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Li N, Deng Q, Yang Q, Wang Y, Hu J, Zhao X, Zhou J. Effect of physical activity intervention on cognitive function in China: A cluster randomized trial. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3679-3687. [PMID: 36856072 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current randomized trial evidence on the effect of physical activity (PA) intervention on cognitive function is scarce and mainly found in well-educated populations, limiting its generalizability. Furthermore, the modification effect of education levels remains understudied. We conducted a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effects of PA intervention on cognitive function in a general older population, and whether education modifies such effects. METHODS Eight villages were randomized to the intervention (four villages, n = 240) or the control (four villages, n = 271). The intervention group received an 8-week multilevel PA intervention based on a socio-ecological model, while the control did not. The intervention has been condensed to three levels with activities occurring at the individual (telephone counseling, printed material, and training sessions), interpersonal (peer group), and community levels (group sharing and coaching). The primary outcome was changes in global cognition (overall cognitive function) measured by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-10) at 12-month follow-up. Repeated measurements were modeled using the linear mixed model, which assumed that the missing values were missing at random. RESULTS The mean age was 70.94 years (standard deviation 5.71) and 55.6% were women. Compared to the control, the orientation improved from baseline at 12-month follow-up (0.24 points [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.03 to 0.46 points; P = 0.03]). Stratified analysis showed that the global cognition and orientation improved at 12-month follow-up among illiterate participants in the intervention (for global cognition, mean difference, 0.57 points [95% CI, 0.03 to 1.10], P = 0.04; for orientation, mean difference, 0.31 points [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.58], P = 0.03). DISCUSSION These results confirm the improvements in orientation in older adults, as well as in global cognition and orientation in the illiterate at 12-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyan Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Deng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Julinling Hu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junmin Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Maddock J, Gallo F, Wolters FJ, Stafford J, Marseglia A, Dekhtyar S, Lenart-Bugla M, Verspoor E, Perry M, Samtani S, Vernooij-Dassen M, Wolf-Ostermann K, Melis R, Brodaty H, Ikram MA, Welmer AK, Davis D, Ploubidis GB, Richards M, Patalay P. Social Health and Change in Cognitive Capability among Older Adults: Findings from Four European Longitudinal Studies. Gerontology 2023; 69:1330-1346. [PMID: 37497894 DOI: 10.1159/000531969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we examine whether social health markers measured at baseline are associated with differences in cognitive capability and the rate of cognitive decline over an 11-to-18-year period among older adults and compare results across studies. METHODS We applied an integrated data analysis approach to 16,858 participants (mean age 65 years; 56% female) from the National Survey for Health and Development (NSHD), the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA), the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), and the Rotterdam Study. We used multilevel models to examine social health in relation to cognitive capability and the rate of cognitive decline. RESULTS Pooled estimates show distinct relationships between markers of social health and cognitive domains, e.g., a large network size (≥6 people vs. none) was associated with higher executive function (0.17 standard deviation [SD] [95% CI: 0.00, 0.34], I2 = 27%) but not with memory (0.08 SD [95% CI: -0.02, 0.18], I2 = 19%). We also observed pooled associations between being married or cohabiting, having a large network size, and participating in social activities with slower decline in cognitive capability. However, estimates were close to zero, e.g., 0.01 SD/year (95% CI: 0.01, 0.02) I2 = 19% for marital status and executive function. There were clear study-specific differences: results for average processing speed were the most homogenous, and results for average memory were the most heterogeneous. CONCLUSION Overall, markers of good social health have a positive association with cognitive capability. However, we found differential associations between specific markers of social health and cognitive domains and differences between studies. These findings highlight the importance of examining between-study differences and considering the context specificity of findings in developing and deploying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Federico Gallo
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Frank J Wolters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Stafford
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Marseglia
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Dekhtyar
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eline Verspoor
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Perry
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suraj Samtani
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Myrra Vernooij-Dassen
- Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Wolf-Ostermann
- Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Digital Public Health, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rene Melis
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Anna-Karin Welmer
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Medical Psychology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Davis
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - George B Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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Simon SS, Lee S, Gu Y, Mensing A, Noofoory D, Nazario GMH, Babukutty RS, Stern Y. Leisure activity engagement across adulthood predicts cognitive change after five years: Do gender and age matter? J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:529-540. [PMID: 36366958 PMCID: PMC10186268 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between leisure activity (LA) frequency and cognitive trajectories over 5 years across adulthood, and whether gender and age moderate these associations. METHOD A total of 234 cognitively healthy adults (21-80 years) completed a LA questionnaire at baseline and neuropsychological measures at baseline and after 5 years. Latent change score analysis was applied to generate latent variables estimating changes in different cognitive domains. For a secondary analysis, LA components' scores were calculated, reflecting cognitive-intellectual, social, and physical activities. Regression analysis examined the association between baseline LA and cognitive change, and potential moderation of gender and age. In addition, we tested the influence of cortical gray matter thickness on the results. RESULTS We found that higher LA engagement was associated with slower cognitive decline for reasoning, speed, and memory, as well as better vocabulary across two time points. Regarding LA components, higher Social-LA and Intellectual-LA predicted slower rates of cognitive decline across different domains, while Physical-LA was not associated with cognitive change. Gender, but not age, moderated some of the associations observed. Our results remained the same after controlling for cortical gray matter thickness. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a protective effect of LA engagement on cognitive trajectories over 5 years, independent from demographics and a measure of brain health. The effects were in part moderated by gender, but not age. Results should be replicated in larger and more diverse samples. Our findings support cognitive reserve hypothesis and have implications for future reserve-enhancing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Sanz Simon
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yian Gu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Mensing
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diala Noofoory
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Reshma S. Babukutty
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Crane BM, Bandeen-Roche K, Carlson MC. Exploring the Relationship Between Engagement in Enriching Early-Life Activities During Adolescence and Cognition in Later-Life: Results From the Health and Retirement Study. Res Aging 2023; 45:198-209. [PMID: 35450491 PMCID: PMC9585099 DOI: 10.1177/01640275221085660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive benefits associated with mid- to late-life engagement have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the link between engagement in enriching early-life activities (EELAs) during adolescence and later-life cognition has been relatively unexplored in major epidemiological studies. We examined the EELA-cognition relationship in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50+. A subset of Health and Retirement Study respondents (n=3482) completed cognitive tests and returned a retrospective early-life activity inventory. Linear regression models analyzed the EELA-cognition relationship, and multiple imputation addressed missingness. Each additional EELA was associated with a 0.36 point higher cognitive score (95% CI: 0.24, 0.47). This relationship remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders (B=0.16; 95% CI: [0.06, 0.26]). EELA engagement was associated with better later-life cognitive performance. This study is understood to be the first to examine the EELA-cognition relationship using a large, nationally representative dataset. The findings highlight the importance of early-life engagement during an important developmental period (e.g., adolescence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna M. Crane
