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Li C, Cao H, Ren Y, Jia J, Yang G, Jin J, Shi X. Eicosapentaenoic acid-mediated activation of PGAM2 regulates skeletal muscle growth and development via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131547. [PMID: 38641281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and significantly affects whole-body energy metabolism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that eicosapentaenoic acid activates phosphoglycerate mutase 2, which mediates the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in glycerol degradation, thereby facilitating the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, phosphoglycerate mutase 2 inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, promoting the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid and phosphoglycerate mutase 2 knockdown induced opposite transcriptomic changes, most of which were enriched in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Phosphoglycerate mutase 2 activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, which inhibited the phosphorylation of FOXO1, and, in turn, inhibited mitochondrial function and promoted the formation of fast-type muscle fibers. Our results suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid promotes skeletal muscle growth and regulates glucose metabolism by targeting phosphoglycerate mutase 2 and activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haigang Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yingchun Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jianjun Jin
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xin'e Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Wei W, Yu S, Zeng H, Tan W, Hu M, Huang J, Li X, Mao L. Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Promote the Accumulation of Browning-Related Myokines via Calcium Signaling in Insulin-Resistant Mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:1271-1281. [PMID: 38367811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myokines have a prominent effect on improving insulin resistance (IR) by inducing browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Although docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) play roles in improving IR and stimulating browning, whether they mediate myokines directly remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of DHA and EPA on browning-related myokines under IR and clarify the mechanism via Ca2+ signaling. METHODS The expression and secretion levels of myokines in IR mice and IR myotubes were detected after DHA/EPA treatment. The crosstalk between myotubes and adipocytes was evaluated through a method in which IR adipocytes were treated with the culture medium supernatant of myotubes treated with DHA/EPA. The expression of browning markers in the WAT of IR mice and adipocytes was determined. A calcium chelator was used to determine whether DHA and EPA regulate myokine production through a calcium ion-dependent pathway. RESULTS In vivo experiments: 3:1 and 1:3 DHA/EPA promoted the mRNA levels of Irisin, IL-6, IL-15, and FGF21 in skeletal muscle, stimulated WAT browning, reduced lipid accumulation; 3:1 DHA/EPA upregulated the serum concentration of Irisin; 1:3 DHA/EPA upregulated the serum concentrations of Irisin, IL-6, and FGF21. In vitro experiments: the levels of Irisin and IL-6 in C2C12 myotubes and their medium supernatant were significantly elevated in the 3:1 and 1:3 groups and the upregulation of browning markers and reduction in fat accumulation were observed in adipocytes treated with the medium supernatant of C2C12 myotubes in the 3:1 and 1:3 groups. However, the above phenomena disappeared when Ca2+ signaling was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with DHA and EPA at composition ratios of 3:1 and 1:3 induces browning of WAT in IR mice, which is likely related to the promotion of the accumulation of myokines, especially Irisin and IL-6, via Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Department of Nutriology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Siyan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Huanting Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Manjiang Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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Watkins BA, Newman JW, Kuchel GA, Fiehn O, Kim J. Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid and Glucose Systemic Metabolic Changes in the Mouse. Nutrients 2023; 15:2679. [PMID: 37375583 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in regulating whole body energy balance. Overactivation of the ECS has been associated with the negative consequence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since activators of the ECS rely on lipid-derived ligands, an investigation was conducted to determine whether dietary PUFA could influence the ECS to affect glucose clearance by measuring metabolites of macronutrient metabolism. C57/blk6 mice were fed a control or DHA-enriched semi-purified diet for a period of 112 d. Plasma, skeletal muscle, and liver were collected after 56 d and 112 d of feeding the diets for metabolomics analysis. Key findings characterized a shift in glucose metabolism and greater catabolism of fatty acids in mice fed the DHA diet. Glucose use and promotion of fatty acids as substrate were found based on levels of metabolic pathway intermediates and altered metabolic changes related to pathway flux