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Kwaees TA, Barter R, Venugopal V, Joseph AD, Pydisetty R. Intra-articular steroids for the treatment of coxarthrosis; a retrospective cohort study comparing three contrast techniques. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2024:10.1007/s00402-024-05371-w. [PMID: 38809344 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-024-05371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intra-articular steroid injections (IAS) are a treatment for coxarthrosis. This study examines the efficacy of three fluoroscopy-guided IAS contrast techniques for coxarthrosis: contrast-assisted (Iohexol), air arthrogram-assisted and blind (contrast/air free) and stratifies efficacy based on multiple patient variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of 307 hip IAS was retrospectively analysed over a four-year period. The primary outcome was efficacy of IAS between each technique group, defined by duration of symptomatic relief. The secondary outcome was efficacy based on multiple patient variables. Variables included age, BMI, gender, type of osteoarthritis, grade of osteoarthritis, smoking status, co-morbidity index and duration of pre-injection symptoms. Chi-squared, Pearson, One Way ANOVA and F-tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Total failure (< 1 week symptomatic relief) was 20% (contrast 20%, air 14%, blind 26%). >3 months of symptomatic relief was experienced by 35%, with the air arthrogram technique containing the largest proportion of IAS achieving > 3months of relief within its own group (contrast 35%, air 38%, blind 28%). Non-smokers experienced a longer duration of symptomatic relief in the air arthrogram group (p = 0.04). Older patients had a longer duration of symptomatic relief with the blind technique (p = < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the three techniques based on the other patient variables. CONCLUSION Air arthrogram is an effective method of confirming injection placement in hip IAS for coxarthrosis and the use of a contrast agent (e.g., Iohexol) may not be required. Non-contrast techniques may produce longer duration of symptomatic relief in non-smokers and in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Adam Kwaees
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Reece Barter
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK.
| | - Vinayak Venugopal
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Arun Daniel Joseph
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK
| | - Ravi Pydisetty
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Department, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR, UK
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Coppola C, Greco M, Munir A, Musarò D, Quarta S, Massaro M, Lionetto MG, Maffia M. Osteoarthritis: Insights into Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Avenues, and the Potential of Natural Extracts. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4063-4105. [PMID: 38785519 PMCID: PMC11119992 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition's complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Coppola
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Anas Munir
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Debora Musarò
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Stefano Quarta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Marika Massaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Maria Giulia Lionetto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.G.); (D.M.); (S.Q.); (M.G.L.)
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Via Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Taveesuksiri R, Kulalert P, Jitapunkul C, Apivatgaroon A. Efficacy of three different techniques in the fluoroscopy-guided intra-articular steroid injection of the hip: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17214. [PMID: 37821601 PMCID: PMC10567744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroscopy-guided injection via the anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), or proximal anterolateral (PAL) approaches are the common hip injection techniques without comparing the efficacy of the three techniques. The prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted from August 2020 to March 2022. Included patients with intra-articular hip disorders indicated an intra-articular steroid injection. Excluded significant spine pathology with radiculopathy or significant neurological deficits, previous hip surgery of the injection side, suspected tumor or infection origins, steroid or contrast media allergy, and body mass index > 35 kg/m2. The primary outcome was the injection attempt defining one attempt and multiple attempts. 90 patients were recruited and allocated to 30 per group. There were no differences between A, AL, and PAL respectively regarding the success in one attempt rate (80%, 80%, 90%; p = 0.533), VAS during local anesthetic injection (4.33 ± 1.99, 3.70 ± 2.34, 4.27 ± 2.49; p = 0.500), VAS during intra-articular injection (4.27 ± 1.87, 4.70 ± 2.37, 4.13 ± 2.37; p = 0.587), radiation doses (0.558 ± 0.313, 0.526 ± 0.485, 0.492 ± 0.275 mGy; p = 0.788), radiation time (0.043 ± 0.017, 0.039 ± 0.021, 0.041 ± 0.015 seconds; p = 0.723), and complications. The post-injection mHHS was improved in all three approaches without significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakop Taveesuksiri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Prapasri Kulalert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chane Jitapunkul