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Michelle C. Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Yang X, Xu XY, Guo L, Zhang Y, Wang SS, Li Y. Effect of leisure activities on cognitive aging in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1080740. [PMID: 36619041 PMCID: PMC9815615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cognitive aging in older adults is a growing public health problem. Previous studies showed inconsistent results pertaining to the effects of leisure activities on cognitive function in older adults. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational longitudinal studies to examine and synthesize the effects of leisure activities on cognitive function in older adults. MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), and Web of Science databases were searched from January 2012 to January 2022. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Most studies found that leisure activities had a positive effect on cognitive function in older adults. The pooled RR for the effect of leisure activity on cognitive function was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.72-0.81, p < 0.01). The effects of leisure activities on cognitive function varied by different cognitive statuses in older adults, with RRs ranging from 0.55 (95% CI: 0.37-0.83) to 1.07 (95% CI: 0.95-1.22). Meta-regression analysis showed that compared with studies with percentage of female ≥50%, studies with female participant percentage <50% had significantly increased RR (p = 0.01). Moreover, studies conducted in European and American countries had significantly lower RR (p = 0.019), compared with those conducted in Asian countries. Our study revealed different effects of various types of leisure activities on different cognitive statuses in older adults. To make innovative recommendations for promoting cognitive function in older adults, more detailed observational longitudinal studies investigating the effects of different types of leisure activities on different cognitive statuses in older adults are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Yi Xu
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China,Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- Centre for Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China,School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China,*Correspondence: Yan Li,
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Xu XY, Wang SS, Niu L, Leung ISH, Tian QB. Association of leisure activity changes and reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive function among older adults: A prospective cohort study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1035762. [PMID: 36483237 PMCID: PMC9724021 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have the possibility of reverting to normal cognitive function. Leisure activity engagement (LAE) plays a critical role in the progress of the cognitive function. A better understanding of the dynamic relationship between LAE and MCI reversion would inform the implementation of preclinical dementia interventions. This study aimed to investigate the association between change patterns of LAE and MCI reversion among older adults using the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) database. Study design Longitudinal population-based study. Methods Older adults with MCI at the baseline were enrolled in this study. Information about cognitive function, overall, cognitively stimulating, physically active/demanding, and socially engaged LAE was collected at baseline and follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for reversion and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Cox hazard models with time as the underlying time metric. We also assessed potential effect modifications by creating a cross-product of the stratifying variable with LAE change patterns in the fully adjusted model. Results The restricted cubic spline showed that the association between LAE change scores and MCI reversion rate was statistically significant and nonlinear (p<0.01). Taking participants in the low-low group as a reference, participants in the low-medium, low-high, medium-medium, medium-high, high-medium, and high-high groups had increased possibilities of MCI reversion with HRs (95% CI) of 2.19 (1.57-3.06), 2.97 (2.13-4.13), 0.87 (0.64-1.19), 2.28 (1.71-3.03), 2.78 (2.10-3.69), 1.93 (1.43-2.59), and 2.74 (2.09-3.60), respectively. Further stratified models showed that the impact of LAE change patterns on MCI reversion varied in different ages (nonagenarian, octogenarian, and younger elderly) and gender. Conclusions Participants who maintained the highest LAE had the greatest possibility of MCI reversion. Meanwhile, a higher level of LAE maintenance was associated with the increased possibility of MCI reversion. These results provide a practical message to older adults about how dynamic changes in LAE are associated with improved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Xu
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- School of Nursing, Centre for Gerontological Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Niu
- International Education College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Isaac Sze Him Leung
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Qing Bao Tian
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Karhu J, Hintsanen M, Ek E, Koskela J, Veijola J. Dispositional optimism and pessimism in association with cognitive abilities in early and middle adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jeon S, Lee S, Charles ST. Not Just How Much, But How Many: Overall and Domain-Specific Activity Variety and Cognitive Functioning in Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1229-1239. [PMID: 35291012 PMCID: PMC9255927 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Active lifestyles are related to higher levels of cognitive functioning. Fewer studies have examined the importance of engaging in different activities (activity variety) for cognitive functioning. Moreover, it is unclear whether activity variety in specific domains (i.e., cognitive, physical, or social) is important for cognitive health. The current study examined whether overall activity variety as well as variety in specific domains relate to cognitive functioning. METHODS In Waves 2 and 3 of the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, 3,337 adults reported their activity engagement and completed a cognitive battery. For longitudinal analyses, 2,049 participants were classified into 4 groups based on their rank ordering of activity variety across 9 years (remained high, increased, decreased, or remained low). RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses revealed that overall activity variety was related to higher cognitive functioning over and above activity frequency; physical and social activity variety each contributed significantly and uniquely to this association. Longitudinal analyses revealed that those with consistently low overall activity variety at both waves had lower cognitive functioning at Wave 3 than those with high activity variety at either wave, after adjusting for cognitive functioning at Wave 2. Those with consistently high or increasing social activity variety had higher cognitive functioning at Wave 3 than participants with low activity variety at both waves. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that activity variety, particularly in the social domain, is related to concurrent and future cognitive function across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Jeon
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Susan T Charles
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Li Y, Han WJ, Hu M. Does internet access make a difference for older adults' cognition in urban China? The moderating role of living arrangements. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:e909-e920. [PMID: 34245201 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s, information technology, particularly the diffusion of the internet, has brought tremendous changes to communication and social participation for people in China, including older adults. At the same time, modernisation and urbanisation have transformed the way many people in China live. The traditional multigenerational household-older adults living with adult children and grandchildren-is giving way to other living arrangements, such as living alone or with a spouse only. Using wave 1 of the World Health Organization Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health collected between 2007 and 2010, we examined the extent to which home internet access might be associated with cognitive function in older adults aged 50 or over in urban China (N = 5,898), paying attention to the moderating role of living arrangements. We found that home internet access was associated with better cognitive function, and living arrangements played an essential role in such an association for different age groups. Specifically, older adults living alone benefited cognitively from internet access, particularly among those aged 50-64 and 65-74. Those living with a spouse only and those in two-generation households benefited cognitively from internet access, particularly among those aged 50-64 and 75+. Older adults age 75+ in skip-generation households benefited cognitively from internet access. Considering the trend of older adults living apart from their children, our research suggests that providing internet access to older adults in urban China, especially those living alone, could help protect their cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jui Han
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miao Hu
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Marr C, Vaportzis E, Niechcial MA, Dewar M, Gow AJ. Measuring activity engagement in old age: An exploratory factor analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260996. [PMID: 34871324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that higher engagement in a range of activities can be beneficial for cognitive health in old age. Such studies typically rely on self-report questionnaires to assess level of engagement. These questionnaires are highly heterogeneous across studies, limiting generalisability. In particular, the most appropriate domains of activity engagement remain unclear. The Victoria Longitudinal Study-Activity Lifestyle Questionnaire comprises one of the broadest and most diverse collections of activity items, but different studies report different domain structures. This study aimed to help establish a generalisable domain structure of the Victoria Longitudinal Study-Activity Lifestyle Questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted for use in a sample of UK-based older adults (336 community-dwelling adults aged 65–92 with no diagnosed cognitive impairment). An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 29 items. The final model retained 22 of these items in a six-factor structure. Activity domains were: Manual (e.g., household repairs), Intellectual (e.g., attending a public lecture), Games (e.g., card games), Religious (e.g., attending religious services), Exercise (e.g., aerobics) and Social (e.g., going out with friends). Given that beneficial activities have the potential to be adapted into interventions, it is essential that future studies consider the most appropriate measurement of activity engagement across domains. The factor structure reported here offers a parsimonious and potentially useful way for future studies to assess engagement in different kinds of activities.
