. Kraemer
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Bernardes de Jesus BM, Bjørås M, Coin F, Egly JM. Dissection of the molecular defects caused by pathogenic mutations in the DNA repair factor XPC. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7225-35. [PMID: 18809580 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00781-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
XPC is responsible for DNA damage sensing in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Mutations in XPC lead to a defect in NER and to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP-C). Here, we analyzed the biochemical properties behind mutations found within three patients: one amino acid substitution (P334H, XP1MI, and GM02096), one amino acid incorporation in a conserved domain (697insVal, XP8BE, and GM02249), and a stop mutation (R579St, XP67TMA, and GM14867). Using these mutants, we demonstrated that HR23B stabilizes XPC on DNA and protects it from degradation. XPC recruits the transcription/repair factor TFIIH and stimulates its XPB ATPase activity to initiate damaged DNA opening. In an effort to understand the severity of XP-C phenotypes, we also demonstrated that single mutations in XPC perturb other repair processes, such as base excision repair (e.g., the P334H mutation prevents the stimulation of Ogg1 glycosylase because it thwarts the interaction between XPC and Ogg1), thereby leading to a deeper understanding of the molecular repair defect of the XP-C patients.
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Jacobelli S, Soufir N, Lacapere JJ, Regnier S, Bourillon A, Grandchamp B, Hétet G, Pham D, Palangie A, Avril MF, Dupin N, Sarasin A, Gorin I. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C in a French Caucasian patient with multiple melanoma and unusual long-term survival. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:968-73. [PMID: 18717677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of an 83-year-old French woman with multiple melanomas showing a severe DNA repair deficiency, corrected after transfection by XPC cDNA. Two biallelic mutations in the XPC gene are reported: an inactivating frameshift mutation in exon 15 (c.2544delG, p.W848X) and a missense mutation in exon 11 (c.2108 C>T, P703L). We demonstrate that these new mutations are involved in the DNA repair deficiency and confirm the diagnosis of xeroderma pigmentosum from complementation group C (XP-C). We speculate that the coexistence of a MC1R variant may be involved in the phenotype of multiple melanomas and that the unusual long-term survival may be related to a lower ultraviolet radiation exposure and to a regular clinical follow-up. This patient appears to be the first French Caucasian XP-C case and one of the oldest living patients with XP reported worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jacobelli
- Department of Dermatology, Tarnier-Cochin Hospital APHP, UPRES EA1833, Faculty of Medicine Paris 5, 89 rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France.
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40
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Inui H, Oh KS, Nadem C, Ueda T, Khan SG, Metin A, Gozukara E, Emmert S, Slor H, Busch DB, Baker CC, DiGiovanna JJ, Tamura D, Seitz CS, Gratchev A, Wu WH, Chung KY, Chung HJ, Azizi E, Woodgate R, Schneider TD, Kraemer KH. Xeroderma pigmentosum-variant patients from America, Europe, and Asia. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2055-68. [PMID: 18368133 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum-variant (XP-V) patients have sun sensitivity and increased skin cancer risk. Their cells have normal nucleotide excision repair, but have defects in the POLH gene encoding an error-prone polymerase, DNA polymerase eta (pol eta). To survey the molecular basis of XP-V worldwide, we measured pol eta protein in skin fibroblasts from putative XP-V patients (aged 8-66 years) from 10 families in North America, Turkey, Israel, Germany, and Korea. Pol eta was undetectable in cells from patients in eight families, whereas two showed faint bands. DNA sequencing identified 10 different POLH mutations. There were two splicing, one nonsense, five frameshift (3 deletion and 2 insertion), and two missense mutations. Nine of these mutations involved the catalytic domain. Although affected siblings had similar clinical features, the relation between the clinical features and the mutations was not clear. POLH mRNA levels were normal or reduced by 50% in three cell strains with undetectable levels of pol eta protein, indicating that nonsense-mediated message decay was limited. We found a wide spectrum of mutations in the POLH gene among XP-V patients in different countries, suggesting that many of these mutations arose independently.
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Abstract
The structure of the Rad4/Rad23 protein, shown in a recent issue of Nature (Min and Pavletich, 2007), reveals how structurally diverse lesions are recognized in eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair: by probing for accessible nondamaged DNA opposite the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando D Schärer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11974-3400, USA.
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