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Adinun Apivatgaroon
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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Lim A, Zhu JB, Khanduja V. The Use of Intra-articular Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Therapeutic Intervention for Hip Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:2487-2497. [PMID: 35971803 PMCID: PMC10353029 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221095563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a cohort of patients in whom hip preservation surgery is not indicated, because they have developed signs of early osteoarthritis (OA), and nor can they have a hip replacement, as they are too early in the disease process. Management of this cohort of patients is not standardised and both pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures are utilised to reduce pain. Interventions available for early OA include intra-articular injections of steroids, viscosupplementation and more recently platelet-rich plasma (PRP). However, the use of PRP in hip OA has not yet been studied systematically. PURPOSE To assess intra-articular PRP as a therapeutic intervention for hip OA, including the duration of efficacy, influence of dose and composition of PRP, and the incidence of adverse effects. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS We performed literature searches on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS databases, and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. We assessed the quality of the included studies using the methodological index for non-randomized studies instrument, with an additional assessment for randomized controlled trials with the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. This is the first study to concisely collate the available data on the use of PRP in hip OA. RESULTS Eight studies were included in the analysis, with data from a total of 331 patients. PRP significantly reduced pain compared with the baseline at multiple time points, with the greatest effect at the 1- to 2-month follow-up, but PRP significantly improved function only at the 1- to 2-month follow-up. A significantly larger reduction in pain was achieved with a single injection of PRP compared with multiple injections, a total injected dose of PRP <15 mL compared with ≥15 mL, and use of a leukocyte-poor PRP preparation compared with leukocyte-rich PRP. There were no lasting adverse effects. CONCLUSION Low- and moderate-quality evidence suggests that PRP reduces pain and improves function at the end-point follow-up of studies compared with the baseline. Moderate-quality evidence suggests that a larger reduction in pain is achieved with a single injection of PRP compared with multiple injections, and low-quality evidence attributes a larger reduction of pain with a total injected dose of PRP <15 mL compared with ≥15 mL and using leukocyte-poor PRP compared with leukocyte-rich PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lim
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John B. Zhu
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vikas Khanduja
- Addenbrooke’s–Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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5
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How do pre-operative intra-articular injections impact periprosthetic joint infection risk following primary total hip arthroplasty? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:1627-1635. [PMID: 35150302 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although intra-articular injections (IAIs) serve as the first-line non-surgical management for severe osteoarthritis (OA), recent analyses have suggested they are associated with an increased infection risk following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Therefore, our systematic review and meta-analysis explored the relationship between IAIs and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following THA reported in the current literature. METHODS Five online databases were queried for analyses published from January 1st, 2000-May 1st, 2021 reporting on PJI rates between patients undergoing primary THA who did and did not preoperatively receive an IAI. The overall pooled effect of injection status on PJI incidence was determined using Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) models. This was similarly conducted for segregated preoperative intervals: 0-3 months, > 3-6 months, > 6 + months. RESULTS A total of 11 articles were included in our analysis reporting on 278,782 THAs (IAI: n = 41,138; no IAI: n = 237,644). Patients receiving pre-operative injections had a significantly higher risk of PJI (OR: 1.31, 95% CI 1.07-1.62; p = 0.009). However, this finding was not robust. IAI receipt within 3-months of THA was associated with significantly higher PJI rates (OR: 1.68, 95% CI 1.48-1.90; p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was demonstrated in the > 3-6 month (OR: 1.19, 95% CI 0.94-1.52; p = 0.16) and > 6 + month sub-analyses (OR: 1.20, 95% CI 0.96-1.50; p = 0.11). The results of all sub-analyses remained were robust. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that patients requiring THA should wait at least 3-months following IAI to reduce post-operative infection risk. This information can help inform patients considering OA management options, as well as adult reconstruction surgeons during preoperative optimization.
