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Li H, Kalra M, Zhu L, Ackermann DM, Taba M, Bonner C, Bell KJL. Communicating the Imperfect Diagnostic Accuracy of COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Self-Tests: An Online Randomized Experiment. Med Decis Making 2024; 44:437-450. [PMID: 38651834 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x241242131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential impacts of optimizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapid antigen test (RAT) self-testing diagnostic accuracy information. DESIGN Online randomized experiment using hypothetical scenarios: in scenarios 1 to 3 (RAT result positive), the posttest probability was considered to be very high (likely true positives), and in scenarios 4 and 5 (RAT result negative), the posttest probability was considered to be moderately high (likely false negatives). SETTING December 12 to 22, 2022, during the mixed-variant Omicron wave in Australia. PARTICIPANTS Australian adults. Intervention: diagnostic accuracy of a COVID-19 self-RAT presented in a health literacy-sensitive way; usual care: diagnostic accuracy information provided by the manufacturer; control: no diagnostic accuracy information. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Intention to self-isolate. RESULTS A total of 226 participants were randomized (control n = 75, usual care n = 76, intervention n = 75). More participants in the intervention group correctly interpreted the meaning of the diagnostic accuracy information (P = 0.08 for understanding sensitivity, P < 0.001 for understanding specificity). The proportion who would self-isolate was similar across scenarios 1 to 3 (likely true positives). The proportion was higher in the intervention group than in the control for scenarios 4 and 5 (likely false negatives). These differences were not statistically significant. The largest potential effect was seen in scenario 5 (dinner party with confirmed cases, the person has symptoms, negative self-RAT result), with 63% of the intervention group and 49% of the control group indicating they would self-isolate (absolute difference 13.3%, 95% confidence interval: -2% to 30%, P = 0.10). CONCLUSION Health literacy sensitive formatting supported participant understanding and recall of diagnostic accuracy information. This may increase community intentions to self-isolate when there is a likely false-negative self-RAT result. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12622001517763). HIGHLIGHTS Community-based diagnostic accuracy studies of COVID-19 self-RATs indicate substantially lower sensitivity (and higher risk of false-negative results) than the manufacturer-supplied information on most government public Web sites.This online randomized study found that a health literacy-sensitive presentation of the imperfect diagnostic accuracy COVID-19 self-RATs supported participant understanding and recall of diagnostic accuracy information.Health literacy-sensitive presentation may increase community intentions to self-isolate after a negative test result where the posttest probability is still moderately high (i.e., likely false-negative result).To prevent the onward spread of infection, efforts to improve communication about the high risk of false-negative results from COVID-19 self-RATs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Li
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megha Kalra
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lin Zhu
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deonna M Ackermann
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melody Taba
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katy J L Bell
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bakhit M, Fien S, Abukmail E, Jones M, Clark J, Scott AM, Glasziou P, Cardona M. Cardiovascular disease risk communication and prevention: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2024:ehae002. [PMID: 38243824 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge of quantifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may improve health outcomes and trigger behavioural change in patients or clinicians. This review aimed to investigate the impact of CVD risk communication on patient-perceived CVD risk and changes in CVD risk factors. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to 6 June 2023, supplemented by citation analysis. Randomized trials that compared any CVD risk communication strategy versus usual care were included. Paired reviewers independently screened the identified records and extracted the data; disagreements were resolved by a third author. The primary outcome was the accuracy of risk perception. Secondary outcomes were clinician-reported changes in CVD risk, psychological responses, intention to modify lifestyle, and self-reported changes in risk factors and clinician prescribing of preventive medicines. RESULTS Sixty-two trials were included. Accuracy of risk perception was higher among intervention participants (odds ratio = 2.31, 95% confidence interval = 1.63 to 3.27). A statistically significant improvement in overall CVD risk scores was found at 6-12 months (mean difference = -0.27, 95% confidence interval = -0.45 to -0.09). For primary prevention, risk communication significantly increased self-reported dietary modification (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.21 to 1.86) with no increase in intention or actual changes in smoking cessation or physical activity. A significant impact on patients' intention to start preventive medication was found for primary and secondary prevention, with changes at follow-up for the primary prevention group. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, communicating CVD risk information, regardless of the method, reduced the overall risk factors and enhanced patients' self-perceived risk. Communication of CVD risk to patients should be considered in routine consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Bakhit
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha Fien
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | - Eman Abukmail
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Magnolia Cardona
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
