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Rupprecht CE, Buchanan T, Cliquet F, King R, Müller T, Yakobson B, Yang DK. A Global Perspective on Oral Vaccination of Wildlife against Rabies. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:241-284. [PMID: 38381612 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The long-term mitigation of human-domestic animal-wildlife conflicts is complex and difficult. Over the last 50 yr, the primary biomedical concepts and actualized collaborative global field applications of oral rabies vaccination to wildlife serve as one dramatic example that revolutionized the field of infectious disease management of free-ranging animals. Oral vaccination of wildlife occurred in diverse locales within Africa, Eurasia, the Middle East, and North America. Although rabies is not a candidate for eradication, over a billion doses of vaccine-laden baits distributed strategically by hand, at baiting stations, or via aircraft, resulted in widespread disease prevention, control, or local disease elimination among mesocarnivores. Pure, potent, safe, and efficacious vaccines consisted of either modified-live, highly attenuated, or recombinant viruses contained within attractive, edible baits. Since the late 1970s, major free-ranging target species have included coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes), jackals (Canis aureus; Lupulella mesomelas), raccoons (Procyon lotor), raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Operational progress has occurred in all but the latter species. Programmatic evaluations of oral rabies vaccination success have included: demonstration of biomarkers incorporated within vaccine-laden baits in target species as representative of bait contact; serological measurement of the induction of specific rabies virus neutralizing antibodies, indicative of an immune response to vaccine; and most importantly, the decreasing detection of rabies virus antigens in the brains of collected animals via enhanced laboratory-based surveillance, as evidence of management impact. Although often conceived mistakenly as a panacea, such cost-effective technology applied to free-ranging wildlife represents a real-world, One Health application benefiting agriculture, conservation biology, and public health. Based upon lessons learned with oral rabies vaccination of mesocarnivores, opportunities for future extension to other taxa and additional diseases will have far-reaching, transdisciplinary benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Tore Buchanan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L1Z8, Canada
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009 Malzeville, France
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, Am V'Olamo 3, Jerusalem 95463, Israel
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Yakobson
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Derech HaMaccabim 62, Rishon Lezion, 50250, Israel
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
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Crozet G, Cliquet F, Robardet E. What would be the impact on the rabies risk of reducing the waiting period before dogs are imported? A modelling study based on the European Union legislation. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38317287 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Lyssavirus rabies (RABV) is responsible for a major zoonotic infection that is almost always lethal once clinical signs appear. Rabies can be (re)introduced into rabies-free areas through transboundary dog movements, thus compromising animal and human health. A number of measures have been implemented to prevent this happening, one of which is the waiting period (WP) after anti-rabies vaccination and serological testing. This WP ensures that antibodies assessed through the serological test are due to the vaccine, not to infection. Indeed, if antibodies are due to RABV infection, the dog should display clinical signs within this WP and would not therefore be imported. METHODS AND RESULTS Within a framework of quantitative risk assessment, we used modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of this WP and its duration on the risk of introducing rabies via the importation of dogs into the European Union. Two types of models were used, a classical stochastic scenario tree model and an individual-based model, both parameterised using scientific literature or data specifically applicable to the EU. Results showed that, assuming perfect compliance, the current 3-month waiting period was associated with a median annual number of 0.04 infected dogs imported into the EU. When the WP was reduced, the risk increased. For example, for a 1-month WP, the median annual number of infected dogs imported was 0.17 or 0.15 depending on the model, which corresponds to a four-fold increase. CONCLUSION This in silico study, particularly suitable for evaluating rare events such as rabies infections in rabies-free areas, provided results that can directly inform policymakers in order to adapt regulations linked to rabies and animal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
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Arnaout Y, Picard-Meyer E, Robardet E, Cappelle J, Cliquet F, Touzalin F, Jimenez G, Djelouadji Z. Assessment of virus and Leptospira carriage in bats in France. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292840. [PMID: 37862301 PMCID: PMC10588846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With over 1,400 species worldwide, bats represent the second largest order of mammals after rodents, and are known to host major zoonotic pathogens. Here, we estimate the presence of pathogens in autochthonous bat populations. First, we set out to check our samples for PCR amplification efficiency by assessing the occurrence of inhibited PCR reactions from different types of bat samples with amplifying the housekeeping gene β-actin. Second, we investigated the presence of five targeted pathogens in a French bat population using PCR. We targeted viral RNA of Canine distemper virus, Alphacoronavirus, Lyssavirus, Rotavirus and bacterial Leptospira DNA. To do so, we screened for these viruses in bat faecal samples as well as in oropharyngeal swab samples. The presence of Leptospira was assessed in urine, kidney, lung and faecal samples. Results showed a frequency of inhibited reactions ranging from 5 to 60% of samples, varying according to the sample itself and also suspected to vary according to sampling method and the storage buffer solution used, demonstrating the importance of the sampling and storage on the probability of obtaining negative PCR results. For pathogen assessment, rotavirus and alphacoronavirus RNA were detected in Myotis myotis, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis emarginatus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bats. Rotaviruses were also detected in Barbastella barbastellus. The presence of alphacoronavirus also varied seasonally, with higher frequencies in late summer and October, suggesting that juveniles potentially play an important role in the dynamics of these viruses. Leptospira DNA was detected in M. myotis and M. daubentonii colonies. The 16S rRNA sequences obtained from Leptospira positive samples showed 100% genetic identity with L. borgpetersenii. Neither canine distemper virus nor lyssavirus RNA were detected in any of the tested samples. This study is the first to show the presence of Leptospira in autochthonous French bats in addition to coronavirus and rotavirus RNA previously reported in European autochthonous bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Arnaout
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
- USC 1233-INRAE Rongeurs Sauvages, Risque Sanitaire et Gestion des Populations, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Theix, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Frédéric Touzalin
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Zouheira Djelouadji
- USC 1233-INRAE Rongeurs Sauvages, Risque Sanitaire et Gestion des Populations, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Viviani L, Balks E, Beken S, Brady AM, Clayton R, Cliquet F, Desmayanti L, Fragoeiro S, Hamtak TJ, John D, Jungbaëck C, Kalaivani M, Kross I, Lang C, Ria Isriyanthi NM, Mallet L, Milne C, Rubbrecht M, Siklódi B, Singh B, Srinivas GB, Stickings P, Stirling C, Sundram P, Szabó M, Thomas A, van den Berg M, Walker A, Philippe C, Vandeputte J. 3Rs implementation in veterinary vaccine batch-release testing: Current state-of-the-art and future opportunities. A webinar and workshop report. Biologicals 2023; 83:101695. [PMID: 37516084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory authorities require veterinary batch-release testing to confirm vaccine potency and safety, but these tests have traditionally relied on large numbers of laboratory animals. Advances in vaccine research and development offer increasing opportunities to replace in vivo testing, and some stakeholders have made significant progress in incorporating 3Rs elements in quality control strategies. A three-part event series entitled "3Rs Implementation in Veterinary Vaccine Batch-Release Testing: Current state-of-the-art and future opportunities" was jointly organized by the Animal-Free Safety Assessment Collaboration, HealthforAnimals, and the International Alliance of Biological Standardization. Two webinars and a workshop aimed to outline the state-of-the-art non-animal approaches for veterinary batch-release testing. The events included information on the state of the deletion of obsolete safety testing and the current initiatives implemented by European, North American, and Asian-Pacific stakeholders on 3Rs implementation and regulatory acceptance. The events contributed to a better understanding of the barriers to 3Rs implementation. Participants highlighted the need for open communication, continued collaboration between stakeholders, and international harmonization of regulatory requirements to help accelerate acceptance. Despite the challenges, the countries represented at this three-part event have shared their commitments to advancing the acceptance of alternative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Viviani
- SciethiQ, under contract with Humane Society International, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Elisabeth Balks
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; European Medicines Agency (EMA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonja Beken
- European Medicines Agency (EMA), Brussels, Belgium; Belgian Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMPH), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna-Maria Brady
- Subject Matter Expert at European and British Pharmacopoeia, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Florence Cliquet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du Travail (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), ANSES-Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Jungbaëck
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization Europe (IABS), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Kalaivani
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Imke Kross
- MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Lang
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Laurent Mallet
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Milne
- European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Stickings
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Mária Szabó
- World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Anne Thomas
- Zoetis Belgium SA, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Angela Walker
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA)- APHIS, Riverdale, MD, USA
| | | | - Joris Vandeputte
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization Europe (IABS), Geneva, Switzerland
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Dascalu MA, Picard-Meyer E, Robardet E, Servat A, Arseniev S, Groza O, Starciuc N, Vuta V, Barbuceanu F, Tanase OI, Daraban Bocaneti F, Quenault H, Hirchaud E, Blanchard Y, Velescu E, Cliquet F. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic characterisation of rabies virus strains from Moldova and north-eastern Romania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011446. [PMID: 37410714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is the oldest fatal zoonotic disease recognised as a neglected tropical disease and is caused by an RNA virus belonging to the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A deep molecular analysis was conducted on full-length nucleoprotein (N) gene and whole genome sequences of rabies virus from 37 animal brain samples collected between 2012 and 2017 to study the circulation of rabies virus (RABV) variants. The overall aim was to better understand their distribution in Moldova and north-eastern Romania. Both Sanger and high throughput sequencing on Ion Torrent and Illumina platforms were performed. Phylogenetic analysis of the RABV sequences from both Moldova and Romania revealed that all the samples (irrespective of the year of isolation and the species) belonged to a single phylogenetic group: north-eastern Europe (NEE), clustering into three assigned lineages: RO#5, RO#6 and RO#7. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE High throughput sequencing of RABV samples from domestic and wild animals was performed for the first time for both countries, providing new insights into virus evolution and epidemiology in this less studied region, expanding our understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Anca Dascalu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, Romania
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Oxana Groza
- Republican Center of Veterinary Diagnostic, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Nicolae Starciuc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State Agrarian University, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Vlad Vuta
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Bucharest, Romania; University of Agronomic Study and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Barbuceanu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Bucharest, Romania; University of Agronomic Study and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Irina Tanase
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, Romania