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Sörman DE, Stenling A, Sundström A, Rönnlund M, Vega-Mendoza M, Hansson P, Ljungberg JK. Occupational cognitive complexity and episodic memory in old age. Intelligence 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Moored KD, Bandeen-Roche K, Snitz BE, DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Carlson MC. Risk of Dementia Differs across Lifestyle Engagement Subgroups: A Latent Class and Time to Event Analysis in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:872-884. [PMID: 34387336 PMCID: PMC9071387 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Better understanding of the lifestyle activities shared among older adult subgroups may inform further health-behavioral interventions that can be deployed at the group or community level. We applied latent class analysis to characterize qualitatively distinct lifestyle engagement groups, examined their differential risk of incident dementia, and compared their predictive utility to traditional activity frequency and variety scores. METHOD Participants were from the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (N=3,068, Mean age=78.5). Lifestyle activities were measured at baseline using the Lifestyle Activity Questionnaire. All-cause dementia was screened every six months and cases were clinically adjudicated. Median follow-up was 6 years. Time to dementia was assessed using discrete-time proportional hazards models, adjusted for demographic and health covariates. RESULTS Latent classes provided slightly poorer case discrimination than the frequency scores but identified distinct qualitative subgroups. In the four-class model, the Variety (22%) and Intellectual (18%) lifestyle groups had high engagement in intellectual activities, whereas the Variety and Social groups (32%) had high engagement in formal social activities. Compared to the Least Active group (28%), the Variety (HR=.67, 95% CI:(.48,.93)) and Intellectual (HR=.65, 95% CI:(.45,.93)) groups had significantly lower risk of incident dementia, but only among those without prevalent MCI. DISCUSSION Older adults highly engaged in intellectual activities, but not necessarily social activities, had the lowest risk of incident dementia. Activity frequency scores provided only slightly better case discrimination than activity variety scores and latent classes. Latent classes of older adults differed by their amount and types of activities, which may inform intervention design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Moored
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Annette L Fitzpatrick
- Departments of Family Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michelle C Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Perry BL, McConnell WR, Peng S, Roth A, Coleman M, Manchella M, Roessler M, Francis H, Sheean H, Apostolova L. Social Networks and Cognitive Function: An Evaluation of Social Bridging and Bonding Mechanisms. Gerontologist 2021; 62:865-875. [PMID: 34338287 PMCID: PMC9290895 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Social connectedness has been linked prospectively to cognitive aging, but there is little agreement about the social mechanisms driving this relationship. This study evaluated nine measures of social connectedness, focusing on two forms of social enrichment - access to an expansive and diverse set of loosely connected individuals (i.e., social bridging) and integration in a supportive network of close ties (i.e., social bonding). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study used egocentric network and cognitive data from 311 older adults in the Social Networks in Alzheimer Disease (SNAD) study. Linear regressions were used to estimate the association between social connectedness and global cognitive function, episodic memory, and executive function. RESULTS Measures indicative of social bridging (larger network size, lower density, presence of weak ties, and proportion non-kin) were consistently associated with better cognitive outcomes, while measures of social bonding (close ties, multiplex support, higher frequency of contact, better relationship quality, and being married) largely produced null effects. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that the protective benefits of social connectedness for cognitive function and memory may operate primarily through a cognitive reserve mechanism that is driven by irregular contact with a larger and more diverse group of peripheral others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brea L Perry
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - William R McConnell
- Department of Sociology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Siyun Peng
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Adam Roth
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Mohit Manchella
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Heather Francis
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hope Sheean
- Department of Sociology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Liana Apostolova
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Hatt CR, Brydges CR, Mogle JA, Sliwinski MJ, Bielak AAM. Evaluating the Consistency of Subjective Activity Assessments and Their Relation to Cognition in Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6030074. [PMID: 34449640 PMCID: PMC8395599 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Research examining whether activity engagement is related to cognitive functioning in older adults has been limited to using retrospective reports of activity which may be affected by biases. This study compared two measurements (estimated weekly versus reported daily), and whether these activity assessments were related to cognition in older adults; (2) Methods: Participants from US (n = 199) and Australian (n = 170) samples completed a weekly estimate of activity, followed by 7 consecutive days of daily reporting. Differences between weekly estimates and daily reports were found, such that estimations at the weekly level were lower than self-reported daily information. Multivariate multiple regression was used to determine whether total activity, activity domains and the discrepancy between assessment types (i.e., weekly/daily) predicted cognitive performance across three cognitive domains (fluid, verbal, memory); (3) Results: When activity assessments were totaled, neither predicted cognition; however, when activity was grouped by domain (cognitive, social, physical), different domains predicted different cognitive outcomes. Daily reported cognitive activity significantly predicted verbal performance (β = 1.63, p = 0.005), while weekly estimated social activity predicted memory performance (β = −1.81, p = 0.050). Further, while the magnitude of discrepancy in total activity did not significantly predict cognitive performance, domain specific differences did. Differences in physical activity reported across assessments predicted fluid performance (β = −1.16, p = 0.033); (4) Conclusions: The significant discrepancy between the measurement types shows that it is important to recognize potential biases in responding when conducting activity and cognition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. Hatt
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-316-644-8646
| | | | - Jacqueline A. Mogle
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Martin J. Sliwinski
- Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Allison A. M. Bielak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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15
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Mercuri G, Holtzer R. Engagement in Cognitively Stimulating Activities Mediates the Relationship between Openness and Attention/Executive Functions, but Not Memory in Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:485-497. [PMID: 32853359 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Openness has a positive association with cognitive functioning and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities (CSA). Older adults who engage in more CSA tend to show greater preservation of their cognitive skills; thus, we examined whether: higher Openness would be associated with higher attention/executive functions (AEF) and verbal memory; and CSA would mediate the relationship between Openness and AEF, as well as verbal memory. METHOD 477 community-dwelling older adults (65+ years) were included in the current cross-sectional study. Composite variables of AEF (TMT-A&B, COWAT, and DSST) and verbal memory (RBANS immediate and delayed verbal memory subtasks) were included. Openness was assessed via the Big-5 Inventory and CSA with the Leisure Activity Questionnaire. METHOD 477 community-dwelling older adults (65+ years) were included in the current cross-sectional study. Composite variables of AEF (TMT-A&B, COWAT, and DSST) and verbal memory (RBANS verbal memory subtasks) were included. Openness was assessed via the Big-5 Inventory and CSA with the Leisure Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS Linear regressions indicated a significant positive association between Openness and AEF (β = .09, p < .01), but not verbal memory (β = .06, p = .06). A significant partial mediation was demonstrated between Openness, CSA, and AEF (c: β = .08, p < .05, 95%CI = .02-.14; c': β = .02, 95%CI = .01-.03). The mediation of Openness, CSA, and verbal memory was not significant (c: β = .06, p > .05, 95%CI = .01-.11; c': β = .00, 95%CI = -.01-.01). CONCLUSIONS The association between Openness and AEF, but not verbal memory, was partially mediated by CSA in healthy older adults. The findings suggest that those who are more open to and highly engaged in CSA may have a later in life advantage in preserving their AEF abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mercuri
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Roee Holtzer
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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Abstract
SUMMARY
As we age, there are characteristic changes in our thinking, reasoning and memory skills (referred to as cognitive ageing). However, variation between people in the timing and degree of change experienced suggests that a range of factors determine individual cognitive ageing trajectories. This narrative review considers some of the lifestyle factors that might promote (or harm) cognitive health. The focus on lifestyle factors is because these are potentially modifiable by individuals or may be the targets of behavioural or societal interventions. To support that, the review briefly considers people's beliefs and attitudes about cognitive ageing; the nature and timing of cognitive changes across the lifespan; and the genetic contributions to cognitive ability level and change. In introducing potentially modifiable determinants, a framing that draws evidence derived from epidemiological studies of dementia is provided, before an overview of lifestyle and behavioural predictors of cognitive health, including education and occupation, diet and activity.
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Abstract
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that an active, socially engaged lifestyle in leisure time might protect older adults against the decline of cognitive function. It remains unclear, however, which types of leisure activities are more beneficial to maintain cognitive function, and whether there are gender differences in the association between leisure activities and cognitive function. We used a two-wave of panel data from 1,018 older adults aged 60 and older in rural China to examine the lag effects of different types of leisure activities on cognitive functioning and to identify the gender differences in their impacts on cognition in rural China. Ordinary least-squares regression models showed that high physical activities were associated with better cognitive function. High intensity of cognitive activities and engaging in physical activities have a protective effect on cognitive function among older men rather than older women. Further, we found that cognitive activities had a stronger effect on cognitive function among older men than older women. It is important to consider gender-specific intervention in leisure activities to maintain cognitive function among older adults.
