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El Khantour A, Soulaymani A, Salek M, Filali Maltouf A, Darkaoui S, El Mellouli F, Ducatez MF, Fellahi S. Molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from broiler flocks in Morocco from 2016 to 2018. VET ARHIV 2020. [DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype continue to spread in wild birds and poultry worldwide. Infection with H9N2 avian influenza virus was detected for the first time in Morocco in January 2016. In this study, a total of 105 organ and tracheal swab samples from 21 broiler farms in Morocco were collected from July 2016 to October 2018 for H9N2 screening. The suspicion of disease was based on severe respiratory signs such as sneezing, coughing, rales and gasping, while H9N2 virus infection was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of four isolates were amplified by conventional RT-PCR, sequenced, and aligned for phylogenetic analyses. Among the 21 flocks, 48% (10/21) were qRT-PCR positive for H9, with the cycle threshold values ranging from18.6 to 34.8. The maximum similarity in nucleotide and protein sequences (96-98%) was observed between the Moroccan viruses and an H9 virus isolated from broiler chickens in 2017 in Burkina Faso (A/chicken/BurkinaFaso/17RS93-19/2017) and from a layer chicken in the United Arab Emirates in 2015 (A/chicken/Dubai/D2506/2015). The HA genes revealed the close relationship between the four Moroccan viruses, with 97.9%-99.9% nucleotide identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Moroccan viruses belonged to the G1 lineage, and likely originated from the Middle East, as previously reported in 2016.
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El Khantour A, Darkaoui S, Tatár-Kis T, Mató T, Essalah-Bennani A, Cazaban C, Palya V. Immunity Elicited by a Turkey Herpesvirus-Vectored Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Turkey Against Challenge With a Recent Genotype IV Newcastle Disease Virus Field Strain. Avian Dis 2018; 61:378-386. [PMID: 28957008 DOI: 10.1637/11547-120216-resnoter] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is still a major poultry disease worldwide. Vaccination remains the principal method of controlling ND in endemic countries. Various vaccination strategies, including the use of recently developed recombinant vaccines, have been used to control it. Recombinant vaccines that use the herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) as a vector to express one of the key antigens of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been developed to overcome some of the drawbacks related to the use of conventional vaccines. HVT as a vector appears to have unique beneficial characteristics: it is extremely safe, it is not affected by the presence of maternally derived antibodies, and therefore can be applied in the hatchery either in ovo or to day-old chicks. Due to its persistence in the bird, the HVT vector can be expected to induce life-long immune stimulation. In the present study, the efficacy of an HVT-based vector vaccine expressing the F gene of NDV (rHVT-F) was tested against a velogenic genotype IV NDV challenge in commercial turkeys with high levels of maternal antibodies (8.7 ± 0.8 log2 hemagglutination inhibition titer). The birds were vaccinated on the day of hatch by the subcutaneous route. Development of a humoral immune response to vaccination was detectable from 4 weeks of age by ELISA. The challenge strain used represents recent NDV genotype IV field strains from Morocco. Challenge with this strain induced ND-specific clinical signs and stunting without subsequent mortality in the non-vaccinated birds, whereas the vaccinated turkey poults showed protection as early as 3 weeks of age based on lack of clinical signs, better body weight gain, and reduction of challenge virus shedding. This is the first reported efficacy study of an HVT-vectored ND vaccine against a velogenic NDV challenge in commercial turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazak El Khantour
- A CED Sciencies and Techniques FSK University Ibn Tofail, BP 133, Kénitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Sami Darkaoui
- B Division de la Pharmacie et des Intrants Vétérinaires, ONSSA, Aenue Hadj Ahmed Cherkaoui, Agdal, 10090-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tímea Tatár-Kis
- C Ceva Santé Animale, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás utca 5., 1107-Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mató
- C Ceva Santé Animale, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás utca 5., 1107-Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amal Essalah-Bennani
- D Ceva Santé Animale, Z.I. Ouled Saleh BP 39, Lot 132, Bouskoura, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Christophe Cazaban
- E Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenuae de la Ballastière, 33500-Libourne, France
| | - Vilmos Palya
- C Ceva Santé Animale, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás utca 5., 1107-Budapest, Hungary
