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Horton DL, Breed AC, Arnold ME, Smith GC, Aegerter JN, McElhinney LM, Johnson N, Banyard AC, Raynor R, Mackie I, Denwood MJ, Mellor DJ, Swift S, Racey PA, Fooks AR. Between roost contact is essential for maintenance of European bat lyssavirus type-2 in Myotis daubentonii bat reservoir: 'The Swarming Hypothesis'. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1740. [PMID: 32015375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58521-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many high-consequence human and animal pathogens persist in wildlife reservoirs. An understanding of the dynamics of these pathogens in their reservoir hosts is crucial to inform the risk of spill-over events, yet our understanding of these dynamics is frequently insufficient. Viral persistence in a wild bat population was investigated by combining empirical data and in-silico analyses to test hypotheses on mechanisms for viral persistence. A fatal zoonotic virus, European Bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2), in Daubenton’s bats (Myotis daubentonii) was used as a model system. A total of 1839 M. daubentonii were sampled for evidence of virus exposure and excretion during a prospective nine year serial cross-sectional survey. Multivariable statistical models demonstrated age-related differences in seroprevalence, with significant variation in seropositivity over time and among roosts. An Approximate Bayesian Computation approach was used to model the infection dynamics incorporating the known host ecology. The results demonstrate that EBLV-2 is endemic in the study population, and suggest that mixing between roosts during seasonal swarming events is necessary to maintain EBLV-2 in the population. These findings contribute to understanding how bat viruses can persist despite low prevalence of infection, and why infection is constrained to certain bat species in multispecies roosts and ecosystems.
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McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Wise EL, Freuling CM, Bourhy H, Zanoni R, Moldal T, Kooi EA, Neubauer-Juric A, Nokireki T, Müller T, Fooks AR. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of European Bat Lyssavirus 2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010156. [PMID: 29303971 PMCID: PMC5796105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat rabies cases in Europe are mainly attributed to two lyssaviruses, namely European Bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) and European Bat Lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2). Prior to the death of a bat worker in Finland in 1985, very few bat rabies cases were reported. Enhanced surveillance in the two subsequent years (1986-1987) identified 263 cases (more than a fifth of all reported cases to date). Between 1977 and 2016, 1183 cases of bat rabies were reported, with the vast majority (>97%) being attributed to EBLV-1. In contrast, there have been only 39 suspected cases of EBLV-2, of which 34 have been confirmed by virus typing and presently restricted to just two bat species; Myotis daubentonii and Myotis dasycneme. The limited number of EBLV-2 cases in Europe prompted the establishment of a network of European reference laboratories to collate all available viruses and data. Despite the relatively low number of EBLV-2 cases, a large amount of anomalous data has been published in the scientific literature, which we have here reviewed and clarified. In this review, 29 EBLV-2 full genome sequences have been analysed to further our understanding of the diversity and molecular evolution of EBLV-2 in Europe. Analysis of the 29 complete EBLV-2 genome sequences clearly corroborated geographical relationships with all EBLV-2 sequences clustering at the country level irrespective of the gene studied. Further geographical clustering was also observed at a local level. There are high levels of homogeneity within the EBLV-2 species with nucleotide identities ranging from 95.5-100% and amino acid identities between 98.7% and 100%, despite the widespread distribution of the isolates both geographically and chronologically. The mean substitution rate for EBLV-2 across the five concatenated genes was 1.65 × 10-5, and evolutionary clock analysis confirms the slow evolution of EBLV-2 both between and within countries in Europe. This is further supported by the first detailed EBLV-2 intra-roost genomic analysis whereby a relatively high sequence homogeneity was found across the genomes of three EBLV-2 isolates obtained several years apart (2007, 2008, and 2014) from M. daubentonii at the same site (Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, UK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Emma L Wise
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, (FLI), 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Engbert A Kooi
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Tiina Nokireki
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, (FLI), 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
- Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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Wise EL, Marston DA, Banyard AC, Goharriz H, Selden D, Maclaren N, Goddard T, Johnson N, Mcelhinney LM, Brouwer A, Aegerter J, Smith G, Horton DL, Breed AC, Fooks A. Passive surveillance of United Kingdom bats for lyssaviruses (2005–2015). Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2445-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYPassive surveillance for lyssaviruses in UK bats has been ongoing since 1987 and has identified 13 cases of EBLV-2 from a single species;Myotis daubentonii. No other lyssavirus species has been detected. Between 2005 and 2015, 10 656 bats were submitted, representing 18 species, creating a spatially and temporally uneven sample of British bat fauna. Uniquely, three UK cases originate from a roost at Stokesay Castle in Shropshire, England, where daily checks for grounded and dead bats are undertaken and bat carcasses have been submitted for testing since 2007. Twenty per cent of Daubenton's bats submitted from Stokesay Castle since surveillance began, have tested positive for EBLV-2. Phylogenetic analysis reveals geographical clustering of UK viruses. Isolates from Stokesay Castle are more closely related to one another than to viruses from other regions. Daubenton's bats from Stokesay Castle represent a unique opportunity to study a natural population that appears to maintain EBLV-2 infection and may represent endemic infection at this site. Although the risk to public health from EBLV-2 is low, consequences of infection are severe and effective communication on the need for prompt post-exposure prophylaxis for anyone that has been bitten by a bat is essential.
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Moldal T, Vikøren T, Cliquet F, Marston DA, van der Kooij J, Madslien K, Ørpetveit I. First detection of European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) in Norway. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:216. [PMID: 28693578 PMCID: PMC5504624 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, bat rabies is primarily attributed to European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) and European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) which are both strongly host-specific. Approximately thirty cases of infection with EBLV-2 in Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) and pond bats (M. dasycneme) have been reported. Two human cases of rabies caused by EBLV-2 have also been confirmed during the last thirty years, while natural spill-over to other non-flying mammals has never been reported. Rabies has never been diagnosed in mainland Norway previously. CASE PRESENTATION In late September 2015, a subadult male Daubenton's bat was found in a poor condition 800 m above sea level in the southern part of Norway. The bat was brought to the national Bat Care Centre where it eventually displayed signs of neurological disease and died after two days. EBLV-2 was detected in brain tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of a part of the nucleoprotein gene, and lyssavirus was isolated in neuroblastoma cells. CONCLUSIONS The detection of EBLV-2 in a bat in Norway broadens the knowledge on the occurrence of this zoonotic agent. Since Norway is considered free of rabies, adequate information to the general public regarding the possibility of human cases of bat-associated rabies should be given. No extensive surveillance of lyssavirus infections in bats has been conducted in the country, and a passive surveillance network to assess rabies prevalence and bat epidemiology is highly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torfinn Moldal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Denise A Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jeroen van der Kooij
- Norwegian Zoological Society's Bat Care Centre, Rudsteinveien 67, 1480, Slattum, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Ørpetveit
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
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