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Cronin U, McCarthy J, Cornally N. The Role, Education, and Experience of Health Care Assistants in End-of-Life Care in Long-Term Care: A Scoping Review. J Gerontol Nurs 2021; 13:13-20. [PMID: 31895958 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20191022-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The changing age profile of the human population globally means that the requirement for residential long-term care (LTC) for older adults is escalating, with an associated increase in deaths in these facilities. Health care assistants (HCAs), whose main role is provision of direct care to residents, comprise the largest staff cohort in residential care for older adults. The purpose of this scoping review was to explore three key areas related to HCAs: their role and responsibilities, end-of-life (EOL) education, and their views and experiences of caring for residents at EOL. The literature search included five databases and 32 studies were ultimately reviewed. Key issues were as follows: HCAs feel marginalized and undervalued, they need and desire EOL education, and resident deaths impact negatively on them. The changing care needs for older adults with complex comorbidities at EOL in LTC will place an increased onus on HCAs' skills, knowledge, and personal and professional development. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46(1), 21-29.].
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19
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Kamin ST, Lang FR. Internet Use and Cognitive Functioning in Late Adulthood: Longitudinal Findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:534-539. [PMID: 30346591 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests that cognitive functioning is associated with technology use in late life, but longitudinal research in this domain is still sparse. This study explored the reciprocal association between Internet use and cognitive functioning over a 2-year period. METHOD We analyzed representative data across 14 countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The sample included 29,576 participants between 50 and 100 years of age. We used data from 2013 (Wave 5) and a 2-year follow-up in 2015 (Wave 6). Participants provided information on cognitive functioning measures and Internet use at both time points. RESULTS Cross-lagged panel analysis indicated reciprocal effects between cognitive functioning and Internet use. Internet use had a greater impact on cognitive functioning than vice versa. DISCUSSION This study sheds light on the direction of the association between cognitive functioning and Internet use. Findings indicate that using the Internet positively affects cognitive functioning in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Kamin
- Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Germany
| | - Frieder R Lang
- Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Germany
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20
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Ferrario A, Demiray B, Yordanova K, Luo M, Martin M. Social Reminiscence in Older Adults' Everyday Conversations: Automated Detection Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e19133. [PMID: 32866108 PMCID: PMC7525396 DOI: 10.2196/19133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reminiscence is the act of thinking or talking about personal experiences that occurred in the past. It is a central task of old age that is essential for healthy aging, and it serves multiple functions, such as decision-making and introspection, transmitting life lessons, and bonding with others. The study of social reminiscence behavior in everyday life can be used to generate data and detect reminiscence from general conversations. Objective The aims of this original paper are to (1) preprocess coded transcripts of conversations in German of older adults with natural language processing (NLP), and (2) implement and evaluate learning strategies using different NLP features and machine learning algorithms to detect reminiscence in a corpus of transcripts. Methods The methods in this study comprise (1) collecting and coding of transcripts of older adults’ conversations in German, (2) preprocessing transcripts to generate NLP features (bag-of-words models, part-of-speech tags, pretrained German word embeddings), and (3) training machine learning models to detect reminiscence using random forests, support vector machines, and adaptive and extreme gradient boosting algorithms. The data set comprises 2214 transcripts, including 109 transcripts with reminiscence. Due to class imbalance in the data, we introduced three learning strategies: (1) class-weighted learning, (2) a meta-classifier consisting of a voting ensemble, and (3) data augmentation with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm. For each learning strategy, we performed cross-validation on a random sample of the training data set of transcripts. We computed the area under the curve (AUC), the average precision (AP), precision, recall, as well as F1 score and specificity measures on the test data, for all combinations of NLP features, algorithms, and learning strategies. Results Class-weighted support vector machines on bag-of-words features outperformed all other classifiers (AUC=0.91, AP=0.56, precision=0.5, recall=0.45, F1=0.48, specificity=0.98), followed by support vector machines on SMOTE-augmented data and word embeddings features (AUC=0.89, AP=0.54, precision=0.35, recall=0.59, F1=0.44, specificity=0.94). For the meta-classifier strategy, adaptive and extreme gradient boosting algorithms trained on word embeddings and bag-of-words outperformed all other classifiers and NLP features; however, the performance of the meta-classifier learning strategy was lower compared to other strategies, with highly imbalanced precision-recall trade-offs. Conclusions This study provides evidence of the applicability of NLP and machine learning pipelines for the automated detection of reminiscence in older adults’ everyday conversations in German. The methods and findings of this study could be relevant for designing unobtrusive computer systems for the real-time detection of social reminiscence in the everyday life of older adults and classifying their functions. With further improvements, these systems could be deployed in health interventions aimed at improving older adults’ well-being by promoting self-reflection and suggesting coping strategies to be used in the case of dysfunctional reminiscence cases, which can undermine physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrario
- Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burcu Demiray
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Yordanova
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Visual & Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Faculty Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Minxia Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Research Priority Program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Hassing LB. Gender Differences in the Association Between Leisure Activity in Adulthood and Cognitive Function in Old Age: A Prospective Longitudinal Population-Based Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:11-20. [PMID: 29304225 PMCID: PMC6909435 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the long-term association between leisure activities in adulthood and cognitive function in old age while recognizing gender differences in activity profiles. Methods The sample included 340 cognitively healthy twins enrolled in the OCTO-Twin Study, a longitudinal study on cognitive aging. Leisure activity was measured in midlife and cognitive function in old age (mean age 83). Leisure activities covered the domains of domestic, intellectual–cultural, and self-improvement activities. The cognitive assessments comprised 5 measurement occasions (2-year intervals) covering verbal ability, spatial ability, memory, and speed. The association between leisure activity and cognitive function was estimated separately for the genders using growth curve models, adjusting for age and education. Results Men and women had the same level of total leisure activity but differed in activity profiles and in the associations between activity and cognitive function. Higher engagement in self-improvement among men was related to higher level of cognitive functioning. Among women, intellectual–cultural activity was related to better verbal ability and memory. Concerning trajectories of cognitive function, domestic activity among men was related to less decline in speed, whereas for women it was related to steeper decline in spatial ability and memory. Further, higher intellectual–cultural activity among women was related to steeper decline in memory. Discussion Cognitively stimulating activities (i.e., self-improvement and intellectual–cultural), might increase cognitive reserve whereas less cognitively stimulating activities (i.e., domestic) do not. Gender differences should be considered when examining lifestyle factors in relation to cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Hassing
- Department of Psychology, and Centre for Ageing and Health-AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Abstract
This study investigates the differential associations of activity engagement and perceived neighborhood characteristics (i.e., cohesion, disorder, sense of community) with cognitive measures. Using data of 2,713 Chinese older adults in Chicago, who completed two interviews between 2011 and 2015, we identified three activity domains: reading, social, and games. In general, engagement in more reading and social activities was associated with better baseline cognitive function, but the positive effects tapered off over time in some cases. Neighborhood cohesion had both direct and indirect effects on cognitive function. Engagement in social activities mediated the neighborhood cohesion effects, that is, living in a cohesive neighborhood promoted social activities and consequently benefited cognitive function. Findings speak to the importance of activity engagement and neighborhood cohesion for cognition among the U.S. Chinese older adults. Future research is needed to investigate the longitudinal relationships of activity engagement and environmental factors with cognitive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Tang
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Sociology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai’i
| | - Iris Chi
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mengting Li
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xin Qi Dong
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Relatively few studies have examined the reasons older individuals participate in activities that may benefit cognition with aging. Personality traits, particularly, openness to experience, are likely to influence how activities are selected. Openness to experience has also reliably shown to relate to cognitive and intellectual capacities. The current study tested whether diversity in activity helped to explain the overlap between openness to experience and cognitive functioning in an older adult sample (n = 476, mean age: 72.5 years). Results suggest that openness is a better predictor of activity diversity than of time spent engaged in activities or time spent in cognitively challenging activities. Further, activity diversity explained significant variance in the relationship between openness and cognitive ability for most constructs examined. This relationship did not vary with age, but differed as a function of education level, such that participating in a more diverse array of activities was most beneficial for those with less formal education. These results suggest that engagement with a diverse behavioral repertoire in late life may compensate for lack of early life resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Patrick L. Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Jeanine M. Parisi