| | - Florentina Daraban Bocaneti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, Romania
| | - Helene Quenault
- ANSES, Nancy Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Edouard Hirchaud
- ANSES, Nancy Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES, Nancy Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Elena Velescu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences "Ion Ionescu de la Brad", Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, Romania
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
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Rathnadiwakara H, Gunatilake M, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Thibault JC, Cliquet F. Potency of Veterinary Rabies Vaccines Marketed in Sri Lanka. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050961. [PMID: 37243065 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven brands of veterinary rabies vaccines are commercially available in Sri Lanka, but there is no established procedure to test the potency of the vaccines at the local level, especially prior to their release. The aim of this study was to test the potency of these vaccines using a mouse challenge test in collaboration with the EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, ANSES-Nancy, France. Based on the European Pharmacopoeia, the inactivated rabies vaccines complied with the mouse potency test if the estimated potency is ≥1.0 IU in the smallest prescribed dose. Among the eight tested vaccines, four single-dose preparations (Rabisin™, Raksharab™, Nobivac™ RL, and Nobivac™ Rabies) were compliant, with potencies of 12 IU/dose, 7.2 IU/dose, 4.4 IU/dose, and 3.4 IU/dose, respectively. Three of the single-dose preparations (Canvac™ R, Defensor™ 3, and Rabies killed vaccine) were not compliant, with potency values <1.0 IU/dose. One multidose preparation (Raksharab™ multidose) had a potency of 1.3 IU/dose, even though the test was not validated. Based on these results, it appears that some rabies vaccine batches that are currently available in the local market do not comply with the mouse potency test. Testing the vaccines' potency before registration and release to the market appears to be an important step to allow good immunization to animals during pre-exposure vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasanthi Rathnadiwakara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Mangala Gunatilake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Alexandre Servat
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
| | | | - Florence Cliquet
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for Rabies Vaccines, 54220 Nancy, France
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Crozet G, Rivière J, Rapenne E, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Dufour B. Quantitative risk assessment of rabies being introduced into mainland France through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements. Risk Anal 2023; 43:896-916. [PMID: 35728942 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
France has been rabies-free among nonflying mammals since 2001. Despite this status, the rabies virus has been introduced several times through noncommercial pet movements, posing a threat of infection by this 100%-lethal zoonosis among local animal and human populations. To quantify the risk of rabies being introduced through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements, we performed a quantitative risk assessment using stochastic scenario tree modeling. The mean annual probability of at least one rabies introduction incident was 0.35 (median: 0.24, 90% prediction interval (PI) [0.04; 0.98]) and the mean annual number of rabies-infected pets introduced through pet movements was 0.96 (median: 0.27, 90% PI [0.04; 3.88]). These results highlight a nonnegligible, even high risk due to the associated consequences of such events. In alternative scenario testing, preventive anti-rabies vaccination proved to be an effective measure since removing the vaccination requirement led to a > 15-fold increase in risk. The serological testing requirement had less of an effect (approximately two-fold increase when removed) and the posttest waiting period to ensure that antibodies were not linked to an infection had a negligible effect. Any change in pet owner compliance, especially regarding vaccination, could have a major impact on the risk. This study also shows that reinforced border control staff training could be more effective in reducing risk than more frequent checks. These results provide quantitative data for assessing the probability of the rabies virus entering France, and could help policymakers decrease this risk in rabies-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elisa Rapenne
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Ecole Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Rathnadiwakara H, Gunatilake M, Cliquet F, Wasniewski M, Thammitiyagodage M, Karunakaran R, Thibault JC, Ijas M. Detection of immunity in sheep following anti-rabies vaccination. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:97-106. [PMID: 37214148 PMCID: PMC10193110 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rabies is a fatal but preventable disease with proper pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccination (ARV). Dogs, as household pets and strays, are the reservoir and vector of the disease, and dog bites have been associated with human rabies cases in Sri Lanka over the past few years. However, other susceptible species having frequent contact with humans may be a source of infection. One such species is sheep and immunity following ARV has never been tested in sheep reared in Sri Lanka. Materials and Methods We have tested serum samples from sheep reared in the Animal Centre, Medical Research Institute of Sri Lanka for the presence of anti-rabies antibodies following ARV. Sheep serum samples were tested with Bio-Pro Rabies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody kits used for the first time in Sri Lanka and our results were verified by a seroneutralization method on cells (fluorescent antibody virus neutralization, FAVN test) currently recommended by World Organization for Animal Health and World Health Organization. Results Sheep received annual ARV and maintained high neutralizing antibody titers in their serum. No maternal antibodies were detected in lamb around 6 months of age. Agreement between the ELISA and FAVN test, i.e., coefficient concordance was 83.87%. Conclusion Annual vaccination in sheep has an effect on maintaining adequate protection against rabies by measurements of anti-rabies antibody response. Lambs need to be vaccinated earlier than 6 months of age to achieve protective levels of neutralizing antibodies in their serum. Introducing this ELISA in Sri Lanka will be a good opportunity to determine the level of anti-rabies antibodies in animal serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mangala Gunatilake
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Florence Cliquet
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for rabies vaccines, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Nancy, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- EU/WOAH/WHO Reference Laboratory for Rabies, OMCL for rabies vaccines, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed Ijas
- Municipal Veterinary Department, Colombo Municipal Council, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Arnaout Y, Djelouadji Z, Robardet E, Cappelle J, Cliquet F, Touzalin F, Jimenez G, Hurstel S, Borel C, Picard-Meyer E. Genetic identification of bat species for pathogen surveillance across France. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261344. [PMID: 34982782 PMCID: PMC8726466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 1400 chiropteran species identified to date, bats comprise one-fifth of all mammalian species worldwide. Many studies have associated viral zoonoses with 45 different species of bats in the EU, which cluster within 5 families of bats. For example, the Serotine bats are infected by European Bat 1 Lyssavirus throughout Europe while Myotis bats are shown infected by coronavirus, herpesvirus and paramyxovirus. Correct host species identification is important to increase our knowledge of the ecology and evolutionary pattern of bat viruses in the EU. Bat species identification is commonly determined using morphological keys. Morphological determination of bat species from bat carcasses can be limited in some cases, due to the state of decomposition or nearly indistinguishable morphological features in juvenile bats and can lead to misidentifications. The overall objective of our study was to identify insectivorous bat species using molecular biology tools with the amplification of the partial cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. Two types of samples were tested in this study, bat wing punches and bat faeces. A total of 163 bat wing punches representing 22 species, and 31 faecal pellets representing 7 species were included in the study. From the 163 bat wing punches tested, a total of 159 were genetically identified from amplification of the partial cyt b gene. All 31 faecal pellets were genetically identified based on the cyt b gene. A comparison between morphological and genetic determination showed 21 misidentifications from the 163 wing punches, representing ~12.5% of misidentifications of morphological determination compared with the genetic method, across 11 species. In addition, genetic determination allowed the identification of 24 out of 25 morphologically non-determined bat samples. Our findings demonstrate the importance of a genetic approach as an efficient and reliable method to identify bat species precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Arnaout
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Malzéville, France
- VetAgro Sup Lyon Laboratory for Leptospira, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Malzéville, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Theix, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Malzéville, France
| | - Frédéric Touzalin
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Suzel Hurstel
- GEPMA, Strasbourg, France
- LPO Alsace, Rosenwiller, France
| | | | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Malzéville, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Crozet G, Charmet T, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Dufour B, Rivière J. Benefit-Risk Assessment of the French Surveillance Protocol of Apparently Healthy Biting Dogs and Cats for Human Rabies Prevention. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8070132. [PMID: 34357924 PMCID: PMC8309990 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In France, apparently healthy dogs and cats that bite humans must undergo an observation period of 15 days with three veterinary visits to ascertain that they remain healthy, indicating that no zoonotic transmission of rabies virus occurred via salivary presymptomatic excretion. This surveillance protocol is mandatory for all pets that have bitten humans, despite France’s rabies-free status in non-flying mammals (i.e., a very low rabies risk). In this context, we aimed to perform a benefit–risk assessment of the existing regulatory surveillance protocol of apparently healthy biting animals, as well as alternative surveillance protocols. A scenario-tree modelling approach was used to consider the possible successions of events between a dog or cat bite and a human death attributed to either rabies or to lethal harm associated with the surveillance protocol (e.g., lethal traffic accidents when traveling to veterinary clinics or anti-rabies centers). The results demonstrated that the current French surveillance protocol was not beneficial, as more deaths were generated (traffic accidents) than avoided (by prompt post-exposure prophylaxis administration). We showed here that less stringent risk-based surveillance could prove more appropriate in a French context. The results in this study could allow policy-makers to update and optimize rabies management legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.C.); (B.D.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tiffany Charmet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.C.); (B.D.); (J.R.)
- Emerging Disease Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, F-54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, F-54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.)
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.C.); (B.D.); (J.R.)
| | - Julie Rivière
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.C.); (B.D.); (J.R.)
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11
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Wallace RM, Cliquet F, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Fooks AR, Sabeta CT, Setién AA, Tu C, Vuta V, Yakobson B, Yang DK, Brückner G, Freuling CM, Knopf L, Metlin A, Pozzetti P, Suseno PP, Shadomy SV, Torres G, Vigilato MAN, Abela-Ridder B, Müller T. Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1-9. [PMID: 33219786 PMCID: PMC7706920 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.201266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are responsible for nearly all the »59,000 global human rabies deaths that occur annually. Numerous control measures have been successful at eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths in upper-income countries, including dog population management, parenteral dog vaccination programs, access to human rabies vaccines, and education programs for bite prevention and wound treatment. Implementing these techniques in resource-poor settings can be challenging; perhaps the greatest challenge is maintaining adequate herd immunity in free-roaming dog populations. Oral rabies vaccines have been a cornerstone in rabies virus elimination from wildlife populations; however, oral vaccines have never been effectively used to control dog-mediated rabies. Here, we convey the perspectives of the World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory Directors, the World Organisation for Animal Health expert committee on dog rabies control, and World Health Organization regarding the role of oral vaccines for dogs. We also issue recommendations for overcoming hesitations to expedited field use of appropriate oral vaccines.