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Estee MM, Cicuttini FM, Page MJ, Butala AD, Wluka AE, Hussain SM, Wang Y. Efficacy of corticosteroids for hand osteoarthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:665. [PMID: 35831847 PMCID: PMC9277790 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is some evidence that corticosteroids may have a beneficial effect in hand osteoarthritis. We examined the efficacy of corticosteroids on symptoms and structural outcomes in hand osteoarthritis. Methods Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to October 2021 for randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of corticosteroids in hand osteoarthritis. Two authors independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the RoB 2 tool. Standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) was calculated, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed. Results Of 13 included trials, 3 examined oral corticosteroids and clinical outcomes in any hand joints, 9 examined intra-articular injection of corticosteroids and clinical outcomes at the first carpometacarpal joint and one in the interphalangeal joints. In meta-analysis, oral corticosteroids reduced pain (SMD -0.53, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.28) and improved stiffness (MD -5.03, 95% CI -9.91 to -0.15; Australian Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index stiffness subscale) and function (SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.12) at 4-6 weeks. However, there was no significant persistent effect on pain and function at 3 months which was 6-8 weeks after study medication was stopped. There was no significant effect of intra-articular corticosteroids on pain or function at 4-6 weeks or over 3-12 months in first carpometacarpal osteoarthritis. Two trials evaluated joint structure at 4-6 weeks: one study showed oral corticosteroids reduced synovial thickening, neither showed an effect on synovitis. Conclusions There was low-certainty evidence for a medium effect of oral corticosteroids on pain relief and stiffness improvement and small-to-medium effect on functional improvement at 4-6 weeks, with no significant effect for intra-articular corticosteroids. Corticosteroids had no significant effect on any outcomes over longer term (3-12 months) off treatment. No trials examined the effect of corticosteroids on disease progression. The role of corticosteroids in hand osteoarthritis is limited. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05619-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnuma Mahfuz Estee
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Matthew J Page
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Anant D Butala
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Anita E Wluka
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Sultana Monira Hussain
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
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Alternative treatment of hip pain from advanced hip osteoarthritis utilizing cooled radiofrequency ablation: single institution pilot study. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:1047-1054. [PMID: 34609519 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the effectiveness of cooled radiofrequency ablation in managing hip pain from osteoarthritis at 6 months after receiving treatment in patients who failed conservative treatments and are not surgical candidates due to comorbidities or unwillingness to undergo arthroplasty surgery by targeting the femoral and obturator branches and assessing the degree of hip pain relief and change of function. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective pilot study includes a total of 11 consecutive patients experiencing persistent chronic hip pain in the setting of advanced osteoarthritis. Patients initially underwent anesthetic blocks of the obturator and femoral nerve branches to determine cooled radiofrequency ablation candidacy. After adequate response to the anesthetic blocks (> 50% immediate pain relief), patients were subjected to the procedures 2-3 weeks later. Treatment response was evaluated utilizing clinically validated questionnaires and visual analog score in order to assess impact on pain severity, stiffness, and functional activities of daily living. Follow-up outcome scores were collected up to 6 months after cooled radiofrequency ablation procedure. RESULTS A total of 11 hips were treated consecutively between August 2019 and March 2020 (mean patient age 61.4 years; 8 M:3F). The mean total HOOS score improved significantly from baseline at 17.0 ± 6.0 to 52.9 ± 5.4 at a mean of 6.2 months after treatment (p < 0.0001), with significant improvement in mean pain score from 16.1 ± 6.6 to 53.4 ± 7.4 (p < 0.0001) and mean stiffness score from 15.0 ± 8.1 to 53.6 ± 11.0 (p < 0.0001). No major complications were encountered. No patients went on to re-treatment, surgery, or other intervention. CONCLUSION Image-guided obturator and femoral nerve cooled radiofrequency ablation is effective and safe in treating chronic hip pain/stiffness in the setting of advanced osteoarthritis.