- Department of Mental Health; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Elizabeth A. L. Stine-Morrow
- Department of Educational Psychology and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Abstract
Objectives: Characterized by infrequent contact, low emotional intensity, and limited intimacy, weak ties are found to be associated with better subjective well-being and other health outcomes. Drawing on the theory of weak ties and the convoy model of social relations, this paper aims to examine the association between weak ties and cognitive function among older adults in China.Methods: We used multilevel growth modeling to analyze panel data for adults aged 60 years and over (N = 2,650) selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2015). Weak ties were measured based on the frequency of social activity participation and the number of social activities.Results: Weekly or irregular social activity participation in at least one social activity was significantly associated with better mental status and memory. The number of participated social activities was also significantly and positively associated with mental status and memory. After controlling for age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, geographic residence, household expenditures, and health conditions (i.e., depressive symptoms and self-reported health), we found that participation in a greater number of social activities protected memory from declining by 4% for every 2 years (p < 0.001).Conclusion: These findings suggest that social interactions with peripheral members of a diverse social network may help prevent cognitive decline for older Chinese adults. Greater attention on weak ties might yield practical implications for non-pharmacological dementia prevention and health promotion for the general older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Pan
- Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Kyong Hee Chee
- Department of Sociology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Abstract
Background and Objectives One of the greatest challenges of old age is the risk of cognitive decline. Engagement in social activities has been identified as a possible protective factor. However, it is not yet clear what are the mechanisms underlying this association. This study aims to elucidate the pathways through which social activities impact cognitive functioning, focusing on physical activity and mental health as possible mediators. Research Design and Methods The study utilized 3 waves of data-the fourth, fifth, and sixth waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively. It focused on respondents aged 60 and older. Cognitive functioning was assessed via immediate recall, delayed recall, and fluency. Social activities were measured by volunteering and attending social clubs. Data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach. Results The results indicated a significant direct effect of social activities on cognitive functioning. That is, being socially active at baseline was related to better cognitive function 4 years later. The results also indicated the existence of indirect effects. Engaging in social activities was related to better mental health and more physical activities 2 years later, which were related to better subsequent cognitive performance. Discussion and Implications These findings highlight the mediating roles of physical activity and mental health in the effects of social activities on cognitive functioning. Understanding these mechanisms can help optimize social activity interventions to improve cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Cohn-Schwartz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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26
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Stenling A, Sörman DE, Lindwall M, Hansson P, Körning Ljungberg J, Machado L. Physical activity and cognitive function: between-person and within-person associations and moderators. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2020; 28:392-417. [PMID: 32564660 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1779646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we decomposed between- and within-person effects and examined moderators of the longitudinal physical activity-cognition association. Participants (N = 1722) were drawn from the Betula study and we included four waves of data across 15 years. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that self-reported physical activity did not predict changes in cognitive function. Physical activity positively predicted cognitive performance at baseline, and the relations were stronger for more active (compared to less active) older adults. Physical activity had a positive within-person effect on cognitive function. The within-person effect of physical activity on episodic memory recall was stronger for participants who on average engaged in less physical activity. The within-person effect on verbal fluency was stronger for participants with more education. Our results suggest that preserving cognitive functioning in old age might be more a matter of what you do in old age than reflecting what you did earlier in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Eriksson Sörman
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindwall
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden.,Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Hansson
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jessica Körning Ljungberg
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Human Work Science, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå, Sweden
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
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Guiney H, Keall M, Machado L. Volunteering in older adulthood is associated with activity engagement and cognitive functioning. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2020; 28:253-269. [PMID: 32223513 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1743230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Given evidence that activity engagement in older adulthood can have protective effects on the aging brain, we investigated the idea that volunteering in the community, which often encompasses social, cognitive, and physical activity, might benefit cognition. Method: Ninety-one retired 65- to 75-year-olds reported their sociodemographic characteristics, wellbeing, volunteering, and activity engagement. They also completed computerized cognitive tests that tapped specific functions known to decline disproportionately with age. Results: Volunteering at least monthly was associated with better working memory and more social and cognitive activity. Mediation analyses indicated that volunteering was indirectly related to switching performance via cognitive activity. However, the volunteering-working memory association did not depend on activity engagement, leaving the underpinning mechanisms unclear. Conclusions: These findings provide new insight into positive associations between older people's volunteering, activity engagement, and cognitive functioning. However, further work is needed to understand the mechanisms that drive volunteering-cognition links, and to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Guiney
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Keall
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago , Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Liana Machado
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago , Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand , Auckland, New Zealand
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Demiray B, Luo M, Tejeda-padron A, Mehl MR. Sounds of Healthy Aging: Assessing Everyday Social and Cognitive Activity from Ecologically Sampled Ambient Audio Data. International Perspectives on Aging 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32053-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Park S, Kwon E, Kim B, Han Y. Person-Environment Fit Approach to Trajectories of Cognitive Function Among Older Adults Who Live Alone: Intersection of Life-Course SES Disadvantage and Senior Housing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:e1-e12. [PMID: 31038160 PMCID: PMC6703233 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drawing from life course and environmental perspectives, we examined the trajectory of cognitive function and how senior housing moderates the effects of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) disadvantage among older people living alone over time. METHOD Six waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used with multilevel growth modeling to analyze developmental patterns of cognitive function over time and how various forms of life-course SES disadvantage affect cognitive function depending on senior housing residency status. RESULTS At baseline, we found a positive role of senior housing in four subgroups: SES disadvantage in childhood only, unstable mobility pattern (disadvantage in childhood and old age only), downward mobility (no disadvantage in childhood, but in later two life stages), and cumulative disadvantage (all three life stages). Over time, the positive role of senior housing for the unstable and the most vulnerable group persisted. DISCUSSION Our findings provide a much-needed practical and theoretical underpinning for environmental policy-making efforts regarding vulnerable elders who live alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Park
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Eunsun Kwon
- Department of Social Work, St. Cloud State University, Minnesota
| | - BoRin Kim
- Department of Social Work, University of New Hampshire, Durham
| | - Yoonsun Han
- Department of Social Welfare, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Wion RK, Hill NL, DePasquale N, Mogle J, Whitaker EB. The Relationship between Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Activity Participation: A Systematic Review. Act Adapt Aging 2019; 44:225-245. [PMID: 33790489 DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2019.1651188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes current evidence to determine how subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) relates to physical, cognitive, and social activity participation in older adults. Nine peer-reviewed articles were reviewed and appraised for evidence quality. Most were cross-sectional and had high methodological quality. Higher levels of SCI were almost universally associated with lower levels of physical and social activity participation. These findings suggest that older adults who report higher SCI engage in fewer activities. Examining these relationships longitudinally is an important next step to determine whether SCI precedes withdrawing from activities in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Wion
- Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing, 201 Nursing Science Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nikki L Hill
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing, 201 Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nicole DePasquale
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC 27701
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- The Pennsylvania State University, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, 320D Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Emily B Whitaker
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Nursing, 201 Nursing Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802
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Abstract
