1
|
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang M, Zheng W, Zhu X, Xu J, Cai B, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Zhou L, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wang C, Nie S, Zhu J. A Human Anti-Toll Like Receptor 4 Fab Fragment Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Production in Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146856. [PMID: 26785354 PMCID: PMC4718644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that endotoxin/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated proinflammatory and profibrotic signaling activation is critical in the development of hepatic fibrosis. However, studies examining the role of specific TLR4 inhibitor are still lacking. The present study was aimed to prepare a human anti-TLR4 Fab fragment, named hTLR4-Fab01, and to explore its immune activity. We screened the positive clone of anti-human TLR4 phagemid from a human phage-display antibody library using recombinant TLR4 protein, which was used as template cDNA for the amplification of variable regions of the heavy (VH) chain and light chain (VL), then coupled with highly conserved regions of the heavy chain domain 1 (CH1) and the light chain (CL), respectively. Thus, the prokaryotic expression vector pETDuet-1 of hTLR4-Fab01 was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21. The characteristic of hTLR4-Fab01 was examined by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, ELISA, affinity and kinetics assay. Further, our data demonstrate that hTLR4-Fab01 could specifically bind to TLR4, and its treatment obviously attenuated the proinflammatory effect, characterized by less LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production in human macrophages. In conclusion, we have successfully prepared the hTLR4-Fab01 with efficient activity for blocking LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines production, suggesting that the hTLR4-Fab01 may be a potential candidate for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Wang
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
- Anhui Medical University Affiliated with Bayi Clinical College, Nanjing 210002, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (JZ)
| | - Wenkai Zheng
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xuhui Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Binggang Cai
- Anhui Medical University Affiliated with Bayi Clinical College, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Linfu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguo Yang
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Liver Disease, Nanjing Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shinan Nie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of the Ministry of Health, NJMU, Nanjing 210029, China
- * E-mail: (MW); (JZ)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Anthrax is a serious, potentially fatal disease that can present in four distinct clinical patterns depending on the route of infection (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pneumonic, or injectional); effective strategies for prophylaxis and therapy are therefore required. This review addresses the complex mechanisms of pathogenesis employed by the bacterium and describes how, as understanding of these has developed over many years, so too have current strategies for vaccination and therapy. It covers the clinical and veterinary use of live attenuated strains of anthrax and the subsequent identification of protein sub-units for incorporation into vaccines, as well as combinations of protein sub-units with spore or other components. It also addresses the application of these vaccines for conventional prophylactic use, as well as post-exposure use in conjunction with antibiotics. It describes the licensed acellular vaccines AVA and AVP and discusses the prospects for a next generation of recombinant sub-unit vaccines for anthrax, balancing the regulatory requirement and current drive for highly defined vaccines, against the risk of losing the “danger” signals required to induce protective immunity in the vaccinee. It considers novel approaches to reduce time to immunity by means of combining, for example, dendritic cell vaccination with conventional approaches and considers current opportunities for the immunotherapy of anthrax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Hugh Dyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang Y, Coffin MV, Manceva SD, Chichester JA, Jones RM, Kiick KL. Controlled release of an anthrax toxin-neutralizing antibody from hydrolytically degradable polyethylene glycol hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015. [PMID: 26223817 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrophilic and hydrolytically degradable poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were formed via Michael-type addition and employed for sustained delivery of a monoclonal antibody against the protective antigen of anthrax. Taking advantage of the PEG-induced precipitation of the antibody, burst release from the matrix was avoided. These hydrogels were able to release active antibodies in a controlled manner from 14 days to as long as 56 days in vitro by varying the polymer architectures and molecular weights of the precursors. Analysis of the secondary and tertiary structure and the in vitro activity of the released antibody showed that the encapsulation and release did not affect the protein conformation or functionality. The results suggest the promise for developing PEG-based carriers for sustained release of therapeutic antibodies against toxins in various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Megan V Coffin
- Fraunhofer USA, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711
| | - Slobodanka D Manceva
- Fraunhofer USA, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711
| | - Jessica A Chichester
- Fraunhofer USA, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711
| | - R Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA, Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Newark, DE, 19711