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Ultrasound-guided injection with hyaluronic acid in hip osteoarthritis: efficacy and safety in a real-life setting. Clin Rheumatol 2022; 41:2491-2498. [PMID: 35389116 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For knee OA, EULAR has included hyaluronic acid (HA) intra-articular injection in the 2003 recommendations, making the intra-articular injection a sound therapeutic option. The ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections (USGIAI) have been demonstrated to be more efficient and safe in comparison to the blind procedure. Our objectives were to evaluate the short- and medium-term efficacy and safety of USGIAI of HA in moderate hip OA and patients' additional NSAIDs/pain killer intake. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with hip OA (KLG II/III), that failed standard of care therapy, received 3 consecutive HA-USGIAI (case group) while other patients (KLG II/III) treated according to current guidelines were chosen as a control group. Demographic data, comorbidities and medication intake were recorded. VAS pain scale and WOMAC score were performed at baseline and at 3 months. In the case group, they were additionally scored at 6 months. At baseline and at 6 months, hip X-ray assessment was also made. Ultrasound evaluation was made at each visit. RESULTS In the case group, 15 patients were enrolled and 28 hip joints were injected. The control group consisted of 17 hip OA patients. In the case group, pain evaluated by VAS score and WOMAC score were significantly and progressively decreased (p < 0.0001) from baseline up to 3 and 6 months, respectively. Indeed, the case group showed a significantly lower NSAIDs/pain killer median intake at 3 months from baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HA-USGIAI may be an effective and safe treatment for moderate hip OA with short- and medium-term benefits. Key Points • US hip evaluation before interventional maneuvers may identify capsular distension suggestive for concomitant septic involvement, microcrystal arthropathy or incipient hip osteonecrosis. • USGIAI may be fundamental to achieve an efficacious and safe injection. • HA-USGIAI may be an effective and safe treatment for moderate hip OA with short- and medium-term benefits.
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Aksoy A, Gulcu A, Tuna MM, Aslan A. Radiologically Guided Versus Blinded Intra-articular Injection in Patients With Hip Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Comparative Study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS: ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2022; 15:11795441221118920. [PMID: 36032389 PMCID: PMC9411738 DOI: 10.1177/11795441221118920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to present the clinical results of patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) stage 2-4 hip osteoarthritis who were administered intra-articular corticosteroid (CS) or hyaluronic acid (HA), with or without fluoroscopy. Methods: This retrospective comparative study was conducted in the clinics where the authors worked between 2010 and 2018. Patients with stage 2-4 hip osteoarthritis according to KL criteria were included in the study. Age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists stages, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores (3rd, 6th, and 12th months) were recorded. Two groups were created as patients who underwent injection with or without fluoroscopy guidance. In group 1, CS (triamnisolone) was administered, and in group 2, sodium hyaluronate 88 mg/4 mL was administered. Obtained parameters were compared. Results: The WOMAC scores at 3 months of both the CS and HA groups were statistically significantly better than before the application, with the improvement in the CS group found to be significantly better than in the HA group (P = .047). At 6 months, the mean WOMAC scores of the CS and HA groups were better than prior to the application, and there was a statistically significant difference (P < .001). No significant difference was found in either the CS or HA group in the comparison of 12-month WOMAC scores with the baseline scores (P = .744 and P = .054). Conclusion: In symptomatic hip OA patients, intra-articular administration of CS and HA was seen to be effective at 3 and 6 months after administration. However, the effectiveness was determined to have disappeared within 1 year. Furthermore, in hip OA intra-articular drug applications, it was determined that the blinded technique without radiological guidance performed in the outpatient clinic is as effective and safe as the radiologically guided technique administered in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Aksoy
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Anil Gulcu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School of Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mert Tuna
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Alanya Education and Research Hospital, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aslan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School of Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
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Ferrara PE, Codazza S, Coraci D, Malerba G, Ferriero G, Ronconi G. State of art in intra-articular hip injections of different medications for osteoarthritis: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:997. [PMID: 34844603 PMCID: PMC8630838 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular hip injections for osteoarthritis represent a useful instrument to reduce pain and disability in the common clinical practice. Several medications can be injected locally with different level of evidence-based efficacy. OBJECTIVE The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of intra-articular injections of different medications or substances for the pain treatment and the management of disability in subjects affected by hip osteoarthritis. METHODS Two reviewers selected independently randomised controlled trials published in the last 10 years, using PubMed and Scopus databases. The risk of bias was evaluated with