Objectives: The current study set out to examine the links between contact frequency with one's social network and cognitive health in later life. It assessed both direct and indirect pathways and the possible role of ethnicity in the effect of the social network on cognitive function. Method: We used data from adults aged 50 and above, which was collected in Israel as part of the Survey of Ageing, Retirement and Health (SHARE). A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to test the direct and indirect associations between contact frequency and cognitive function, as well as the moderation of these associations by population group. Three population groups were examined - veteran-Jews, Arabs and immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Results: Contact frequency with the close social milieu was found to be directly positively related to cognitive function. The association was also mediated by depressive symptoms, such that frequent contacts were linked to cognitive health via reduced depressive symptoms. This indirect link differed, however, among the three population groups. Conclusion: Contact frequency is important for cognitive health in the second half of life, and it operates both directly and by decreasing depressive symptoms. However, these links are not found among all ethnic groups and may, therefore, depend on the culture and social norms of each group and the meaning attributed to social ties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Schwartz
- Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rabia Khalaila
- Department of Nursing, Zefat Academic College, Zefat, Israel
| | - Howard Litwin
- Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ma M. Does children's education matter for parents' health and cognition? Evidence from China. J Health Econ 2019; 66:222-240. [PMID: 31265950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission of human capital from parents to offspring is widely documented. However, whether there are upward spillovers from children to parents remains understudied. This paper uses data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to estimate the causal impact of educational attainment of children on various health and cognition outcomes of older parents. Identification is achieved by using the exposure of children to the compulsory education law in China and its interaction with local schooling level before law enforcement as instruments for children's years of schooling. IV estimation results demonstrate that increasing years of education of children lead to better cognitive functions, higher survival expectations and improved lung function of Chinese older parents. Further evidence suggests that children's education might shape health of older parents by providing financial support, affecting the access to resources and influencing the labor supply and psychological well-being of parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ma
- School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, 111 Wuchuan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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McPhee GM, Downey LA, Stough C. Effects of sustained cognitive activity on white matter microstructure and cognitive outcomes in healthy middle-aged adults: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:35-47. [PMID: 30802543 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adults who remain cognitively active may be protected from age-associated changes in white matter (WM) and cognitive decline. To determine if cognitive activity is a precursor for WM plasticity, the available literature was systematically searched for Region of Interest (ROI) and whole-brain studies assessing the efficacy of cognitive training (CT) on WM microstructure using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in healthy adults (> 40 years). Seven studies were identified and included in this review. Results suggest there are beneficial effects to WM microstructure after CT in frontal and medial brain regions, with some studies showing improved performance in cognitive outcomes. Benefits of CT were shown to be protective against age-related WM microstructure decline by either maintaining or improving WM after training. These results have implications for determining the capacity for training-dependent WM plasticity in older adults and whether CT can be utilised to prevent age-associated cognitive decline. Additional studies with standardised training and imaging protocols are needed to confirm these outcomes.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aims to investigate the association between subjective social status (SSS) and prospective cognitive functioning of older adults and their spouses, and to explore the potential mediating roles of health habits and physical activities in this association. METHOD Using the longitudinal data of 512 pairs of community-dwelling older couples aged 65-91 years (M = 72.2 ± 4.6), we tested the effects of SSS in cognitive functioning using an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. SSS was measured by a self-anchoring social ladder, and cognitive functioning was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Socioeconomic status (i.e. education) was tested as a moderator, and physical activity (measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly) as well as health habits (i.e. tobacco and alcohol consumption) were included as potential mediators. RESULTS A partner effect of SSS was found only in the low-education group, in which the wife's higher level of SSS in the community was associated with the husband's better cognitive functioning in the follow-up. A small proportion of this effect was found to be partially mediated by participation in housework, such that the wife's higher SSS was associated with the husband's increased housework activity, which was related to higher prospective cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION By examining the dyadic effects of SSS with a longitudinal design, our findings extended the understanding on how subjective social status influenced older couples' cognitive health, and provided evidence-based insights for future studies on cognitive health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- a The Nethersole School of Nursing , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Helene Fung
- b Department of Psychology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Kwok
- c Department of Medicine & Therapeutics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
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Wu R, Strickland-Hughes C. Adaptation for growth as a common goal throughout the lifespan: Why and how. Psychology of Learning and Motivation 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Staff RT, Hogan MJ, Williams DS, Whalley LJ. Intellectual engagement and cognitive ability in later life (the "use it or lose it" conjecture): longitudinal, prospective study. BMJ 2018; 363:k4925. [PMID: 30530522 PMCID: PMC6287118 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between intellectual engagement and cognitive ability in later life, and determine whether the maintenance of intellectual engagement will offset age related cognitive decline. DESIGN Longitudinal, prospective, observational study. SETTING Non-clinical volunteers in late middle age (all born in 1936) living independently in northeast Scotland. PARTICIPANTS Sample of 498 volunteers who had taken part in the Scottish Mental Health Survey of 1947, from one birth year (1936). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive ability and trajectory of cognitive decline in later life. Typical intellectual engagement was measured by a questionnaire, and repeated cognitive measurements of information processing speed and verbal memory were obtained over a 15 year period (recording more than 1200 longitudinal data points for each cognitive test). RESULTS Intellectual engagement was significantly associated with level of cognitive performance in later life, with each point on a 24 point scale accounting for 0.97 standardised cognitive performance (IQ-like) score, for processing speed and 0.71 points for memory (both P<0.05). Engagement in problem solving activities had the largest association with life course cognitive gains, with each point accounting for 0.43 standardised cognitive performance score, for processing speed and 0.36 points for memory (both P<0.05). However, engagement did not influence the trajectory of age related decline in cognitive performance. Engagement in intellectual stimulating activities was associated with early life ability, with correlations between engagement and childhood ability and education being 0.35 and 0.22, respectively (both P<0.01). CONCLUSION These results show that self reported engagement is not associated with the trajectory of cognitive decline in late life, but is associated with the acquisition of ability during the life course. Overall, findings suggest that high performing adults engage and those that engage more being protected from relative decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Hogan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - L J Whalley
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Kowalski KA, MacDonald SWS, Yeates KO, Tuokko HA, Rhodes RE. Decomposing the within-person and between-person sources of variation in physical activity-cognition associations for low-active older adults. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1431-1455. [PMID: 30430863 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1508682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine within-person and between-person sources of variation in the relationship between physical activity and cognition in older adults participating in a walking program. To explore whether demographic, health and fitness variables, and their interactions with activity, are significant predictors of cognition. DESIGN Brief longitudinal burst design. PARTICIPANTS 118 participants (91 females, mean age = 72.81 + 5.24 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognition, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous walking and self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were assessed at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 16 weeks follow-up. Attendance at weekly walks was also recorded. RESULTS Within-persons, changes in physical activity were related to select measures of executive functioning, with increased activity predictive of better cognition (three of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Between-persons, activity was also associated with cognition (two of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Younger age and higher education were related to better cognition. Interactions of demographic, health, and fitness variables with changes in within-person activity were generally non-significant. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of distinguishing within- from between-person effects in longitudinal analyses of the association between physical activity and cognition. This stringent within-person test of association underscores the potential value of simple physical activity interventions for improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kowalski
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Keith O Yeates
- d Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Holly A Tuokko
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
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Abstract
Infants and children experience an intense form of intellectual engagement associated with learning a variety of new skills. A recent theory proposes that such broad learning experiences may be the key to maximal cognitive development not just during infancy and childhood but also during adulthood. To begin investigating this possibility, the present questionnaire on broad learning in adulthood builds on prior research on need for cognition, intellectual engagement, personal growth, and leisure activities. After several rounds with preliminary versions of the questionnaire, the final version consists of 28 items. Responses were gathered from two mTurk samples to measure scale reliability and to assess model fit. In the end, we obtained a satisfactory measure of broad learning that consists of six separate reliable scales. Once this questionnaire is validated in future studies, perhaps it could be used as a predictor for cognitive development during adulthood and for interventions inducing broad learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Leanos