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Soubra L, Elba G. Pharmacist Role in Hypertension Management in the Community Setting: Questionnaire Development, Validation, and Application. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:351-367. [PMID: 36789207 PMCID: PMC9922562 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s394855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Pharmacists can play a substantial role in decreasing the burden of the disease. PURPOSE The primary aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale assessing the pharmacist role in hypertension management in the community pharmacy setting. The secondary aims were to assess the services/interventions in hypertension management that were performed in the real-life setting, as well as the patient satisfaction from these services/interventions. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Egypt. The data were collected using a survey composed of three sections: a general section, the pharmacist role questionnaire section, and the patient satisfaction from the provided interventions/services section. The pharmacist role questionnaire was developed based on the pharmaceutical care practice conceptual model and included 23 questions. The face validity, content validity, reliability testing using Cronbach alpha, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis were determined. The percentage of the frequency by which each role was reported to be performed was determined. Patient satisfaction from the provided interventions/services was determined by means of an overall rating. The correlation between practiced roles and patient satisfaction with received interventions/services was determined. RESULTS The questionnaire was valid with a 4-factor structure and a Cronbach alpha >0.75, reiterating the main pharmaceutical care practice domains: medication management, disease-state education, disease-state management, and care plan monitoring. Roles falling in the domains of disease state management and disease state education were significantly more practiced than roles falling in the other domains. CONCLUSION Pharmacist practice in hypertension management in the community setting was inclined towards contemporary roles, such as disease state education and management. Patients seem to be satisfied with these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Soubra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: Lama Soubra, Environmental Sciences Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, Email
| | - Ghada Elba
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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McKinn S, Batcup C, Cornell S, Freeman N, Doust J, Bell KJL, Figtree GA, Bonner C. Decision Support Tools for Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Do Not Meet Health Literacy Needs: A Systematic Environmental Scan and Evaluation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11705. [PMID: 36141978 PMCID: PMC9517328 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A shared decision-making approach is considered optimal in primary cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Evidence-based patient decision aids can facilitate this but do not always meet patients' health literacy needs. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans are increasingly used in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk scores, but the availability of high-quality decision aids to support shared decision-making is unknown. We used an environmental scan methodology to review decision support for CAC scans and assess their suitability for patients with varying health literacy. We systematically searched for freely available web-based decision support tools that included information about CAC scans for primary CVD prevention and were aimed at the public. Eligible materials were independently evaluated using validated tools to assess qualification as a decision aid, understandability, actionability, and readability. We identified 13 eligible materials. Of those, only one qualified as a decision aid, and one item presented quantitative information about the potential harms of CAC scans. None presented quantitative information about both benefits and harms of CAC scans. Mean understandability was 68%, and actionability was 48%. Mean readability (12.8) was much higher than the recommended grade 8 level. Terms used for CAC scans were highly variable. Current materials available to people considering a CAC scan do not meet the criteria to enable informed decision-making, nor do they meet the health literacy needs of the general population. Clinical guidelines, including CAC scans for primary prevention, must be supported by best practice decision aids to support decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McKinn
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Carys Batcup
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel Cornell
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha Freeman
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny Doust
- Australian Women and Girls’ Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Katy J. L. Bell
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Bonner C, Batcup C, Cornell S, Fajardo MA, Hawkes AL, Trevena L, Doust J. Interventions Using Heart Age for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Communication: Systematic Review of Psychological, Behavioral, and Clinical Effects. JMIR Cardio 2021; 5:e31056. [PMID: 34738908 PMCID: PMC8663444 DOI: 10.2196/31056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk communication is a challenge for clinical practice, where physicians find it difficult to explain the absolute risk of a CVD event to patients with varying health literacy. Converting the probability to heart age is increasingly used to promote lifestyle change, but a rapid review of biological age interventions found no clear evidence that they motivate behavior change. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to identify the content and effects of heart age interventions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies presenting heart age interventions to adults for CVD risk communication in April 2020 (later updated in March 2021). The Johanna Briggs risk of bias assessment tool was applied to randomized studies. Behavior change techniques described in the intervention methods were coded. RESULTS From a total of 7926 results, 16 eligible studies were identified; these included 5 randomized web-based experiments, 5 randomized clinical trials, 2 mixed methods studies with quantitative outcomes, and 4 studies with qualitative analysis. Direct comparisons between heart age and absolute risk in the 5 web-based experiments, comprising 5514 consumers, found that heart age increased positive or negative emotional responses (4/5 studies), increased risk perception (4/5 studies; but not necessarily more accurate) and recall (4/4 studies), reduced credibility (2/3 studies), and generally had no effect on lifestyle intentions (4/5 studies). One study compared heart age and absolute risk to fitness age and found reduced lifestyle intentions for fitness age. Heart age combined with additional strategies (eg, in-person or phone counseling) in applied settings for 9582 patients improved risk control (eg, reduced cholesterol levels and absolute risk) compared with usual care in most trials (4/5 studies) up to 1 year. However, clinical outcomes were no different when directly compared with absolute risk (1/1 study). Mixed methods studies identified consultation time and content as important outcomes in actual consultations using heart age tools. There were differences between people receiving an older heart age result and those receiving a younger or equal to current heart age result. The heart age interventions included a wide range of behavior change techniques, and conclusions were sometimes biased in favor of heart age with insufficient supporting evidence. The risk of bias assessment indicated issues with all randomized clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review provide little evidence that heart age motivates lifestyle behavior change more than absolute risk, but either format can improve clinical outcomes when combined with other behavior change strategies. The label for the heart age concept can affect outcomes and should be pretested with the intended audience. Future research should consider consultation time and differentiate between results of older and younger heart age. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) NPRR2-10.1101/2020.05.03.20089938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Bonner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carys Batcup