Cochrane library assessment tool. RESULTS 12 randomised controlled trials have been selected. We found 8 papers comparing hyaluronic acid with platelet rich plasma, with corticosteroids and with saline solution; 1 paper compares two types of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weights; 3 papers study the effects of corticosteroids alone or compared to ketorolac or saline solution. CONCLUSIONS The studies reviewed were heterogeneous regarding sample size, level of osteoarthritis, evaluated with Kellegren-Lawrence score, medications used and follow up timings. However, we have observed that intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma seem to decrease pain at short term and disability at long term, in patients affected by hip osteoarthritis better than hyaluronic acid. The association of hyaluronic acid and corticosteroids could give better results compared to hyaluronic acid alone, while the use of intra-articular ketorolac and saline solution requires more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sefora Codazza
- University Polyclinic Foundation Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Coraci
- High Intensity Neurorehabilitation, University Polyclinic Foundation Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Malerba
- University Polyclinic Foundation Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ferriero
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, PRM Unit of Tradate Institute, Tradate, VA, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- University Polyclinic Foundation Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Yaghmour KM, Loumpardias GA, Elbahi A, M Navaratnam D, Boksh K, Chong HH, Eastley N. Intra-articular steroid injections in large joint arthritis: A survey of current practice. Musculoskeletal Care 2021; 20:349-353. [PMID: 34694056 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are widely used as a management modality for mild large joint osteoarthritis (OA). In contrast, there is little guidance or consensus on the use of steroids in moderate to severe disease. The aim of this study is to explore the current practice of surgeons in relation to the use of therapeutic intra-articular steroid injections in patients awaiting large joint arthroplasty for OA. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to consultants performing large joint arthroplasty in four National Health Service Trusts. Participants were questioned on their use of intra-articular therapeutic steroid injections in patients listed for elbow, shoulder, hip or knee arthroplasty. Data was collected over 6 months and analysed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS A total of 42 surgeons were included in the study with the majority performing lower limb arthroplasty (73%). About 21 (50%) surgeons indicated they would perform injections in the patient group of interest. Two would perform an unlimited number of injections, whilst the remainder would perform between one and three injections. Respondents most commonly indicated they would tell patients that an injection would provide between 6 and 12 weeks of benefit (14 of 39 surgeons, 36%). Most injecting surgeons (88%) leave 4 months between an injection and subsequent arthroplasty due to increased risk of infection if surgery is performed sooner. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates variation in practice in the use of intra-articular steroids in the analysed patient group, and the way surgeons council their patients. National or specialist society guidelines may help to reduce this variation in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Yaghmour
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, UK
| | - Georgios A Loumpardias
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Amr Elbahi
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, UK
| | | | - Khalis Boksh
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Han Hong Chong
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicholas Eastley
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedics Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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12
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Appropriateness of hip osteoarthritis management in clinical practice compared with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) criteria. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2021; 45:2805-2810. [PMID: 34402950 PMCID: PMC8560663 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-021-05150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) developed the appropriate use criteria (AUC) for the management of hip osteoarthritis (OA) to guide surgeons in making decisions based on the best available evidence. This study aimed to assess the applicability of the AUC by comparing the actual treatment provided at our institution with the AUC recommendations. Methods A retrospective review of 115 patients who were diagnosed and treated for hip OA at our institution between December 2017 and December 2019 was performed. Data were collected and entered into the AUC application to determine the rate of appropriateness of the provided treatment according to the AUC recommendations. Then, the actual provided treatments were compared with the AUC recommendations to determine the agreement between the two. Results There were 115 patients, with a mean age of 50.08 years (range, 30–80 years). The most frequent patient characteristics were middle age (40–65 years) with function-limiting pain at moderate to long distances, minimal hip OA on X-ray examination, mild range of motion limitation, and presence of modifiable risk factors for negative outcomes. The overall rate of appropriateness and in agreement with the AUC recommendations was 100% for conservative treatments and 80.1% for surgical treatments. Conclusions This study shows that the majority of the hip OA treatments provided at our institution were appropriate and in agreement with the AUC recommendations. Furthermore, the AUC can be easily accessed through a free web application using a computer or smartphone to obtain the recommended treatment for any patient with hip OA.