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12
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Crozet G, Lacoste ML, Rivière J, Robardet E, Cliquet F, Dufour B. Management practices of dog and cat owners in France (pet traveling, animal contact rates and medical monitoring): Impacts on the introduction and the spread of directly transmitted infectious pet diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1256-1273. [PMID: 33787076 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of owner practices among the pet dog and cat population can influence the dynamics of directly transmitted infectious dog and cat diseases, including zoonotic ones. To better depict these management practices, which include pet traveling, contact rates with other companion animals and their medical monitoring (which herein includes prevention aspects), we surveyed 2,122 dog- and/or cat-owning French households through an anonymous online questionnaire. Trips with dogs within the European Union (EU) were frequent, while cats travelled less frequently within the EU and both cats and dogs travelled less frequently outside the EU. Recurrent illegal trips with dogs and cats (non-compliant with regulatory measures) were observed in a context of non-systematic pet border controls. We found that a large proportion of dogs are taken for walks in metropolitan France, with frequent intraspecific contacts (1.4 contacts/day on average), but only a minority (1.4%) of dogs were allowed to roam freely. On the other hand, 59.7% of cat owners allowed their cats to roam freely. We classified pet owners according to different profiles, some of which may be considered 'at risk' for directly transmitted infectious pet diseases. Indeed, one dog owner profile and one cat owner profile depict 'spreaders' of pet diseases (high connectivity with other individuals, little medical monitoring but no traveling) and another dog owner profile describes a potential 'introducer' and 'spreader' of pet diseases (foreign travel, high connectivity with other individuals, and intermediate medical monitoring). While these 'at risk' profiles represent only a minority of French pet owners, they should be better characterized to reinforce targeted prevention designed to minimize the risk of (re)introduction and (re)emergence of directly transmitted infectious dog and cat diseases in France, especially when considering zoonoses with a significant potential impact, such as rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Laure Lacoste
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Anses, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Molia S, Saillard J, Dellagi K, Cliquet F, Bart JM, Rotureau B, Giraudoux P, Jannin J, Debré P, Solano P. Practices in research, surveillance and control of neglected tropical diseases by One Health approaches: A survey targeting scientists from French-speaking countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009246. [PMID: 33661894 PMCID: PMC7963066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One health (OH) approaches have increasingly been used in the last decade in the fight against zoonotic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). However, descriptions of such collaborations between the human, animal and environmental health sectors are still limited for French-speaking tropical countries. The objective of the current survey was to explore the diversity of OH experiences applied to research, surveillance and control of NTDs by scientists from French-speaking countries, and discuss their constraints and benefits. Six zoonotic NTDs were targeted: echinococcoses, trypanosomiases, leishmaniases, rabies, Taenia solium cysticercosis and leptospiroses. Invitations to fill in an online questionnaire were sent to members of francophone networks on NTDs and other tropical diseases. Results from the questionnaire were discussed during an international workshop in October 2019. The vast majority (98%) of the 171 respondents considered OH approaches relevant although only 64% had implemented them. Among respondents with OH experience, 58% had encountered difficulties mainly related to a lack of knowledge, interest and support for OH approaches by funding agencies, policy-makers, communities and researchers. Silos between disciplines and health sectors were still strong at both scientific and operational levels. Benefits were reported by 94% of respondents with OH experience, including increased intellectual stimulation, stronger collaborations, higher impact and cost-efficiency of interventions. Recommendations for OH uptake included advocacy, capacity-building, dedicated funding, and higher communities' involvement. Improved research coordination by NTD networks, production of combined human-animal health NTD impact indicators, and transversal research projects on diagnostic and reservoirs were also considered essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Koussai Dellagi
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors and INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environnement Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Jean Jannin
- Société de Pathologie Exotique, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Solano
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Robardet E, Servat A, Rieder J, Picard-Meyer E, Cliquet F. Multi-annual performance evaluation of laboratories in post-mortem diagnosis of animal rabies: Which techniques lead to the most reliable results in practice? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009111. [PMID: 33544702 PMCID: PMC7891719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies diagnosis proficiency tests on animal specimens using four techniques (FAT, RTCIT, conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR) were organised over 10 years (2009–2019). Seventy-three laboratories, of which 59% were from Europe, took part. As the panels were prepared with experimentally-infected samples, the error rate of laboratories on positive and negative samples was accurately estimated. Based on fitted values produced by mixed modelling including the variable “laboratory” as a random variable to take into account the longitudinal design of our dataset, the technique that provided the most concordant results was conventional RT-PCR (99.3%; 95% CI 99.0–99.6), closely followed by FAT (99.1%; 95% CI 98.7–99.4), real-time RT-PCR (98.7%; 95% CI 98.1–99.3) and then RTCIT (96.8%; 95% CI 95.8–97.7). We also found that conventional RT-PCR provided a better diagnostic sensitivity level (99.3% ±4.4%) than FAT (98.7% ±1.6%), real-time RT-PCR (97.9% ±0.8%) and RTCIT (95.3% ±5.1%). Regarding diagnostic specificity, RTCIT was the most specific technique (96.4% ±3.9%) followed closely by FAT (95.6% ±3.8%), real-time RT-PCR (95.0% ±1.8%) and conventional RT-PCR (92.9% ±0.5%). Due to multiple testing of the samples with different techniques, the overall diagnostic conclusion was also evaluated, and found to reach an inter-laboratory concordance level of 99.3%. The concordance for diagnostic sensitivity was 99.6% ±2.0% and for diagnostic specificity, 98.0% ±8.5%. Molecular biology techniques were, however, found to be less specific than expected. The potential reasons for such findings are discussed herein. The regular organisation of performance tests has contributed to an increase in the performance of participating laboratories over time, demonstrating the benefits of such testing. Maintaining a high-quality rabies diagnosis capability on a global scale is key to achieving the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths. The regular organisation of exercises on each continent using selected local strains to be tested according to the local epidemiological situation is one factor that could help increase reliable diagnosis worldwide. Rabies diagnosis capabilities could indeed be enhanced by providing adequate and sustainable proficiency testing on a large scale and in the long term This study shares the rabies diagnosis proficiency test results of 73 laboratories on animal specimens using four techniques (FAT, RTCIT, conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR) organised over a 10-year period. This long-term exercise allowed us to compute accurate sensitivity and specificity values for the rabies diagnosis test for a large panel of laboratories. Conventional RT-PCR provided a better diagnostic sensitivity level than FAT, real-time RT-PCR and RTCIT. Regarding diagnostic specificity, RTCIT was the most specific technique followed closely by FAT, real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR. The specificity of molecular biology techniques was found to be lower than expected. The potential reasons for such findings are discussed herein. The regular organisation of performance tests has contributed to an increase in the performance of participating laboratories over time, demonstrating the likely benefits of such testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Jonathan Rieder
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife–WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control; OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies; European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology—Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
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15
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Klein A, Fahrion A, Finke S, Eyngor M, Novak S, Yakobson B, Ngoepe E, Phahladira B, Sabeta C, De Benedictis P, Gourlaouen M, Orciari LA, Yager PA, Gigante CM, Knowles MK, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Servat A, Cliquet F, Marston D, McElhinney LM, Johnson T, Fooks AR, Müller T, Freuling CM. Further Evidence of Inadequate Quality in Lateral Flow Devices Commercially Offered for the Diagnosis of Rabies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010013. [PMID: 31963635 PMCID: PMC7157750 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a neglected zoonotic disease, rabies causes approximately 5.9 × 104 human deaths annually, primarily affecting low- and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. In those regions, insufficient surveillance is hampering adequate medical intervention and is driving the vicious cycle of neglect. Where resources to provide laboratory disease confirmation are limited, there is a need for user-friendly and low-cost reliable diagnostic tools that do not rely on specialized laboratory facilities. Lateral flow devices (LFD) offer an alternative to conventional diagnostic methods and may strengthen control efforts in low-resource settings. Five different commercially available LFDs were compared in a multi-centered study with respect to their diagnostic sensitivity and their agreement with standard rabies diagnostic techniques. Our evaluation was conducted by several international reference laboratories using a broad panel of samples. The overall sensitivities ranged from 0% up to 62%, depending on the LFD manufacturer, with substantial variation between the different laboratories. Samples with high antigen content and high relative viral load tended to test positive more often in the Anigen/Bionote test, the latter being the one with the best performance. Still, the overall unsatisfactory findings corroborate a previous study and indicate a persistent lack of appropriate test validation and quality control. At present, the tested kits are not suitable for in-field use for rabies diagnosis, especially not for suspect animals where human contact has been identified, as an incorrect negative diagnosis may result in human casualties. This study points out the discrepancy between the enormous need for such a diagnostic tool on the one hand, and on the other hand, a number of already existing tests that are not yet ready for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Klein
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Anna Fahrion
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Marina Eyngor
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Shiri Novak
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Boris Yakobson
- Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI), Veterinary Services and Animal Health, P.O. Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel; (M.E.); (S.N.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ernest Ngoepe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Baby Phahladira
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Claude Sabeta
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI), Rabies Unit, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (E.N.); (B.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020-Legnaro (PD), Italy; (P.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Morgane Gourlaouen
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO Reference Centre for Rabies, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020-Legnaro (PD), Italy; (P.D.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Lillian A. Orciari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Pamela A. Yager
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Crystal M. Gigante
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (L.A.O.); (P.A.Y.); (C.M.G.)
