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Brito WRDS, Cardoso-Costa GDL, Roland Junior LM, Pereira KAS, Lopes FT, Dos Santos BC, de Lima ACR, Abreu IN, Lima CNC, Lima SS, Cayres Vallinoto IMV, Dos Santos EJM, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. Prevalence and Risk Factors for HTLV-1/2 Infection in Quilombo Remnant Communities Living in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Public Health 2022; 10:871865. [PMID: 35433598 PMCID: PMC9005874 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.871865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are retroviruses that originated on the African continent and dispersed throughout other continents through human migratory flows. This study describes the prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection in residents of 11 quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará, Brazil, and the associated risk factors. A total of 859 individuals (334 men and 525 women), aged between 7 and 91 years, participated in the study. All subjects answered a questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic characteristics and on risk factors associated with HTLV infection, and blood samples were collected and separated into plasma and leukocytes. An immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK) was used as a screening test, and positive samples were subjected to line immunoassay confirmatory tests (Inno-LIA HTLV I/II Score FUJIREBIO) and DNA extraction for subsequent real-time PCR to differentiate the viral type. Four of the 859 individuals were seropositive for HTLV. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed in one individual from the Itamoari community (0.92%), and HTLV-2 infection was confirmed in two individuals from São Benedito (3.17%) and in one individual from Arimandeua (2.22%). Blood transfusion was the only risk factor associated with HTLV infection in this study. This study reports the occurrence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará. Considering the African origin of the virus and its introduction into Brazil from the slave trade, the continued evaluation of quilombola communities in the state of Pará is essential to better characterize the distribution of infections in these populations and to create public health policies for the control of the spread of the virus and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandrey Roberto Dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso-Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lourival Marques Roland Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Izaura M Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Melo Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Pontes GS, Ribeiro HHF, Toro DM, Moura Neto JPD, Souza V, Almeida MEMD, Nascimento VAD, Costa CAD, Naveca FG, Santos M, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV-2 infection in Manaus, Brazil: first description of HTLV-2c subtype in an urban area of the Western Amazon region. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 54:e20200066. [PMID: 33206874 PMCID: PMC7670738 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0066-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) infection in patients with hematological diseases from the western Amazon region of Brazil. METHODS Samples from 306 patients were submitted for the molecular diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 infection by real time PCR (qPCR), with amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region. RESULTS A 29-year-old male carrier of sickle cell anemia with a history of multiple blood transfusions was diagnosed with the HTLV-2c subtype. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the first known occurrence of HTLV-2c in the urban area of Brazil's western Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Hematologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Pereira de Moura Neto
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Hematologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Victor Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mike Santos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia de Agentes infecciosos e Parasitários, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia de Agentes infecciosos e Parasitários, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Braço ILJ, de Sá KSG, Waqasi M, Queiroz MAF, da Silva ANR, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in villages of the Xikrin tribe (Kayapo), Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:459. [PMID: 31117977 PMCID: PMC6532245 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in several indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon and molecular analyses have shown the exclusive presence of HTLV-2 subtype 2c among the indigenous groups of this geographical region. Methods The present study characterizes the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe, in the Kayapo group, according to their distribution by sex and age. The study included 263 samples from individuals from the Kateté, Djujeko and Oodjã villages. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using real-time PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Results The serological and molecular results confirmed the sole presence of HTLV-2 in 77 (29%) samples, with a prevalence of 38% among women and 18% among men. In these communities, it was found that the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection increased with age. Nucleotide sequences (642 bp, 5’LTR) from eight samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method to determine the viral subtype, which confirmed the presence of HTLV-2c. Conclusions The results of the present study establish the presence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe and confirm the high endemicity of the infection in the Kayapo indigenous group of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Luís Jocene Braço
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Origin and prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) among indigenous populations in the Americas. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:1-13. [PMID: 25651320 PMCID: PMC4325517 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples
of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely
distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more
prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered
ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection
drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one
origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering
Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese
immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought
by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the
indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in
the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the
African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these
epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces
the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the
recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Hospital Universitário, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Perzova R, Graziano E, Sanghi S, Welch C, Benz P, Abbott L, Lalone D, Glaser J, Loughran T, Sheremata W, Poiesz BJ. Increased seroreactivity to HERV-K10 peptides in patients with HTLV myelopathy. Virol J 2013; 10:360. [PMID: 24365054 PMCID: PMC3878045 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we had shown that persons infected with human T-cell lymphoma leukemia virus 1 or 2 (HTLV-1 or 2) had an increased prevalence of antibodies to a peptide in the Pol protein of the retrovirus HERV-K10, homologous to a peptide in HTLV gp21 envelope protein. The prevalence rate was higher in those with myelopathy vs. non-myelopathy. We have now extended our observations to a cohort restricted to North America in whom the diagnosis of HTLV myelopathy was rigorously confirmed to also test for reactivity to another HERV-K10 peptide homologous to the HTLV p24 Gag protein. METHODS Sera from 100 volunteer blood donors (VBD), 53 patients with large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL), 74 subjects with HTLV-1 or 2 infection (58 non-myelopathy and 16 myelopathy) and 83 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were evaluated in ELISA assays using the above peptides. RESULTS The HTLV myelopathy patients had a statistically significant increased prevalence of antibodies to both HERV-K10 peptides (87.5%) vs. the VBD (0%), LGLL patients (0%), MS patients (4.8%), and the HTLV positive non-myelopathy subjects (5.2%). CONCLUSION The data suggest that immuno-cross-reactivity to HERV-K10 peptides and/or transactivation of HERV-K10 expression by the HTLV Tax protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and spastic ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Menna-Barreto M, Bender AL, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB, Salzano FM, Tsuneto LT, Petzl-Erler ML. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II in Guaraní Indians, Southern Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2006; 21:1947-51. [PMID: 16410882 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is found in many New World Indian groups on the American continent. In Brazil, HTLV-II has been found among urban residents and Indians in the Amazon region, in the North. Guaraní Indians in the South of Brazil were studied for HTLV-I/II infection. Among 52 individuals, three (5.76%) showed positive anti-HTLV-II antibodies (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot). This preliminary report is the first seroepidemiological study showing HTLV-II infection among Indians in the South of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Menna-Barreto
- Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
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Poiesz BJ, Papsidero LD, Ehrlich G, Sherman M, Dube S, Poiesz M, Dillon K, Ruscetti FW, Slamon D, Fang C, Williams A, Duggan D, Glaser J, Gottlieb A, Goldberg J, Ratner L, Phillips P, Han T, Friedman-Kien A, Siegal F, Rai K, Sawitsky A, Sheremata LW, Dosik H, Cunningham C, Montagna R. Prevalence of HTLV-I-associated T-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2001; 66:32-8. [PMID: 11426489 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8652(200101)66:1<32::aid-ajh1004>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the prevalence rate of HTLV-1-associated T-cell lymphomas and human retrovirus infection in general, approximately 21,000 individuals representing various patient populations, retroviral risk groups, and blood donors were examined for HTLV-I, HTLV-II, HIV-1, or HIV-2 infection using serologic and PCR assays. The prevalence rates among volunteer blood donors were 0.02% and 0% for HTLV and HIV, respectively. Significantly increased HTLV prevalence rates were observed among paid blood donors, African American health care clinic patients, Amerindians, recipients of HTLV-positive cellular blood products, intravenous drug users, sexual contacts and family members of HTLV-positive people, and patients with primary thrombocytosis and other-than-low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Among some of these groups there were significant differences in the prevalence of HTLV-I versus HTLV-II. The eight HTLV-positive NHL patients all had mature, high-grade, CD4+ T-cell lymphomas with clonally integrated HTLV-I, for a prevalence of 4% among other-than-low-grade NHL patients. Seven of the eight died from their disease within 2 years despite treatment. Interestingly, two groups at risk for HTLV infection, namely needle stick victims and recipients of HTLV-infected and/or pooled plasma products, showed no evidence for infection. Significantly increased HIV-1 prevalence was observed among paid blood donors, African Americans, homosexuals, female prostitutes, hemophiliacs, and other-than-low-grade NHL patients. Only one patient was infected with HIV-2. Of the nine HIV-positive, other-than-low-grade NHL patients, seven HIV-1 positives had B-cell lymphomas, one HIV-1 positive had an HTLV-I-positive CD4+ T-cell lymphoma, and one infected with HIV-2 had a CD4+ T-cell lymphoma that was HTLV negative. The data indicate that HTLV-I lymphoma, while uncommon, is not necessarily rare among other-than-low-grade NHL cases in the United States and, given its poor prognosis, should probably be studied separately in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse, USA.
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Poiesz BJ, Dube S, Choi D, Esteban E, Ferrer J, Leon-Ponte M, de Perez GE, Glaser J, Devare SG, Vallari AS, Schochetman G. Comparative performances of an HTLV-I/II EIA and other serologic and PCR assays on samples from persons at risk for HTLV-II infection. Transfusion 2000; 40:924-30. [PMID: 10960518 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40080924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-I and HTLV-II are related exogenous pathogenic human retroviruses. Until recently, ELISAs based on HTLV-I antigens have been used to screen for the presence of HTLV-I or -II antibodies. The HTLV-I-based assays have not been as sensitive in detecting antibodies to HTLV-II as in detecting antibodies to HTLV-I. The Abbott HTLV-I/HTLV-II ELISA uses a combination of HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens to detect antibodies to the whole HTLV group. The performance of this ELISA was compared to that of several HTLV-I-based serologic assays and an HTLV-II PCR assay in cohorts of South American Indians and New York City IV drug users (IVDUs) in whom HTLV-II is endemic. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Sera from 429 South American Indians and New York City IVDUs were evaluated for HTLV antibodies by the use of three ELISAs (rgp21-enhanced HTLV-I/II, Cambridge Biotech; Vironostika HTLV-I/II, Organon Teknika; and HTLV-I/HTLV-II, Abbott), and a Western blot (WB) assay. Peripheral blood leukocyte DNA from each person was analyzed for HTLV-I and HTLV-II pol DNA via PCR. The HTLV-II PCR-positive samples were further subtyped via cloning and sequencing and/or oligomer restriction. RESULTS Two hundred four samples (48%) were positive for HTLV-II by serologic and/or PCR assays. All of the positive samples from the Indians and approximately one-third of the positive samples from the IVDUs were of the HTLV-IIB subtype. Comparative analyses indicate that the sensitivity and specificity of the various assays were: PCR, 98 and 100 percent; Abbott HTLV-I/HTLV-II, 78 and 95 percent; Cambridge Biotech HTLV-I/II, 76 and 96 percent; Vironostika HTLV-I/II, 71 and 98 percent; and WB, 73 and 100 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences among the sensitivities and specificities of the HTLV-I/II ELISAs (p values, 0.056-0.438). The WB and PCR assays were much more specific than the other serologic assays (p</=0.03). However, the PCR assay is significantly (p<0.001) more sensitive than any of the serologic assays in the detection of HTLV-II infection. Thus, optimal detection of HTLV-II infection would seem to require both serologic and DNA PCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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