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Coons
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - George W Rebok
- 2 Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Ozer
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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O'Shea DM, Fieo R, Woods A, Williamson J, Porges E, Cohen R. Discrepancies between crystallized and fluid ability are associated with frequency of social and physical engagement in community dwelling older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:963-970. [PMID: 29569517 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1452195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age differences have been noted in the discrepancies between crystallized and fluid ability (Gc-Gf). Larger Gc-Gf discrepancies have also been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers and clinical severity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between Gc-Gf discrepancies in normal aging and functional outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine this. METHOD Data from 104 adults (Mage = 71.70 years, SD = 9.016) were included in the present study. Measures from the NIH toolbox were used to form the discrepancy scores. Physical, cognitive, and social activities were identified using the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors activity questionnaire. Linear regression analyses, controlling for age, education, gender, health, and depressive symptoms, were used to examine the association between social, cognitive, and physical activities on Gc-Gf discrepancies. RESULTS Results showed that social and physical activity were significantly associated with greater discrepancies between crystallized and fluid ability, independent of covariates. There was no association between cognitive activity and Gc-Gf discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS Larger discrepancies between crystallized and fluid ability are related to frequency of social and physical activity. The findings support previous research that discrepancy scores may serve as a marker of cognitive decline. In more highly educated older individuals, Gc-Gf discrepancies may be a more accurate indicator of actual cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M O'Shea
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Robert Fieo
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Adam Woods
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - John Williamson
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Eric Porges
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Ron Cohen
- a Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Sajeev G, Weuve J, Jackson JW, VanderWeele TJ, Bennett DA, Grodstein F, Blacker D. Late-life Cognitive Activity and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Bias Analysis. Epidemiology 2016; 27:732-42. [PMID: 27227783 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in late-life cognitive activity is often proposed as a strategy to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. However, it is unclear to what extent the available evidence supports a causal effect of cognitive activity in dementia prevention. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE through June 2014 to identify peer-reviewed epidemiologic studies of cognitive activity and incidence of AD or all-cause dementia. Eligible articles analyzed data from cohort or nested case-control studies, explicitly defined cognitive activity, evaluated participants for AD or all-cause dementia using clearly defined criteria, and provided effect estimates adjusted for at least age and sex. We describe methodologic issues and biases relevant to interpretation of these studies, and quantify the degree of bias due to confounding and reverse causation required to nullify typically observed associations. RESULTS We reviewed 12 studies involving 13,939 participants and 1,663 dementia cases, of which 565 were specifically evaluated as AD. Most studies found associations between late-life cognitive activity and lower AD and/or all-cause dementia incidence. Differences in cognitive activity operationalization across studies precluded meta-analysis of effect estimates. Our bias analysis indicated that the observed inverse associations are probably robust to unmeasured confounding, and likely only partially explained by reverse causation. CONCLUSION Our systematic review and bias analyses provide support for the hypothesis that late-life cognitive activity offers some reduction in AD and all-cause dementia risk. However, more data are needed to confirm this relationship and on the optimal type, duration, intensity, and timing of that activity.
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Abstract
In the face of shifting demographics and an increase in human longevity, it is important to examine carefully what is known about cognitive ageing, and to identify and promote possibly malleable lifestyle and health-related factors that might mitigate age-associated cognitive decline. The Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921, n = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936, n = 1091) are longitudinal studies of cognitive and brain ageing based in Scotland. Childhood IQ data are available for these participants, who were recruited in later life and then followed up regularly. This overview summarises some of the main LBC findings to date, illustrating the possible genetic and environmental contributions to cognitive function (level and change) and brain imaging biomarkers in later life. Key associations include genetic variation, health and fitness, psychosocial and lifestyle factors, and aspects of the brain's structure. It addresses some key methodological issues such as confounding by early-life intelligence and social factors and emphasises areas requiring further investigation. Overall, the findings that have emerged from the LBC studies highlight that there are multiple correlates of cognitive ability level in later life, many of which have small effects, that there are as yet few reliable predictors of cognitive change, and that not all of the correlates have independent additive associations. The concept of marginal gains, whereby there might be a cumulative effect of small incremental improvements across a wide range of lifestyle and health-related factors, may offer a useful way to think about and promote a multivariate recipe for healthy cognitive and brain ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Corley
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - S R Cox
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
| | - I J Deary
- Department of Psychology,The University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
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McHugh Power J, Tang J, Lawlor B, Kenny RA, Kee F. Mediators of the relationship between social activities and cognitive function among older Irish adults: results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:129-134. [PMID: 27676290 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1233935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence points to an association between social and leisure activity (SLA) engagement and cognitive outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this link remain unknown. We aimed to investigate three potential mechanisms: Vascular function, Perceived Stress, and Cognitive Reserve. METHODS With data from 8163 adults aged over 50 in the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we used a structural equation model to evaluate Vascular Function and Perceived Stress as potential mediators, and Cognitive Reserve as a potential antecedent in the relationship between SLA at baseline (2009), and cognitive outcomes collected at a two-year follow-up point (2011). RESULTS Cognitive Reserve was strongly associated both with cognitive outcomes (β = 0.306; p < 0.001) and with SLA (β = 0.694; p < 0.001). Perceived stress (β = 0.018) acted as a significant mediator in the relationships between SLA and cognitive outcomes (p < 0.001), although Vascular Function did not (β = 0.000). CONCLUSION These results indicate that SLA may protect cognitive function partly because of its association with cognitive reserve, and partly through its impact on perceived stress. Results have policy implications for those interested in facilitating SLA to protect cognitive outcomes among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna McHugh Power
- a UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Institute of Clinical Sciences, Grosvenor Rd , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Jianjun Tang
- a UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Institute of Clinical Sciences, Grosvenor Rd , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Brian Lawlor
- b Institute of Neuroscience & Centre for Medical Gerontology , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Republic of Ireland
| | - Rose Ann Kenny
- b Institute of Neuroscience & Centre for Medical Gerontology , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Kee
- a UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Institute of Clinical Sciences, Grosvenor Rd , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
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Kelly ME, Duff H, Kelly S, McHugh Power JE, Brennan S, Lawlor BA, Loughrey DG. The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2017; 6:259. [PMID: 29258596 PMCID: PMC5735742 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social relationships, which are contingent on access to social networks, promote engagement in social activities and provide access to social support. These social factors have been shown to positively impact health outcomes. In the current systematic review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the impact of social activities, social networks and social support on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults (50+) and examine the differential effects of aspects of social relationships on various cognitive domains. METHODS We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, and collated data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), genetic and observational studies. Independent variables of interest included subjective measures of social activities, social networks, and social support, and composite measures of social relationships (CMSR). The primary outcome of interest was cognitive function divided into domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, overall memory ability, working memory, verbal fluency, reasoning, attention, processing speed, visuospatial abilities, overall executive functioning and global cognition. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were included in the review; three RCTs, 34 observational studies, and two genetic studies. Evidence suggests a relationship between (1) social activity and global cognition and overall executive functioning, working memory, visuospatial abilities and processing speed but not episodic memory, verbal fluency, reasoning or attention; (2) social networks and global cognition but not episodic memory, attention or processing speed; (3) social support and global cognition and episodic memory but not attention or processing speed; and (4) CMSR and episodic memory and verbal fluency but not global cognition. CONCLUSIONS The results support prior conclusions that there is an association between social relationships and cognitive function but the exact nature of this association remains unclear. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research provided. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO 2012: CRD42012003248 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Kelly