| | - M. Kimberly Knowles
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON K2H 8P9, Canada; (M.K.K.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON K2H 8P9, Canada; (M.K.K.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Alexandre Servat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville CEDEX, France; (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Domaine de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville CEDEX, France; (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Denise Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Lorraine M. McElhinney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Trudy Johnson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (D.M.); (L.M.M.); (T.J.); (A.R.F.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.K.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3835171660
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Dascalu MA, Wasniewski M, Picard-Meyer E, Servat A, Daraban Bocaneti F, Tanase OI, Velescu E, Cliquet F. Detection of rabies antibodies in wild boars in north-east Romania by a rabies ELISA test. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:466. [PMID: 31864363 PMCID: PMC6925894 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last few decades, Romania has been considered one of the European countries most affected by animal rabies, but a combination of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns in foxes alongside mandatory vaccination of pets has substantially decreased the number of rabies cases in recent years. The objective of this study was to detect rabies antibodies in wild boar serum and thoracic fluid samples collected during the hunting season after ORV campaigns in north-eastern Romania in order to identify if wild boars are substantial competitors to foxes for ORV baits. Results When the 312 wild boar samples were tested by ELISA (BioPro ELISA, Czech Republic), 42.31% (132/312) demonstrated rabies antibodies. In order to compare these wild boar results in terms of the percentage of immunisation, fox samples were also included in the study, and in this case only 28.40% (98/345) demonstrated rabies antibodies by ELISA. To check the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this ELISA, those samples with a sufficient volume from both species that had tested either negative or positive with an initial ELISA were then tested with the Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralisation (FAVN) assay. The overall concordance between the BioPro ELISA and FAVN test was 74.26% (75/101) in wild boar samples and 65.66% (65/99) in fox samples, 140 out of 200 samples being correlated with the two methods, although no significant statistical difference (p = 0.218) between the two species was registered. We found a good agreement by both tests for the ELISA-positive samples (91.30%), however the situation was different for the ELISA-negative samples, where a low agreement was demonstrated (41.18%). Conclusions This study reports for the first time the presence of rabies antibodies in wild boar samples collected during the hunting season in Romania after ORV campaigns in rabies endemic areas. It is also the first study to demonstrate that ELISA BioPro can be used on wild boar samples with satisfactory results compared to the FAVN test for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Anca Dascalu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Florentina Daraban Bocaneti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Irina Tanase
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Velescu
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No. 8, 700489, Iasi, Romania
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
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Wasniewski M, Laurentie M, Rizzo F, Servat A, Aubert M, Cliquet F. Proficiency test for rabies serology: A design complying with international standards for a reliable assessment of participating laboratories. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007824. [PMID: 31825968 PMCID: PMC6905528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic carnivores can introduce rabies into disease-free countries or areas if they are incubating the disease and transported during the pre-symptomatic period. For pets moved into the European Union, the European Commission decided to establish a system of community approval of laboratories willing to carry out the rabies serological controls to guarantee an effective control system. As the specific institute to coordinate the approval of the laboratories, designated by the European Commission in 2000, our laboratory organizes annual proficiency tests (PT) for laboratories already agreed or willing to be agreed to perform rabies serological controls (by detecting rabies virus neutralizing antibodies only) in the frame of international trade. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The assessment criteria of this PT rely on the analysis of the specificity and the intra-laboratory consistency. The approach used to evaluate the degree of laboratory consistency is based on the use of compiled data obtained from previous PT campaigns, and is measured by the quality of a regression model. By using historical data for calculating assigned values and associated standard deviations, instead of values obtained from only one campaign, they became robust without any additional statistical treatment. In the present paper, more than 800 historical values were compiled for each of the regression parameters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Since the beginning of these PT schemes in 1999, the overall percentage of failing laboratories remained stable over the years (4.1%) while the number of participants increased to 79 in 2018. This highlighted the robustness and the consistency of the statistical analyses used to assess the laboratory's performance over the years. The improvements carried out and the consistency of our statistical analyses have resulted in the compliance of the rabies serology PT with the ISO/IEC 17043 and ISO 13528:2015 International Standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Malzeville, France
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES—Platform of Statistical Analysis for proficiency testing and validation of analysis method (PAS), Fougères, France
| | - Franca Rizzo
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Malzeville, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Malzeville, France
| | - Michel Aubert
- ANSES (retired) 1088 chemin des Maures, Callian, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Malzeville, France
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Servat A, Wasniewski M, Cliquet F. Cross-Protection of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines for Veterinary Use against Bat Lyssaviruses Occurring in Europe. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100936. [PMID: 31614675 PMCID: PMC6832384 DOI: 10.3390/v11100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rabies vaccines have been shown to induce partial protection against members of phylogroup I bat lyssaviruses. Here, we investigated the capacity of a widely used rabies inactivated vaccine (Rabisin, Boehringer-Ingelheim) for veterinary use to cross-protect mice experimentally infected with European bat lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1b), European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBLV-2), and Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) occurring in Europe. For each lyssavirus, we investigated the efficacy of two different doses of vaccine against two viral doses administrated by either central or peripheral routes. In parallel, seroconversion following pre-exposure vaccination was investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the three investigated bat isolates were pathogenic, even at low dose, when inoculated by the central route but were not/less pathogenic when administrated peripherally. The Rabisin vaccine was capable of significantly cross-protecting mice inoculated intramuscularly with EBLV-1b and EBLV-2 and intracerebrally with BBLV. The level of rabies neutralizing antibodies induced by the Rabisin was quite high against the bat lyssaviruses, but with no significant differences between immunization with 1 and 5 IU/dose. The study emphasizes that the quality of rabies-inactivated vaccines for veterinary use is of utmost importance to optimize the cross-protection of pets against phylogroup I bat lyssaviruses occurring in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Servat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
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Robardet E, Bosnjak D, Englund L, Demetriou P, Martín PR, Cliquet F. Zero Endemic Cases of Wildlife Rabies (Classical Rabies Virus, RABV) in the European Union by 2020: An Achievable Goal. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E124. [PMID: 31575054 PMCID: PMC6958318 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of rabies transmitted by Classical Rabies Virus (RABV) in the European Union (EU) is now in sight. Scientific advances have made it possible to develop oral vaccination for wildlife by incorporating rabies vaccines in baits for foxes. At the start of the 1980s, aerial distribution of vaccine baits was tested and found to be a promising tool. The EU identified rabies elimination as a priority, and provided considerable financial and technical resources to the infected EU Member States, allowing regular and large-scale rabies eradication programs based on aerial vaccination. The EU also provides support to non-EU countries in its eastern and south eastern borders. The key elements of the rabies eradication programs are oral rabies vaccination (ORV), quality control of vaccines and control of their distribution, rabies surveillance and monitoring of the vaccination effectiveness. EU Member States and non-EU countries with EU funded eradication programs counted on the technical support of the rabies subgroup of the Task Force for monitoring disease eradication and of the EU Reference Laboratory (EURL) for rabies. In 2018, eight rabies cases induced by classical rabies virus RABV (six in wild animals and two in domestic animals) were detected in three EU Member States, representing a sharp decrease compared to the situation in 2010, where there were more than 1500 cases in nine EU Member States. The goal is to reach zero cases in wildlife and domestic animals in the EU by 2020, a target that now seems achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Robardet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - Dean Bosnjak
- European Commission-Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lena Englund
- European Commission-Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Panayiotis Demetriou
- European Commission-Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pedro Rosado Martín
- European Commission-Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
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Servat A, Robardet E, Cliquet F. An inter-laboratory comparison to evaluate the technical performance of rabies diagnosis lateral flow assays. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113702. [PMID: 31351168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As in previous years, the European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for rabies organised in 2018 an Inter-laboratory trial (ILT) on rabies diagnosis. Contrarily to past years, the 2018 ILT did not aim to evaluate the performance of participating laboratories, but the technical performance of new rapid tests. Two lateral Flow Assays (LFA), namely the Anigen® and the CDIA™ Rabies Virus Antigen Rapid Test" (commercialized by Bionote and Creative Diagnostics Cie respectively), were evaluated together with the Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT). One panel of virus samples (including RABV as well as EBLV1a, EBLV-1b, and EBLV2 strains) was sent to participating laboratories to compare results obtained with these different techniques. The study revealed that the FAT provided a good agreement toward expected results for both negative/positive samples (99.1%). The Anigen® test produced similar results to the FAT, with only one false negative result (0.5%) reported by all participants and a concordance of 100% for all but one sample demonstrating a good inter-laboratory reproducibility of the Anigen® batch. The CDIA™ test produced reproducible results for Rabies Virus (RABV) samples only. However, it hardly detected the Bokeloh Bat Lyssavirus (BBLV) and the European Bat Lyssaviruses types 1b and 2 (EBLV-1b and EBLV-2) in most laboratories resulting in a moderate inter-laboratory concordance (58.4%-82.7%) for these lyssaviruses. The two LFAs provided reliable and reproducible results on all RABV samples (100%) but lead to heterogeneous performances with other lyssaviruses leading to different levels of diagnostic/analytical sensitivity, specificity. The study confirmed that LFAs should be used with caution and that their validation are of upmost importance before any use in laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Servat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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21
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Wangmo K, Laven R, Cliquet F, Wasniewski M, Yang A. Comparison of antibody titres between intradermal and intramuscular rabies vaccination using inactivated vaccine in cattle in Bhutan. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209946. [PMID: 31181078 PMCID: PMC6557474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, the cost of vaccination limits the use of prophylactic rabies vaccination, especially in cattle. Intradermal vaccination delivers antigen directly to an area with higher number of antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, it could produce equivalent or higher antibody titres than conventional intramuscular vaccination even when a lower dose is given. This study aimed to compare the antibody response in cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with 1mL of inactivated rabies vaccine (Raksharab, Indian Immunologicals) against intradermally vaccinated cattle with 0.2mL of the same vaccine. The study was conducted in Haa province of Bhutan where rabies is not endemic. One hundred cattle from 27 farms were selected for the study. Virus neutralising antibody (VNA) response was measured using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test on the day of vaccination (day 0) and 14, 30, 60 and 90 days later. Overall, 71% of intradermally vaccinated cattle and 89% of the intramuscularly vaccinated cattle produced an adequate response (≥0.5IU/mL). On days 14 and 30 post vaccination fewer cattle (P<0.02) in the intradermal group had adequate titres with 36% and 58%, respectively, having titres ≥0.5 IU/mL compared to the equivalent figures of 78% and 77% in the intramuscular group. The mean VNA titres were lower for the intradermal group than intramuscular group (p<0.001) with the mean difference being > 0.6 IU/mL. Although low dose intradermal vaccination did produce a detectable antibody response, it was inferior to intramuscular vaccination. Thus, although intradermal vaccination has the potential to reduce the cost of vaccination by reducing the dose required, this study showed that a single dose of 0.2 mL intradermally was inferior to an intramuscular dose of 1 mL. Further research evaluating dose and dose regimen is needed before intradermal vaccination using the Raksharab rabies vaccine can be recommended in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Wangmo
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- District Veterinary Hospital, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, Samtse, Bhutan
| | - Richard Laven
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies,- European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies,- European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Aaron Yang
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Taylor E, Banyard AC, Bourhy H, Cliquet F, Ertl H, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Horton DL, Mani RS, Müller T, Rupprecht CE, Schnell MJ, Del Rio Vilas V, Fooks AR. Avoiding preventable deaths: The scourge of counterfeit rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:2285-2287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Rabies is endemic in many parts of the world and is maintained in particular host species. Surveillance activities in areas that have remained rabies free or that have succeeded in eliminating the rabies virus (RABV) must continue, so as to effectively detect any infected animals in a timely manner. Rabies should be classified as a notifiable disease both in animals and in humans, irrespective of the rabies status of the country, and the establishment of a legal framework for biting animals is of the utmost importance. The maintenance of rabies-free status depends, in part, on the geographical situation of a country. A wide range of measures have proven effective, such as the maintenance of the mass vaccination of dogs, the establishment of cordons sanitaires to prevent the reincursion of sylvatic (wildlife) rabies, the application of human prophylaxis, the implementation of strict measures for travelling with companion animals (mainly domestic dogs and cats) and risk-based surveillance. Awareness regarding rabies among personnel working at border entry points as well as among the general public, veterinarians and general practitioners is also a major factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the surveillance network. Cross-border threats, even for islands, strengthen the need for regional cooperation, irrespective of the rabies status of the countries involved. Another important measure is the maintenance of adequate laboratory capacity for rapid and reliable diagnosis.