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Predicting outcomes in patients undergoing intra-articular corticosteroid hip injections. Skeletal Radiol 2021; 50:1347-1357. [PMID: 33247330 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-020-03673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between clinical, procedural, and radiographic factors and outcomes of steroid hip injections, including long-term and immediate pain reduction, time to arthroplasty, time to reinjection, and the total number of injections. MATERIALS AND METHODS All intra-articular anesthetic and steroid injections of the hip under fluoroscopic guidance between January 2014 and March 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Hip radiographs were scored using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores. Immediate pain relief and response were evaluated using a change in visual analog scale and OMERACT-OARSI criteria respectively. Long-term pain relief was evaluated at 2‑7 months after injection by reviewing the medical records. Correlation between patient characteristics, procedural variations, and radiographic factors with injection outcomes was analyzed by using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS Of 361 injections, 79.8% showed an immediate pain response and 32.7% had subjective long-term pain relief (> 2 months). There was no significant correlation between immediate pain relief and response with long-term pain relief and other outcomes. Older age and higher KL score, OARSI-central joint space narrowing (JSN), and inferior acetabular osteophyte were correlated with long-term pain relief (p = 0.01‑0.03). Higher KL and OARSI grades, particularly JSN, were significantly correlated with increased immediate pain relief and total number of injections but decreased time to arthroplasty. Baseline pain positively correlated with immediate pain response (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Older patients with higher grades of radiographic OA and high baseline pain were good candidates for steroid injections, particularly for those patients awaiting hip arthroplasty.
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Latourte A, Lellouche H. Update on corticosteroid, hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma injections in the management of osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2021; 88:105204. [PMID: 33962034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Latourte
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France; Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1132 Bioscar, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Henri Lellouche
- Service de Rhumatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France
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15
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Cai D, Yan H, Liu J, Chen S, Jiang L, Wang X, Qin J. Ergosterol limits osteoarthritis development and progression through activation of Nrf2 signaling. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33488803 PMCID: PMC7812583 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder characterized by progressive articular cartilage degeneration and destruction and results in gradual disability among middle-aged and elderly patients. Our previous study demonstrated that depletion of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) exacerbated cartilage erosion in an OA model and that activation of the Nrf2 pathway could counter this process. As a downstream target of Nrf2, heme oxygenase (HO) degrades heme to free iron, biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO), which protects against oxidative stress. Ergosterol (ER), which is extracted from fungi, is a newly discovered Nrf2 activator and displayed efficacy against myocardial injury. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of ER against cartilage damage during OA. Primary mouse chondrocytes were treated with ER for in vitro assays. Furthermore, mice that underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus surgery were orally administered with ER. Western blotting suggested that ER increased protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in primary chondrocytes and articular cartilage from knee joints. Cartilage damage in knee joints was significantly reduced by ER treatment. Western blotting and PCR analysis confirmed that ER could also suppress the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 in vivo and in vitro. The present findings suggested that ER effectively alleviated cartilage degradation and that activation of the Nrf2-heme oxygenase 1 pathway may play a role in ER-mediated cartilage protection against OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Huyong Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan 421000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Sichun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Longhai Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan 421000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