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiong S, Tang Q, Liang X, Zhou T, Yang J, Liu P, Chen Y, Wang C, Feng Z, Zhu J. A Novel Chimeric Anti-PA Neutralizing Antibody for Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment of Anthrax. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11776. [PMID: 26134518 PMCID: PMC4488766 DOI: 10.1038/srep11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, and the associated shock is closely related to the lethal toxin (LeTx) produced by the bacterium. The central role played by the 63 kDa protective antigen (PA63) region of LeTx in the pathophysiology of anthrax makes it an excellent therapeutic target. In the present study, a human/murine chimeric IgG mAb, hmPA6, was developed by inserting murine antibody variable regions into human constant regions using antibody engineering technology. hmPA6 expressed in 293F cells could neutralize LeTx both in vitro and in vivo. At a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, it could protect all tested rats from a lethal dose of LeTx. Even administration of 0.6 mg/kg hmPA6 48 h before LeTx challenge protected all tested rats. The results indicate that hmPA6 is a potential candidate for clinical application in anthrax treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siping Xiong
- 1] Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China [2] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xudong Liang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Ya Chen
- 1] Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China [2] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- 1] Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China [2] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- 1] Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China [2] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang J, Tang Q, Wang C, Yu H, Feng Z, Zhu J. Molecularly Targeted Therapy of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts with Radio-iodinated Anti-VEGFR2 Murine-Human Chimeric Fab. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10660. [PMID: 26021484 PMCID: PMC4448128 DOI: 10.1038/srep10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is traditionally regarded as an important therapeutic target in a wide variety of malignancies, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously generated a murine-human anti-VEGFR2 chimeric Fab (cFab), named FA8H1, which has the potential to treat VEGFR2-overexpressing solid tumors. Here, we investigated whether FA8H1 can be used as a carrier in molecularly targeted therapy in HCC xenograft models. FA8H1 was labeled with 131I, and two HCC xenograft models were generated using BEL-7402 (high VEGFR2-expressing) and SMMC-7721 (low VEGFR2-expressing) cells, which were selected from five HCC cell lines. The biodistribution of 131I-FA8H1 was determined in both models by Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and therapeutic effects were monitored in nude mice bearing BEL-7402 xenografts. Finally, we determined the involvement of necrosis and apoptotic pathways in treated mice using immunohistochemistry. 131I-FA8H1 levels were dramatically reduced in blood and other viscera. The therapeutic effect of 131I-labeled FA8H1 in the BEL-7402 model was significantly better than that by 131I and FA8H1 alone. We observed extensive necrosis in the treated tumors, and both FasL and caspase 3 were up-regulated. Thus, 131I-anti-VEGFR2 cFab has the potential to be used for molecularly targeted treatment of HCC overexpressing VEGFR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Huixin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention &Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ohanjanian L, Remy KE, Li Y, Cui X, Eichacker PQ. An overview of investigational toxin-directed therapies for the adjunctive management of Bacillus anthracis infection and sepsis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:851-65. [PMID: 25920540 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1041587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis with Bacillus anthracis infection has a very high mortality rate despite appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapies. Over the past 15 years, recent outbreaks in the US and in Europe, coupled with anthrax's bioterrorism weapon potential, have stimulated efforts to develop adjunctive therapies to improve clinical outcomes. Since lethal toxin and edema toxin (LT and ET) make central contributions to the pathogenesis of B. anthracis, these have been major targets in this effort. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review different investigative biopharmaceuticals that have been recently identified for their therapeutic potential as inhibitors of LT or ET. Among these inhibitors are two antibody preparations that have been included in the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) and several more that have reached Phase I testing. Presently, however, many of these candidate agents have only been studied in vitro and very few tested in bacteria-challenged models. EXPERT OPINION Although a large number of drugs have been identified as potential therapeutic inhibitors of LT and ET, in most cases their testing has been limited. The use of the two SNS antibody therapies during a large-scale exposure to B. anthracis will be difficult. Further testing and development of agents with oral bioavailability and relatively long shelf lives should be a focus for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lernik Ohanjanian
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Critical Care Medicine Department , Building 10, Room 2C145, Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA +1 301 402 2914 ; +1 301 402 1213 ;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S, Feizi MAH, Nejad RAK. Antibody humanization methods for development of therapeutic applications. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:67-73. [PMID: 24746146 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibody technologies are rapidly becoming available and showing considerable clinical success. However, the immunogenicity of murine-derived monoclonal antibodies is restrictive in cancer immunotherapy. Humanized antibodies can overcome these problems and are considered to be a promising alternative therapeutic agent. There are several approaches for antibody humanization. In this article we review various methods used in the antibody humanization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ahmadzadeh
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|