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Picard-Meyer E, Peytavin de Garam C, Schereffer JL, Robardet E, Cliquet F. Evaluation of six TaqMan RT-rtPCR kits on two thermocyclers for the reliable detection of rabies virus RNA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 31:47-57. [PMID: 30541405 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718818223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is diagnosed postmortem in animals, based on tests prescribed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), such as the fluorescent antibody test, the direct rapid immunohistochemistry test, or pan-lyssavirus PCR assays. Several reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) methods have been developed and validated for rapid and accurate detection of lyssaviruses. We evaluated the performance of 6 TaqMan RT-rtPCR kits using different commercial master mixes and 2 real-time thermocyclers. Changing the master mix overall did not influence the TaqMan RT-rtPCR performance, regardless of the thermocycler used. The limits of detection at the 95% confidence level were 18.1-25.8 copies/µL for the Rotor-Gene Q MDx thermocycler and 16.7-21.5 for the Mx3005P thermocycler. Excellent repeatability was demonstrated for rabies virus (RABV) RNA samples of 100, 50, and 25 copies/µL regardless of the thermocycler used. RABV field samples ( n = 35) isolated worldwide gave positive results using the most efficient of the 6 kits tested, with a copy number of 6.03 × 102 to 6.78 × 107 RNA copies per reaction. The TaqMan RT-rtPCR assay provides sensitive and rapid amplification of RABV RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Picard-Meyer E, Beven V, Hirchaud E, Guillaume C, Larcher G, Robardet E, Servat A, Blanchard Y, Cliquet F. Lleida Bat Lyssavirus isolation in Miniopterus schreibersii in France. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:254-258. [PMID: 30460779 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bat rabies cases are attributed in Europe to five different Lyssavirus species of 16 recognized Lyssavirus species causing rabies. One of the most genetically divergent Lyssavirus spp. has been detected in a dead Miniopterus schreibersii bat in France. Brain samples were found positive for the presence of antigen, infectious virus and viral RNA by classical virological methods and molecular methods respectively. The complete genome sequence was determined by next-generation sequencing. The analysis of the complete genome sequence confirmed the presence of Lleida bat lyssavirus (LLEBV) in bats in France with 99.7% of nucleotide identity with the Spanish LLEBV strain (KY006983).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Malzéville, France
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Wasniewski M, Barrat J, Fooks AR, Franka R, Müller T, Sabeta C, Cliquet F. Production and calibration of the second batch of OIE anti-rabies positive reference serum. REV SCI TECH OIE 2018; 36:779-788. [PMID: 30160702 DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.3.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Biological Standards Commission of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) oversees the preparation and validation of OIE-approved International Reference Standards for use in serological assays for detecting infectious diseases of animals or the adequacy of their immune response following vaccination against those diseases. The principal use of OIE-approved International Reference Standards is to harmonise serological testing and to promote the mutual recognition of test results for international trade. In the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, the organisation recommends the use of the OIE anti-rabies positive reference serum of dog origin to titrate serum samples in international units (IU)/ml for use in rabies serological tests. The first batch of OIE reference serum of dog origin was produced in1991 and was used internationally until the beginning of 2010. The preparation of the new batch began in 2012 and, in contrast to the previous batch, three commercial inactivated rabies vaccines based on the most frequently used vaccine strains (Pasteur Virus and Flury Low Egg Passage) were selected for the immunisation of dogs in accordance with OIE guidelines. In 2013, calibration was completed through an inter-laboratory test involving five OIE Reference Laboratories for Rabies with the Second World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard for Anti-Rabies Immunoglobulin being used as a reference standard in this calibration. After statistical analysis of the results, the consensus titre was established as 5.59 IU/ml. The technical and statistical data were submitted to the OIE for assessment. In February 2014, the OIE Biological Standards Commission adopted this serum as an OIE-approved standard reagent for rabies serology.
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Bedeković T, Lohman Janković I, Šimić I, Krešić N, Lojkić I, Sučec I, Robardet E, Cliquet F. Control and elimination of rabies in Croatia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204115. [PMID: 30235274 PMCID: PMC6147469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of control measures (preventive dog vaccination), rabies has become endemic in Croatia, with red foxes being the main reservoir species. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) campaigns supported by the European Commission have been conducted twice a year since the spring of 2011. The first campaigns were limited to the northern and eastern parts of the country, and from the autumn of 2012, the program was extended to the entire country. The Lysvulpen vaccine containing the SAD Bern strain was used for ORV. Following the vaccination campaigns, the number of rabies cases decreased, and the last positive case was recorded in February 2014. The bait uptake ranged from 24.86% to 84.62% and the immunisation rate from 11.24% to 35.64%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivana Šimić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety, Malzéville, France
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Šimić I, Lojkić I, Krešić N, Cliquet F, Picard-Meyer E, Wasniewski M, Ćukušić A, Zrnčić V, Bedeković T. Molecular and serological survey of lyssaviruses in Croatian bat populations. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:274. [PMID: 30189884 PMCID: PMC6127996 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is the only known zoonotic disease of bat origin in Europe. The disease is caused by species belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. Five Lyssavirus species, i.e., European bat lyssavirus (EBLV)-1, EBLV-2, Bokeloh bat lyssavirus, Lleida bat lyssavirus, and West Caucasian bat virus, have been identified in European bats. More recently, a proposed sixth species, Kotalahti bat lyssavirus, was detected. Thus, in this study, active surveillance was initiated in order to obtain insights into the prevalence of lyssaviruses in Croatian bat populations and to improve our understanding of the public health threat of infected bats. RESULTS In total, 455 bats were caught throughout Continental and Mediterranean Croatia. Antibodies were found in 20 of 350 bats (5.71%, 95% confidence interval 3.73-8.66). The majority of seropositive bats were found in Trbušnjak cave (Continental Croatia, Eastern part), and most seropositive bats belonged to Myotis myotis (13/20). All oropharyngeal swabs were negative for the presence of Lyssavirus. CONCLUSIONS The presence of lyssaviruses in bat populations was confirmed for the first time in Croatia and Southeastern Europe. The results of this study suggest the need for further comprehensive analyses of lyssaviruses in bats in this part of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šimić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Batiment H CS 40009, 54220 Malzeville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Batiment H CS 40009, 54220 Malzeville, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for rabies and wildlife, Batiment H CS 40009, 54220 Malzeville, France
| | - Anđela Ćukušić
- Croatian Biospeleological Society, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vida Zrnčić
- Croatian Biospeleological Society, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Cliquet F, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Robardet E, Rupprecht CE, Meslin FX. Correction to: Oral vaccination of dogs: a well-studied and undervalued tool for achieving human and dog rabies elimination. Vet Res 2018; 49:84. [PMID: 30165897 PMCID: PMC6116431 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France.
| | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, 2 place des Quatre Vierges, 69110, Sainte Foy les Lyon, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
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Cliquet F, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Robardet E, Rupprecht CE, Meslin FX. Oral vaccination of dogs: a well-studied and undervalued tool for achieving human and dog rabies elimination. Vet Res 2018; 49:61. [PMID: 30005701 PMCID: PMC6045873 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass vaccination of dogs is a proven tool for rabies prevention. Besides parenteral delivery of inactivated vaccines, over the past several decades, several self-replicating biologics, including modified-live, attenuated and recombinant viruses, have been evaluated for the oral vaccination of dogs against rabies. Vaccines are included within an attractive bait for oral consumption by free-ranging dogs. Due to the high affinity between dogs and humans, such biologics intended for oral vaccination of dogs (OVD) need to be efficacious as well as safe. Baits should be preferentially attractive to dogs and not to non-target species. Although many different types have been evaluated successfully, no universal bait has been identified to date. Moreover, high bait acceptance does not necessarily mean that vaccine efficacy and programmatic success is predictable. The use of OVD in the laboratory and field has demonstrated the safety and utility of this technology. Within a One Health context, OVD should be considered as part of a holistic plan for the global elimination of canine rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, 2 place des Quatre Vierges, 69110 Sainte Foy les Lyon, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Hsu AP, Tseng CH, Lu YT, Shih YH, Chou CH, Chen RS, Tsai KJ, Tu WJ, Cliquet F, Tsai HJ. Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting Taiwan ferret badger rabies virus in ear tissue of ferret badgers and mice. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1012-1019. [PMID: 29709902 PMCID: PMC6021896 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013, the first case of Taiwan ferret badger rabies virus (RABV-TWFB) infection was
reported in Formosan ferret badgers, and two genetic groups of the virus were
distinguished through phylogenetic analysis. To detect RABV-TWFB using a sensitive nucleic
acid-based method, a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction targeting the conserved region of both genetic groups of RABV-TWFB was developed.