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Guermazi A, Neogi T, Katz JN, Kwoh CK, Conaghan PG, Felson DT, Roemer FW. Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections for the Treatment of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis-related Pain: Considerations and Controversies with a Focus on Imaging- Radiology Scientific Expert Panel. Radiology 2020; 297:503-512. [PMID: 33079000 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Current management of osteoarthritis (OA) is primarily focused on symptom control. Intra-articular corticosteroid (IACS) injections are often used for pain management of hip and knee OA in patients who have not responded to oral or topical analgesics. Recent case series suggested that negative structural outcomes including accelerated OA progression, subchondral insufficiency fracture, complications of pre-existing osteonecrosis, and rapid joint destruction (including bone loss) may be observed in patients who received IACS injections. This expert panel report reviews the current understanding of pain in OA, summarizes current international guidelines regarding indications for IACS injection, and considers preinterventional safety measures, including imaging. Potential profiles of those who would likely benefit from IACS injection and a suggestion for an updated patient consent form are presented. As of today, there is no established recommendation or consensus regarding imaging, clinical, or laboratory markers before an IACS injection to screen for OA-related imaging abnormalities. Repeating radiographs before each subsequent IACS injection remains controversial. The true cause and natural history of these complications are unclear and require further study. To determine the cause and natural history, large prospective studies evaluating the risk of accelerated OA or joint destruction after IACS injections are needed. However, given the relatively rare incidence of these adverse outcomes, any clinical trial would be challenging in design and a large number of patients would need to be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Guermazi
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - Tuhina Neogi
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - Jeffrey N Katz
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - C Kent Kwoh
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - David T Felson
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
| | - Frank W Roemer
- From the Department of Radiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 1400 VFW Pkwy, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G., T.N., D.T.F., F.W.R.); Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Mass (J.N.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Ariz (C.K.K.); Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, England (P.G.C.); and Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (F.W.R.)
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Hsu PC, Liao KK, Lin KP, Chiu JW, Wu PY, Chou CL, Wang NY, Wang JC. Comparison of Corticosteroid Injection Dosages in Mild to Moderate Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1857-1864. [PMID: 32682938 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the therapeutic effect of ultrasound-guided injections with 10 mg or 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was dose-dependent in patients with idiopathic mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). DESIGN Prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study with 12 weeks of follow-up. SETTING Rehabilitation outpatient clinic of a single medical center. PARTICIPANTS Patients with CTS (N=56). INTERVENTION Participants were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups for injection: (A) 40 mg TA+2% lidocaine hydrochloride or (B) 10 mg TA+2% lidocaine hydrochloride. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ, including Symptom Severity Scale [SSS] and Functional Status Scale [FSS]) at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks after injection). Nerve conduction studies, including parameters of distal motor latency, amplitude of compound motor action potential, amplitude of sensory nerve action potential and sensory nerve conduction velocity of median nerve, and the patient's subjective impression of improvement, were recorded before injection and 6 and 12 weeks after injection. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in baseline demographic characteristics and clinical evaluations. The parameters in group A and B at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks were (1) SSS: 2.17±0.14, 1.19±0.04, and 1.34±0.09 and 1.87±0.11, 1.21±0.07, and 1.26±0.04; (2) FSS: 1.63±0.07, 1.27±0.06, and 1.33±0.08 and 1.50±0.10, 1.18±0.05, and 1.26±0.05; (3) VAS: 6.4±0.3, 2.2±0.3, and 3.0±0.1 and 6.7±0.3, 2.0±0.3, and 3.1±0.3, respectively, and significantly decreased after 6 and 12 weeks in both treatment groups (P<.05). All parameters of nerve conduction studies improved in both groups after 12 weeks (P<.05). VAS, BCTQ, and nerve conduction studies did not show significant intergroup differences after 6 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION In patients with idiopathic mild to moderate CTS, ultrasound-guided injection with 10 and 40 mg TA yield similar improvements in BCTQ, VAS, and nerve conduction studies at the 12-week follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwong-Kum Liao
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kon-Ping Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Wei Chiu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yi Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Liang Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nin-Yi Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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