with DHA feeding. Greater levels of DHA-derived glycerol lipids were found subsequently leading to the decrease of arachidonate-derived endocannabinoids (eCB). Levels of 1- and 2-arachidonylglcerol eCB in muscle and liver were lower in the DHA diet group compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that DHA feeding in mice alters macronutrient metabolism and may restore ECS tone by lowering arachidonic acid derived eCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH UC Davis West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Budd JM, Hucik B, Wang C, King AN, Sarr O, Nakamura MT, Harasim-Symbor E, Chabowski A, Dyck DJ, Mutch DM. A reduction of skeletal muscle DHA content does not result in impaired whole body glucose tolerance or skeletal muscle basal insulin signaling in otherwise healthy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E241-E250. [PMID: 36696599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by the Fads2 gene, catalyzes the first step in the conversion of α-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ablation of D6D in whole body Fads2-/- knockout (KO) mice results in an inability to endogenously produce EPA and DHA. Evidence supports a beneficial role for EPA and DHA on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle in the context of a metabolic challenge; however, it is unknown how low EPA and DHA levels impact skeletal muscle fatty acid composition and insulin signaling in a healthy context. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of ablating the endogenous production of EPA and DHA on skeletal muscle fatty acid composition, whole body glucose and insulin tolerance, and a key marker of skeletal muscle insulin signaling (pAkt). Male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT), Fads2+/- heterozygous, and Fads2-/- KO mice were fed a low-fat diet (16% kcal from fat) modified to contain either 7% w/w lard or 7% w/w flaxseed for 21 wk. No differences in total phospholipid (PL), triacylglycerol, or reactive lipid content were observed between genotypes. As expected, KO mice on both diets had significantly less DHA content in skeletal muscle PL. Despite this, KO mice did not have significantly different glucose or insulin tolerance compared with WT mice on either diet. Basal pAktSer473 was not significantly different between the genotypes within each diet. Ultimately, this study shows for the first time, to our knowledge, that the reduction of DHA in skeletal muscle is not necessarily detrimental to glucose homeostasis in otherwise healthy animals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skeletal muscle is the primary location of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. EPA and DHA supplementation has been observed to improve skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in models of metabolic dysfunction. Fads2-/- knockout mice cannot endogenously produce long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results show that the absence of DHA in skeletal muscle is not detrimental to whole body glucose homeostasis in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Budd
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbora Hucik
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa N King
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ousseynou Sarr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Ewa Harasim-Symbor
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - David J Dyck
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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PPARγ Gene as a Possible Link between Acquired and Congenital Lipodystrophy and its Modulation by Dietary Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224742. [PMID: 36432429 PMCID: PMC9693235 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes are rare diseases that could be of genetic or acquired origin. The main complication of lipodystrophy is the dysfunction of adipose tissue, which leads to an ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in tissues such as the liver, pancreas and skeletal muscle. This abnormal fat distribution is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, liver steatosis, cardiomyopathies and chronic inflammation. Although the origin of acquired lipodystrophies remains unclear, patients show alterations in genes related to genetic lipodystrophy, suggesting that this disease could be improved or aggravated by orchestrating gene activity, for example by diet. Nowadays, the main reason for adipose tissue dysfunction is an imbalance in metabolism, caused in other pathologies associated with adipose tissue dysfunction by high-fat diets. However, not all dietary fats have the same health implications. Therefore, this article aims to summarize the main genes involved in the pathophysiology of lipodystrophy, identify connections between them and provide a systematic review of studies published between January 2017 and January 2022 of the dietary fats that can modulate the development of lipodystrophy through transcriptional regulation or the regulation of protein expression in adipocytes.
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Wang Z, Karrar E, Wang Y, Liu R, Chang M, Wang X. The bioactive of four dietary sources phospholipids on heavy metal-induced skeletal muscle injury in zebrafish: A comparison of phospholipid profiles. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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