This method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 40 RNA copies/reaction and detected viral
RNA in brain and ear tissue specimens of infected and dead Formosan ferret badgers and
mice with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The mean viral RNA load detected in the ear
tissue specimens of ferret badgers ranged from 3.89 × 108 to 9.73 ×
108 RNA copies/g-organ, which was 111-fold to 2,220-fold lower than the
concentration detected in the brain specimens, but 2,000-fold to 5,000-fold higher than
the LOD of the assay. This highly sensitive technique does not require facilities or
instruments complying with strict biosafety criteria. Furthermore, it is efficient, safe,
and labor-saving as only ear specimens need be sampled. Therefore, it is a promising
technique for epidemiological screening of Taiwan ferret badger rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Hsu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chun-Hsien Tseng
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yi-Ta Lu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Hua Shih
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Re-Shang Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Kuo-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wen-Jane Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, No.376, Zhong zheng Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Bâtiment H, CS 40009, 54220 MALZEVILLE, France
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Zoonoses Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Troupin C, Picard-Meyer E, Dellicour S, Casademont I, Kergoat L, Lepelletier A, Dacheux L, Baele G, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Cliquet F, Lemey P, Bourhy H. Host Genetic Variation Does Not Determine Spatio-Temporal Patterns of European Bat 1 Lyssavirus. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:3202-3213. [PMID: 29165566 PMCID: PMC5721339 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of bat rabies cases in Europe are attributed to European bat 1 lyssavirus (EBLV-1), circulating mainly in serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus). Two subtypes have been defined (EBLV-1a and EBLV-1b), each associated with a different geographical distribution. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive sequence analysis based on 80 newly obtained EBLV-1 nearly complete genome sequences from nine European countries over a 45-year period to infer selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, and evolutionary time scale of these two subtypes in Europe. Our results suggest that the current lineage of EBLV-1 arose in Europe ∼600 years ago and the virus has evolved at an estimated average substitution rate of ∼4.19×10−5 subs/site/year, which is among the lowest recorded for RNA viruses. In parallel, we investigate the genetic structure of French serotine bats at both the nuclear and mitochondrial level and find that they constitute a single genetic cluster. Furthermore, Mantel tests based on interindividual distances reveal the absence of correlation between genetic distances estimated between viruses and between host individuals. Taken together, this indicates that the genetic diversity observed in our E. serotinus samples does not account for EBLV-1a and -1b segregation and dispersal in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 1147 Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry (UGANC), Conakry, Guinea
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife ANSES, Nancy, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management on Zoonoses, Malzeville, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Casademont
- Unité de la Génétique Fonctionnelle des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Guy Baele
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy
- Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife ANSES, Nancy, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management on Zoonoses, Malzeville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife ANSES, Nancy, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management on Zoonoses, Malzeville, France
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
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Pfaff F, Müller T, Freuling CM, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis S, Robardet E, Cliquet F, Vuta V, Hostnik P, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Höper D. In-depth genome analyses of viruses from vaccine-derived rabies cases and corresponding live-attenuated oral rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37:4758-4765. [PMID: 29439868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Live-attenuated rabies virus strains such as those derived from the field isolate Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) have been used extensively and very effectively as oral rabies vaccines for the control of fox rabies in both Europe and Canada. Although these vaccines are safe, some cases of vaccine-derived rabies have been detected during rabies surveillance accompanying these campaigns. In recent analysis it was shown that some commercial SAD vaccines consist of diverse viral populations, rather than clonal genotypes. For cases of vaccine-derived rabies, only consensus sequence data have been available to date and information concerning their population diversity was thus lacking. In our study, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze 11 cases of vaccine-derived rabies, and compared their viral population diversity to the related oral rabies vaccines using pairwise Manhattan distances. This extensive deep sequencing analysis of vaccine-derived rabies cases observed during oral vaccination programs provided deeper insights into the effect of accidental in vivo replication of genetically diverse vaccine strains in the central nervous system of target and non-target species under field conditions. The viral population in vaccine-derived cases appeared to be clonal in contrast to their parental vaccines. The change from a state of high population diversity present in the vaccine batches to a clonal genotype in the affected animal may indicate the presence of a strong bottleneck during infection. In conclusion, it is very likely that these few cases are the consequence of host factors and not the result of the selection of a more virulent genotype. Furthermore, this type of vaccine-derived rabies leads to the selection of clonal genotypes and the selected variants were genetically very similar to potent SAD vaccines that have undergone a history of in vitro selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Malzéville, France.
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Malzéville, France.
| | - Vlad Vuta
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, University of Agronomic Study and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Peter Hostnik
- Virology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany.
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Stuckey MJ, Boulouis HJ, Cliquet F, Picard-Meyer E, Servat A, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, Echevarría JE, Chomel BB. Potentially Zoonotic Bartonella in Bats from France and Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:539-541. [PMID: 28221109 PMCID: PMC5382759 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.160934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Bartonella in 11 of 109 insectivorous bats from France and 1 of 26 bats from Spain. These genetic variants are closely related to bat-associated Bartonella described in Finland and the United Kingdom and to B. mayotimonensis, the agent of a human endocarditis case in the United States.
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Ribadeau-Dumas F, Cliquet F, Gautret P, Robardet E, Le Pen C, Bourhy H. Travel-Associated Rabies in Pets and Residual Rabies Risk, Western Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1268-71. [PMID: 27314463 PMCID: PMC4918150 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.151733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, countries in western Europe were declared free of rabies in nonflying mammals. Surveillance data for 2001–2013 indicate that risk for residual rabies is not 0 because of pet importation from countries with enzootic rabies. However, the risk is so low (7.52 × 10−10) that it probably can be considered negligible.
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Picard-Meyer E, Servat A, Wasniewski M, Gaillard M, Borel C, Cliquet F. Bat rabies surveillance in France: first report of unusual mortality among serotine bats. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:387. [PMID: 29237469 PMCID: PMC5729292 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal viral encephalitic disease that is caused by lyssaviruses which can affect all mammals, including human and bats. In Europe, bat rabies cases are attributed to five different lyssavirus species, the majority of rabid bats being attributed to European bat 1 lyssavirus (EBLV-1), circulating mainly in serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus). In France, rabies in bats is under surveillance since 1989, with 77 positive cases reported between 1989 and 2016. CASE PRESENTATION In the frame of the bat rabies surveillance, an unusual mortality of serotine bats was reported in 2009 in a village in North-East France. Six juvenile bats from an E. serotinus maternity colony counting ~200 individuals were found to be infected with EBLV-1. The active surveillance of the colony by capture sessions of bats from July to September 2009 showed a high detection rate of neutralising EBLV-1 antibodies (≈ 50%) in the colony. Moreover, one out of 111 animals tested was found to shed viable virus in saliva, while lyssavirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR for five individuals. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the lyssavirus infection in the serotine maternity colony was followed by a high rate of bat rabies immunity after circulation of the virus in the colony. The ratio of seropositive bats is probably indicative of an efficient virus transmission coupled to a rapid circulation of EBLV-1 in the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Matthieu Gaillard
- Néomys association, Centre Ariane, 240 rue de Cumène, 54230 Neuves-Maisons, France
| | - Christophe Borel
- CPEPESC-Lorraine, Centre Ariane, 240 rue de Cumène, 54230 Neuves-Maisons, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Fooks AR, Cliquet F, Finke S, Freuling C, Hemachudha T, Mani RS, Müller T, Nadin-Davis S, Picard-Meyer E, Wilde H, Banyard AC. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17091. [PMID: 29188797 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a life-threatening neglected tropical disease: tens of thousands of cases are reported annually in endemic countries (mainly in Africa and Asia), although the actual numbers are most likely underestimated. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by infection with viruses of the Lyssavirus genus, which are transmitted via the saliva of an infected animal. Dogs are the most important reservoir for rabies viruses, and dog bites account for >99% of human cases. The virus first infects peripheral motor neurons, and symptoms occur after the virus reaches the central nervous system. Once clinical disease develops, it is almost certainly fatal. Primary prevention involves dog vaccination campaigns to reduce the virus reservoir. If exposure occurs, timely post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent the progression to clinical disease and involves appropriate wound care, the administration of rabies immunoglobulin and vaccination. A multifaceted approach for human rabies eradication that involves government support, disease awareness, vaccination of at-risk human populations and, most importantly, dog rabies control is necessary to achieve the WHO goal of reducing the number of cases of dog-mediated human rabies to zero by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute of Infection &Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Disease-Health Science Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Rabies), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (WHO Collaborating Centre for Control, Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Rabies in Carnivores), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health &Safety (ANSES)-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Institute for Rabies Serology), Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Henry Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and (WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Diseases Research Group, (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Hsu AP, Tseng CH, Barrat J, Lee SH, Shih YH, Wasniewski M, Mähl P, Chang CC, Lin CT, Chen RS, Tu WJ, Cliquet F, Tsai HJ. Safety, efficacy and immunogenicity evaluation of the SAG2 oral rabies vaccine in Formosan ferret badgers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184831. [PMID: 28977009 PMCID: PMC5627901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, rabies cases have been reported among Formosan ferret badgers in Taiwan, and they have been shown to be the major reservoirs for Taiwanese enzootics. To control and eradicate rabies, the authorities plan to implement a vaccination programme. Before distributing live vaccines in the field, this study assessed the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of SAG2 vaccine on ferret badgers by direct oral instillation. After application of 109 TCID50/dose, no virus was excreted into the oral cavity 1-7 days post-application, and safety was also satisfactorily verified over a 266-day period. Moreover, despite the low level of rabies virus neutralising antibodies induced after vaccination of a 108 TCID50/dose, the efficacy assessment revealed a 100% survival rate (15/15) of vaccinees and an 87.5% fatality rate (7/8) in control animals after a challenge on the 198th day post-vaccination. The immunisation and protection rates obtained more than 6 months after a single vaccination dose demonstrated that SAG2 is an ideal vaccine candidate to protect Formosan ferret badgers against rabies in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ping Hsu