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Darkaoui S, Cliquet F, Wasniewski M, Robardet E, Aboulfidaa N, Bouslikhane M, Fassi-Fihri O. A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911-2015): How Much Longer? Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:78. [PMID: 28626749 PMCID: PMC5454081 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease's vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976-2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005-2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a "One Health" approach. Dog population ecology parameters' study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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Ziyate N, Karraouan B, Kadiri A, Darkaoui S, Soulaymani A, Bouchrif B. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in Moroccan laying hens farms. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Darkaoui S, Fassi Fihri O, Schereffer JL, Aboulfidaa N, Wasniewski M, Zouine K, Bouslikhane M, Yahia KIS, Cliquet F. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Rabivac vaccine for animal rabies control in Morocco. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2016; 5:60-9. [PMID: 26866025 PMCID: PMC4742601 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2016.5.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To fight animal rabies, Moroccan veterinary authorities organize annual dog mass vaccination campaigns using Rabivac vaccine, an inactivated adjuvanted cell culture veterinary rabies vaccine. Two experiments were undertaken to assess the efficacy and immunogenicity of Rabivac. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first experiment involved 13 caged dogs (8 vaccinated and 5 negative controls). Dogs were bled at day 0 (D0) and at days D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, D49, D56, D64, D70, D77, D84, D91, D98, D105, D112, and D119 post-vaccination. At D121, a virulent challenge was performed. After 70 days monitoring period, seven out of eight vaccinated dogs survived the challenge (one dog succumbed to a mesenteric torsion accident) and four out of five controls succumbed. All vaccinated dogs seroconverted and the control dogs remained negative. The second experiment consisted in a field study involving 919 owned dogs randomly selected in eight Moroccan districts located in different parts of the country. The dogs were identified and vaccinated by the parenteral route and bled on the vaccination day (D0) and on D30. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of dogs developed a positive rabies virus neutralizing antibody response to vaccination and 24% were positive at D0, suggesting that dogs were previously vaccinated. The increase in rabies antibody titers was highly significant in all districts. No significant difference seemed occurring between the geographical status (rural, semiurban, or urban) of the districts on the results obtained. CONCLUSION Rabivac is efficacious both in experimental and field conditions. This supports its use in dog mass vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, IAV Hassan II (BP Rabat Instituts), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jean Luc Schereffer
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Karima Zouine
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, IAV Hassan II (BP Rabat Instituts), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khadija Id Sidi Yahia
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires, DPIV Rue Ikhlass CYM (BP4509 Akkari), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
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Darkaoui S, Boué F, Demerson JM, Fassi Fihri O, Yahia KIS, Cliquet F. First trials of oral vaccination with rabies SAG2 dog baits in Morocco. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:220-6. [PMID: 25003096 PMCID: PMC4083075 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Canine rabies is a serious health problem in Morocco and about 22 human deaths are reported yearly. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, Moroccan authorities evaluated oral rabies vaccine baits specially designed for dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was performed in Tiflet area. The vaccine strain was SAG2, a modified live oral rabies vaccine strain. Each bait contained an aluminium/PVC capsule filled with a liquid. Two kinds of baits were used: placebo baits containing methylene blue as a topical marker and vaccine baits containing vaccine suspension. The study was performed according to recommended WHO strategies, i.e., door to door model (DDDM), hand-out and wildlife immunization model (WIM). The DDDM was performed in the rural area of Tiflet on 60 owned dogs. The hand-out strategy was tested on 15 stray dogs. The WIM was performed on 4 transects lines near Tiflet slaughterhouse and near the weekly traditional market location. RESULTS Using the DDDM, 100% of owned dogs were attracted by the baits and 77% ate the bait. Using the hand-out model, 100% of dogs showed interest in baits and 46.7% took the baits. Using the WIM in stray dogs, up to 73% of baits disappeared and 68% of the capsules containing the SAG2 vaccine were found pierced, depending on the sites of distribution. CONCLUSION This pilot study showed that baits have a good palatability and that oral vaccination of both owned and stray dogs is feasible with baits specifically developed for dogs and with adapted strategy of distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Moroccan Office for Food Safety (ONSSA), Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, Rue Ikhlass, Cite Yacoub El Mansour, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Franck Boué
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France
| | - Jean Michel Demerson
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Unit of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khadija Id Sidi Yahia
- Moroccan Office for Food Safety (ONSSA), Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, Rue Ikhlass, Cite Yacoub El Mansour, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France
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