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, 2nd Floor, Mayor Street, IFSC, Dublin, 1 Ireland
| | - Hollie Duff
- The NEIL Programme, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2 Ireland
| | - Sara Kelly
- The NEIL Programme, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2 Ireland
| | - Joanna E. McHugh Power
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, 2nd Floor, Mayor Street, IFSC, Dublin, 1 Ireland
| | | | - Brian A. Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David G. Loughrey
- The NEIL Programme, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, 2 Ireland
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Bielak AAM, Mogle J, Sliwinski MJ. What Did You Do Today? Variability in Daily Activities is Related to Variability in Daily Cognitive Performance. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 74:764-771. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison A M Bielak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Jacqueline Mogle
- College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Martin J Sliwinski
- Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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Abstract
This study aims to assess the association between cognitive impairment and activity engagement patterns. Data from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study were used. A total of 3,943 participants aged 65 or older were included in analyses. Latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. Four activity engagement profiles were identified: high activity (31.2%), active leisure (18.9%), passive leisure (28.2%), and low activity (21.7%). People in the high activity group engaged in all activities more than people in any other group, whereas people in the low activity group did not actively engage in most activities. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that cognitive impairment had an independent effect on the probability of being assigned to the low activity group compared to other groups. Cognitive impairment was associated with inactivity in a variety of activities. Future studies should examine supportive factors, which facilitate active patterns among people with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Amano
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sojung Park
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy Morrow-Howell
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Brown CL, Robitaille A, Zelinski EM, Dixon RA, Hofer SM, Piccinin AM. Cognitive activity mediates the association between social activity and cognitive performance: A longitudinal study. Psychol Aging 2017; 31:831-846. [PMID: 27929339 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social activity is 1 aspect of an active lifestyle and some evidence indicates it is related to preserved cognitive function in older adulthood. However, the potential mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. We investigate 4 potential mediational pathways through which social activity may relate to cognitive performance. A multilevel structural equation modeling approach to mediation was used to investigate whether cognitive activity, physical activity, depressive symptoms, and vascular health conditions mediate the association between social activity and cognitive function in older adults. Using data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study, we tested 4 cognitive outcomes: fluency, episodic memory, reasoning, and vocabulary. Three important findings emerged. First, the association between social activity and all 4 domains of cognitive function was significantly mediated by cognitive activity at the within-person level. Second, we observed a significant indirect effect of social activity on all domains of cognitive function through cognitive activity at the between-person level. Third, we found a within-person indirect relationship of social activity with episodic memory performance through physical activity. For these older adults, engagement in social activities was related to participation in everyday cognitive activities and in turn to better cognitive performance. This pattern is consistent with the interpretation that a lifestyle of social engagement may benefit cognitive performance by providing opportunities or motivation to participate in supportive cognitively stimulating activities. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth M Zelinski
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California
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Zhu X, Qiu C, Zeng Y, Li J. Leisure activities, education, and cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults: a population-based longitudinal study. Int Psychogeriatr 2017; 29:727-39. [PMID: 28067190 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610216001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examine the association between leisure-time activities and the risk of developing cognitive impairment among Chinese older people, and further investigate whether the association varies by educational level. METHODS This follow-up study included 6,586 participants (aged 79.5 ± 9.8 years, range 65-105 years, 51.7% female) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey who were aged ≥65 years and were free of cognitive impairment in 2002. Incident cognitive impairment was defined at the 2005 or 2008/2009 survey following an education-based cut-off on the adapted Chinese version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participation in cognitive activities (e.g. reading) and non-exercise physical activity (e.g. housework) was assessed by a self-reported scale. Cox proportional hazard models were employed to examine the association of leisure activities with incident cognitive impairment while controlling for age, gender, education, occupation, residence, physical exercise, smoking, drinking, cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, negative well-being, and physical functioning, and baseline MMSE score. RESULTS During a five-year follow-up, 1,448 participants developed incident cognitive impairment. Overall, a high level of participation in leisure activities was associated with a 41% decreased risk of cognitive impairment compared to low-level engagement in leisure activities after controlling for age, gender, education, and other confounders. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between leisure activity and educational level, such that the beneficial effect of leisure activities on cognitive function was larger in educated elderly than their uneducated counterparts, and only educated elderly benefited from cognitive activities. CONCLUSIONS Late-life leisure activities protect against cognitive impairment among elderly Chinese people, and the protective effects are more profound for educated elderly.
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Park S, Kwon E, Lee H. Life Course Trajectories of Later-Life Cognitive Functions: Does Social Engagement in Old Age Matter? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:E393. [PMID: 28387725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study identified differential patterns of later-life cognitive function trajectories and examined to what extent life course factors and social engagement are associated with group trajectories. Data came from seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS 1998–2010; n = 7374; Observations = 41,051). Latent class growth analysis identified cognitive function trajectory groups, and multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with group trajectories. Five heterogeneous trajectories were identified: stable high, stable moderate, stable low, high-to-moderate, and moderate-to-low. Findings suggest that, after adjusting for life course factors, individuals who became volunteers were more likely to belong to one of the two least vulnerable trajectories, stable high or high-to-moderate. Our findings suggest that, despite the cumulative life course factors evident in cognitive decline, social engagement in old age may serve as a potential protective resource.
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Gow AJ, Pattie A, Deary IJ. Lifecourse Activity Participation From Early, Mid, and Later Adulthood as Determinants of Cognitive Aging: The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2016; 72:25-37. [PMID: 27974473 PMCID: PMC5156497 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine potential sensitive periods for activity participation across adulthood to reduce cognitive decline and to determine whether associations persist after accounting for the lifetime stability of cognitive ability. METHOD The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 is a longitudinal study of cognitive aging. Participants were born in 1921 and most completed a mental ability test at the age of 11 years. Cognitive assessments were completed at mean ages 79 (N = 550), 83 (N = 321), 87 (N = 235), and 90 years (N = 129). Participants provided retrospective details of their activity participation for young (20-35 years), mid (40-55 years), and later adulthood (60-75 years), and contemporaneously at age 79. RESULTS Associations between activity and the level of, and change in, cognitive ability in old age were examined with latent growth curve models. Accounting for demographics and childhood cognitive ability, engagement in leisure activities in midlife was positively associated with cognitive ability level (path coefficient = .32), whereas higher physical activity in later adulthood was associated with less cognitive decline (.27). DISCUSSION The findings support a lifecourse approach in identifying determinants of cognitive aging; leisure and physical activity during different periods of adulthood may enhance cognitive abilities or reduce decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Gow
- Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. .,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and.,Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
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Bielak AAM. Different perspectives on measuring lifestyle engagement: a comparison of activity measures and their relation with cognitive performance in older adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2016; 24:435-452. [PMID: 27540887 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1221378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the limitations associated with assessing activity engagement via the frequency of specific activities, it may be valuable to consider the characteristics of an activity. The method of asking individuals to report the amount of time spent engaging in activities that have certain characteristics was compared to a specific activity questionnaire, and a daily diary regarding their relation to cognitive functioning. Participants 60-90 years old (n = 187) completed the activity measurement methods and a series of cognitive tasks. Structural equation models showed that all three activity methods were predictive of adults' cognitive performance, but no measure predicted all outcomes. Each activity measure provided unique information. Notably, the combination of the measurement types predicted more variance than any of the measures alone. There is additional power to predict cognition when multiple activity measurement methods are used, and daily assessment can be a valuable tool to augment traditional specific activity questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A M Bielak
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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