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Tseng
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jacques Barrat
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Shu-Hwae Lee
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Shih
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | | | - Chia-Chia Chang
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ta Lin
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Re-Shang Chen
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jane Tu
- Division of Biologics, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Maki J, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Brochier B, Cliquet F, Hanlon CA, King R, Oertli EH, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Slate D, Yakobson B, Wohlers A, Lankau EW. Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia-rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG ®): a global review. Vet Res 2017; 48:57. [PMID: 28938920 PMCID: PMC5610451 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RABORAL V-RG® is an oral rabies vaccine bait that contains an attenuated ("modified-live") recombinant vaccinia virus vector vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (V-RG). Approximately 250 million doses have been distributed globally since 1987 without any reports of adverse reactions in wildlife or domestic animals since the first licensed recombinant oral rabies vaccine (ORV) was released into the environment to immunize wildlife populations against rabies. V-RG is genetically stable, is not detected in the oral cavity beyond 48 h after ingestion, is not shed by vaccinates into the environment, and has been tested for thermostability under a range of laboratory and field conditions. Safety of V-RG has been evaluated in over 50 vertebrate species, including non-human primates, with no adverse effects observed regardless of route or dose. Immunogenicity and efficacy have been demonstrated under laboratory and field conditions in multiple target species (including fox, raccoon, coyote, skunk, raccoon dog, and jackal). The liquid vaccine is packaged inside edible baits (i.e., RABORAL V-RG, the vaccine-bait product) which are distributed into wildlife habitats for consumption by target species. Field application of RABORAL V-RG has contributed to the elimination of wildlife rabies from three European countries (Belgium, France and Luxembourg) and of the dog/coyote rabies virus variant from the United States of America (USA). An oral rabies vaccination program in west-central Texas has essentially eliminated the gray fox rabies virus variant from Texas with the last case reported in a cow during 2009. A long-term ORV barrier program in the USA using RABORAL V-RG is preventing substantial geographic expansion of the raccoon rabies virus variant. RABORAL V-RG has also been used to control wildlife rabies in Israel for more than a decade. This paper: (1) reviews the development and historical use of RABORAL V-RG; (2) highlights wildlife rabies control programs using the vaccine in multiple species and countries; and (3) discusses current and future challenges faced by programs seeking to control or eliminate wildlife rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Maki
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601 USA
| | | | | | - Bernard Brochier
- Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique, Service Maladies Virales, Laboratoire National de la rage, Direction Opérationnelle Maladies Transmissibles et Infectieuses, rue Engeland 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Cathleen A. Hanlon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rabies Team Lead, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3 Am Ve’Olamo Street, Jerusalem, 95463 Israel
| | | | | | - Caroline Schumacher
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Dennis Slate
- USDA-Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr, Concord, NH 03301 USA
| | - Boris Yakobson
- Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 20250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anne Wohlers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601 USA
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Dascalu MA, Servat A, Daraban F, Tanase OI, Cliquet F, Velescu E. Comparative study regarding the sensitivity of two cell lines used for the isolation of rabies virus. J Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moldal T, Vikøren T, Cliquet F, Marston DA, van der Kooij J, Madslien K, Ørpetveit I. First detection of European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) in Norway. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:216. [PMID: 28693578 PMCID: PMC5504624 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, bat rabies is primarily attributed to European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) and European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) which are both strongly host-specific. Approximately thirty cases of infection with EBLV-2 in Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) and pond bats (M. dasycneme) have been reported. Two human cases of rabies caused by EBLV-2 have also been confirmed during the last thirty years, while natural spill-over to other non-flying mammals has never been reported. Rabies has never been diagnosed in mainland Norway previously. CASE PRESENTATION In late September 2015, a subadult male Daubenton's bat was found in a poor condition 800 m above sea level in the southern part of Norway. The bat was brought to the national Bat Care Centre where it eventually displayed signs of neurological disease and died after two days. EBLV-2 was detected in brain tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing of a part of the nucleoprotein gene, and lyssavirus was isolated in neuroblastoma cells. CONCLUSIONS The detection of EBLV-2 in a bat in Norway broadens the knowledge on the occurrence of this zoonotic agent. Since Norway is considered free of rabies, adequate information to the general public regarding the possibility of human cases of bat-associated rabies should be given. No extensive surveillance of lyssavirus infections in bats has been conducted in the country, and a passive surveillance network to assess rabies prevalence and bat epidemiology is highly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torfinn Moldal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Denise A Marston
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jeroen van der Kooij
- Norwegian Zoological Society's Bat Care Centre, Rudsteinveien 67, 1480, Slattum, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Ørpetveit
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Postbox 750, Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
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Seo W, Servat A, Cliquet F, Akinbowale J, Prehaud C, Lafon M, Sabeta C. Comparison of G protein sequences of South African street rabies viruses showing distinct progression of the disease in a mouse model of experimental rabies. Microbes Infect 2017. [PMID: 28627433 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and infections generally lead to a fatal encephalomyelitis in both humans and animals. In South Africa, domestic (dogs) and the wildlife (yellow mongoose) host species maintain the canid and mongoose rabies variants respectively. In this study, pathogenicity differences of South African canid and mongoose rabies viruses were investigated in a murine model, by assessing the progression of clinical signs and survivorship. Comparison of glycoprotein gene sequences revealed amino acid differences that may underpin the observed pathogenicity differences. Cumulatively, our results suggest that the canid rabies virus may be more neurovirulent in mice than the mongoose rabies variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyo Seo
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexandre Servat
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE and EU Rabies Reference Laboratory, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, OIE and EU Rabies Reference Laboratory, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Malzéville, France
| | - Jenkins Akinbowale
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christophe Prehaud
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Claude Sabeta
- OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Darkaoui S, Cliquet F, Wasniewski M, Robardet E, Aboulfidaa N, Bouslikhane M, Fassi-Fihri O. A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911-2015): How Much Longer? Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:78. [PMID: 28626749 PMCID: PMC5454081 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease's vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976-2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005-2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a "One Health" approach. Dog population ecology parameters' study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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Mauti S, Traoré A, Hattendorf J, Schelling E, Wasniewski M, Schereffer JL, Zinsstag J, Cliquet F. Factors associated with dog rabies immunisation status in Bamako, Mali. Acta Trop 2017; 165:194-202. [PMID: 26691990 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Bamako, Mali, to determine for the first time the seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in the dog population and people's knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards the disease and its control. Antibody detection was done with the fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (FAVN) test, with a positivity threshold of 0.25IU/ml. We visited 2956 households in 2010 and 2011 and found 379 dogs in 279 households. Data were collected on 279 dog-owning households, on 1017 non-dog-owning households and on 311 dogs. A serum or plasma sample was collected from 98 dogs. For 26 dogs we had sufficient data to describe the antibody decline over time after rabies vaccination using a quadratic regression. Ninety percent of interviewed persons (95% CI: 85%-91%) knew about rabies. The majority of interviewees knew that rabies is transmitted from dogs to humans, and some of the characteristic clinical signs seen in rabid dogs (change of behaviour, biting, salivation) could be listed by the majority. When asked how people behave regarding a rabid dog, killing the animal was the most frequent answer (>70%). Most (65% of the non-dog-owners and 81% of the dog-owners) were aware that vaccination of dogs can prevent rabies, but only a minority of dog-owners could answer correctly at what age the dog should get a first rabies vaccination (i.e. at 3 months). There was also strong consensus among dog-owners that it is better to protect their dog from becoming rabid by vaccinating it rather than needing to treat a bitten person. Forty-five percent (n=306; 95% CI 38%-52%) of dogs were reported as vaccinated against rabies at least once, but less than half of these (59/136) had a valid vaccination card. When asked for reasons for non-vaccination, cost was the most frequent reason at 31% (95% CI: 21%-43%), while general negligence was mentioned by 15% (95% CI: 10%-24%). Approximately one third of dog-owners would not pay for vaccination. To reach a threshold of 70% of vaccinated owned dogs, vaccination should not cost more than 0.2€ (100 FCFA). The seroprevalence of rabies virus antibodies in the examined dog population was low: 24% (n=98; 95% CI 15%-36%) with titres ≥0.25IU/ml and was 46% (n=39; 95% CI 29%-63%) when only including those reported as vaccinated by their owners. A seroprevalence of 59% (n=18; 95% CI 33%-80%) was reached if the analysis included only dogs with a valid vaccination certificate. Interestingly 4/22 dogs showed titres ≥0.25IU/ml despite being reported as unvaccinated. The Rabisin® vaccine showed generally higher IU titres than the Dog Vac Rabia® vaccine. All animals after booster vaccination had titres ≥0.25IU/ml which was not the case in primo-vaccinated animals. For the Rabisin® vaccine, a Kaplan Meier estimate suggested that to maintain an antibody titre of ≥0.25IU/ml for 75% of owned dogs, revaccination should be done after not more than 2.5 years. This work contributes vital information towards planning an effective dog rabies control programme for the district of Bamako.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mauti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Traoré
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP 2295 Bamako, Mali
| | - J Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Wasniewski
- Anses-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, F-54220 Malzéville, France
| | - J L Schereffer
- Anses-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, F-54220 Malzéville, France
| | - J Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - F Cliquet
- Anses-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, F-54220 Malzéville, France
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Traoré A, Picard-Meyer E, Mauti S, Biarnais M, Balmer O, Samaké K, Kamissoko B, Tembely S, Sery A, Traoré AK, Coulibaly AP, Robardet E, Zinsstag J, Cliquet F. Molecular Characterization of Canine Rabies Virus, Mali, 2006-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:866-70. [PMID: 27089307 PMCID: PMC4861505 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.150470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We genetically characterized 32 canine rabies viruses isolated in Mali during 2006–2013 and identified 3 subgroups that belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. We also detected subgroup F rabies virus. This information should be useful for development of mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and eventual large-scale control programs in this country.
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Wasniewski M, Almeida I, Baur A, Bedekovic T, Boncea D, Chaves LB, David D, De Benedictis P, Dobrostana M, Giraud P, Hostnik P, Jaceviciene I, Kenklies S, König M, Mähar K, Mojzis M, Moore S, Mrenoski S, Müller T, Ngoepe E, Nishimura M, Nokireki T, Pejovic N, Smreczak M, Strandbygaard B, Wodak E, Cliquet F. First international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in Europe. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:77-85. [PMID: 27751949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The most effective and sustainable method to control and eliminate rabies in wildlife is the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of target species, namely foxes and raccoon dogs in Europe. According to WHO and OIE, the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns should be regularly assessed via disease surveillance and ORV antibody monitoring. Rabies antibodies are generally screened for in field animal cadavers, whose body fluids are often of poor quality. Therefore, the use of alternative methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been proposed to improve reliability of serological results obtained on wildlife samples. We undertook an international collaborative study to determine if the commercial BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit is a reliable and reproducible tool for rabies serological testing. Our results reveal that the overall specificity evaluated on naive samples reached 96.7%, and the coefficients of concordance obtained for fox and raccoon dog samples were 97.2% and 97.5%, respectively. The overall agreement values obtained for the four marketed oral vaccines used in Europe were all equal to or greater than 95%. The coefficients of concordance obtained by laboratories ranged from 87.2% to 100%. The results of this collaborative study show good robustness and reproducibility of the BioPro ELISA Rabies Ab kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wasniewski
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - I Almeida
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária (LNIV), Estrada de Benfica No 701, 1549-011 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Baur
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestr. 28/3, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - T Bedekovic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute Laboratory for Rabies/Virology, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - D Boncea
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, NRL For Rabies, no 63, Dr. Staicovici Street, sector 5 050557 Bucharest, Romania
| | - L B Chaves
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico da Raiva, Instituto Pasteur - Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Avenida Paulista, 393 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo/SP 01311-000, Brazil
| | - D David
- Kimron Veterinary Institute Rabies Laboratory, Derech Hamacabim street, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - P De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Dobrostana
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR" Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Lejupes iela 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - P Giraud
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses du Pas-de-Calais, Parc de Hautes technologies des Bonnettes 2, rue du genévrier, 62022 Arras cedex 2, France
| | - P Hostnik
- National Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Virology, Gerbiceva 60, 1 000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Jaceviciene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Virology Unit, Kairiukscio Str. 10, LT-08409 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - S Kenklies
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - M König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, JLU-Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Mähar
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Virology and Serology Department, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51 006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Mojzis
- State Veterinary Institute Zvolen, Pod drahami 918, 960 86 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - S Moore
- Kansas State University Rabies Laboratory, 2005 Research Park Circle, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - S Mrenoski
- University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Skopje, Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Lazar Pop Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - T Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E Ngoepe
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), 100 old Soutpan road, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Nishimura
- Research Institute for Animal Science In Biochemistry and Toxicology, 3-7-11, Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara-Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - T Nokireki
- Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira Department Veterinary Virology, Mustialankatu, 3 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Pejovic
- Diagnostic Veterinary Laboratory - Podgorica Bul. Dzordza Vasingtona, bb p.fah 69, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - M Smreczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Virology, Partyzanow av. 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - B Strandbygaard
- DTU, National Veterinary Institute Division of Virology, Lindholm Kalvehave Havnevej 51 DK- 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - E Wodak
- AGES, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Department for Virology Robert Koch Gasse 17 A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - F Cliquet
- ANSES - Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Robardet E, Picard-Meyer E, Dobroštana M, Jaceviciene I, Mähar K, Muižniece Z, Pridotkas G, Masiulis M, Niin E, Olševskis E, Cliquet F. Rabies in the Baltic States: Decoding a Process of Control and Elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004432. [PMID: 26849358 PMCID: PMC4743931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonosis that still causes nearly 70, 000 human deaths every year. In Europe, the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was developed in the late 1970s and has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of the disease in Western and some Central European countries. Following the accession of the three Baltic countries--Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania--to the European Union in 2004, subsequent financial support has allowed the implementation of regular ORV campaigns since 2005-2006. This paper reviews ten years of surveillance efforts and ORV campaigns in these countries resulting in the near eradication of the disease. The various factors that may have influenced the results of vaccination monitoring were assessed using generalized linear models (GLMs) on bait uptake and on herd immunity. As shown in previous studies, juveniles had lower bait uptake level than adults. For the first time, raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were shown to have significantly lower bait uptake proportion compared with red foxes. This result suggests potentially altered ORV effectiveness in this invasive species compared to the red foxes. An extensive phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the North-East European (NEE) rabies phylogroup is endemic in all three Baltic countries. Although successive oral vaccination campaigns have substantially reduced the number of detected rabies cases, sporadic detection of the C lineage (European part of Russian phylogroup) underlines the risk of reintroduction via westward spread from bordering countries. Vaccine induced cases were also reported for the first time in non-target species (Martes martes and Meles meles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40 009, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40 009, Malzéville, France
| | - Marianna Dobroštana
- BIOR, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingrida Jaceviciene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilniaus Kolegija/University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Agrotechnologies, Buivydiškės, Vilnius district, Lithuania
| | - Katrin Mähar
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zita Muižniece
- BIOR, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
| | - Gediminas Pridotkas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Enel Niin
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Board, Tallin, Estonia
| | - Edvīns Olševskis
- BIOR, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Riga, Latvia
- Food and Veterinary Service, Riga, Latvia
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Bâtiment H, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, CS 40 009, Malzéville, France
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Darkaoui S, Fassi Fihri O, Schereffer JL, Aboulfidaa N, Wasniewski M, Zouine K, Bouslikhane M, Yahia KIS, Cliquet F. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Rabivac vaccine for animal rabies control in Morocco. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2016; 5:60-9. [PMID: 26866025 PMCID: PMC4742601 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To fight animal rabies, Moroccan veterinary authorities organize annual dog mass vaccination campaigns using Rabivac vaccine, an inactivated adjuvanted cell culture veterinary rabies vaccine. Two experiments were undertaken to assess the efficacy and immunogenicity of Rabivac. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first experiment involved 13 caged dogs (8 vaccinated and 5 negative controls). Dogs were bled at day 0 (D0) and at days D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, D49, D56, D64, D70, D77, D84, D91, D98, D105, D112, and D119 post-vaccination. At D121, a virulent challenge was performed. After 70 days monitoring period, seven out of eight vaccinated dogs survived the challenge (one dog succumbed to a mesenteric torsion accident) and four out of five controls succumbed. All vaccinated dogs seroconverted and the control dogs remained negative. The second experiment consisted in a field study involving 919 owned dogs randomly selected in eight Moroccan districts located in different parts of the country. The dogs were identified and vaccinated by the parenteral route and bled on the vaccination day (D0) and on D30. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of dogs developed a positive rabies virus neutralizing antibody response to vaccination and 24% were positive at D0, suggesting that dogs were previously vaccinated. The increase in rabies antibody titers was highly significant in all districts. No significant difference seemed occurring between the geographical status (rural, semiurban, or urban) of the districts on the results obtained. CONCLUSION Rabivac is efficacious both in experimental and field conditions. This supports its use in dog mass vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, IAV Hassan II (BP Rabat Instituts), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean Luc Schereffer
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Karima Zouine
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, IAV Hassan II (BP Rabat Instituts), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khadija Id Sidi Yahia
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
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Cliquet F, Picard-Meyer E, Mojzis M, Dirbakova Z, Muizniece Z, Jaceviciene I, Mutinelli F, Matulova M, Frolichova J, Rychlik I, Celer V. In-Depth Characterization of Live Vaccines Used in Europe for Oral Rabies Vaccination of Wildlife. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141537. [PMID: 26509266 PMCID: PMC4625003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rabies incidence has fallen sharply over the past decades in Europe, the disease is still present in Eastern Europe. Oral rabies immunization of wild animal rabies has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. All rabies vaccines used in Europe are modified live virus vaccines based on the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain isolated from a naturally-infected dog in 1935. Because of the potential safety risk of a live virus which could revert to virulence, the genetic composition of three commercial attenuated live rabies vaccines was investigated in two independent laboratories using next genome sequencing. This study is the first one reporting on the diversity of variants in oral rabies vaccines as well as the presence of a mix of at least two different variants in all tested batches. The results demonstrate the need for vaccine producers to use new robust methodologies in the context of their routine vaccine quality controls prior to market release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cliquet
- ANSES, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- ANSES, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Miroslav Mojzis
- State Veterinary and Food Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Dirbakova
- State Veterinary and Food Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovak Republic
| | - Zita Muizniece
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingrida Jaceviciene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute of Lithuania, J. Kairiukscio, Vilnius, Lithuania
- University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Agrotechnologies, Vilnius district, Lithuania
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marta Matulova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Frolichova
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Celer
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Servat A, Kempff S, Brogat V, Litaize E, Schereffer JL, Cliquet F. A step forward in the quality control testing of inactivated rabies vaccines - extensive evaluation of European vaccines by using alternative methods to the in vivo potency tests. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:19-27. [PMID: 25802995 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mouse challenge test still remains the reference method for the potency determination of human and animal inactivated rabies vaccines, and it is still widely used throughout the world. This test suffers from many disadvantages - it is expensive and time consuming, uses a large number of mice, causes significant animal distress, and suffers from high variability. Recently, the European Pharmacopoeia has recognised the use of a serological potency assay (SPA) as an alternative method to the challenge test. This new test is based on the determination of rabies neutralising antibody titres in vaccinated mice, by using the modified Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (mRFFIT). With the objective of adopting this new method for the batch release of inactivated rabies vaccines, we evaluated its performance on a large collection of rabies vaccines currently assessed in our laboratory. The Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralisation test (FAVNt) was used in parallel with the mRFFIT, and the results were compared to the mouse challenge test. Our results demonstrate that the SPA is capable of estimating the potency of vaccines formulated with a potency margin well above the minimum of 1IU/dose. For low potency vaccines, this new method demonstrated some limitations, due to the recurrent invalidation of the assay. We have also demonstrated the superior sensitivity of the FAVNt when compared to the mRFFIT, and the importance of minimising the risk of detecting non-responders in vaccinated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Servat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
| | - Sébastien Kempff
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
| | - Valère Brogat
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
| | - Estelle Litaize
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
| | - Jean-Luc Schereffer
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife (EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies, EU Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies), Malzéville, France
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