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuel Cornell
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Anthony Fajardo
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna L Hawkes
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyndal Trevena
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny Doust
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Bonner C, Batcup C, Cornell S, Fajardo MA, Hawkes AL, Trevena L, Doust J. Interventions Using Heart Age for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Communication: Systematic Review of Psychological, Behavioral, and Clinical Effects. JMIR Cardio 2021. [PMID: 34738908 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.03.20089938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk communication is a challenge for clinical practice, where physicians find it difficult to explain the absolute risk of a CVD event to patients with varying health literacy. Converting the probability to heart age is increasingly used to promote lifestyle change, but a rapid review of biological age interventions found no clear evidence that they motivate behavior change. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aim to identify the content and effects of heart age interventions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies presenting heart age interventions to adults for CVD risk communication in April 2020 (later updated in March 2021). The Johanna Briggs risk of bias assessment tool was applied to randomized studies. Behavior change techniques described in the intervention methods were coded. RESULTS From a total of 7926 results, 16 eligible studies were identified; these included 5 randomized web-based experiments, 5 randomized clinical trials, 2 mixed methods studies with quantitative outcomes, and 4 studies with qualitative analysis. Direct comparisons between heart age and absolute risk in the 5 web-based experiments, comprising 5514 consumers, found that heart age increased positive or negative emotional responses (4/5 studies), increased risk perception (4/5 studies; but not necessarily more accurate) and recall (4/4 studies), reduced credibility (2/3 studies), and generally had no effect on lifestyle intentions (4/5 studies). One study compared heart age and absolute risk to fitness age and found reduced lifestyle intentions for fitness age. Heart age combined with additional strategies (eg, in-person or phone counseling) in applied settings for 9582 patients improved risk control (eg, reduced cholesterol levels and absolute risk) compared with usual care in most trials (4/5 studies) up to 1 year. However, clinical outcomes were no different when directly compared with absolute risk (1/1 study). Mixed methods studies identified consultation time and content as important outcomes in actual consultations using heart age tools. There were differences between people receiving an older heart age result and those receiving a younger or equal to current heart age result. The heart age interventions included a wide range of behavior change techniques, and conclusions were sometimes biased in favor of heart age with insufficient supporting evidence. The risk of bias assessment indicated issues with all randomized clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review provide little evidence that heart age motivates lifestyle behavior change more than absolute risk, but either format can improve clinical outcomes when combined with other behavior change strategies. The label for the heart age concept can affect outcomes and should be pretested with the intended audience. Future research should consider consultation time and differentiate between results of older and younger heart age. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) NPRR2-10.1101/2020.05.03.20089938.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Bonner
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carys Batcup
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samuel Cornell
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Anthony Fajardo
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna L Hawkes
- National Heart Foundation of Australia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyndal Trevena
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny Doust
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Pickles K, Scherer LD, Cvejic E, Hersch J, Barratt A, McCaffery KJ. Preferences for More or Less Health Care and Association With Health Literacy of Men Eligible for Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in Australia. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2128380. [PMID: 34636915 PMCID: PMC8511975 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding personal factors that influence diverse responses to health care information, such as preferences for more or less health care, might be beneficial to more effective communication and better involvement in health care choices. OBJECTIVE To determine whether individuals' preferences for more or less health care are associated with informed choice and understanding of overdiagnosis in routine prostate cancer screening and to examine associations among preferences, educational status, and health literacy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This survey study included a community-based sample of men in Australia aged 45 to 60 years eligible for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, recruited via an international social research company. Survey data were collected online from June 27 to July 26, 2018. Data were analyzed in April 2020. EXPOSURES Participants were randomized to 1 of 2 versions of an online decision aid (full-length or abbreviated) about PSA screening and completed an online survey that included a measure of preference for more or less health care, the Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale (MMS), in which higher score indicates preference for more health care. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was informed choice; knowledge, attitudes, and intentions about screening for prostate cancer were also measured. RESULTS Of 3722 participants who began the survey, 2993 (80.4%) completed it (mean [SD] age, 52.15 [6.65] years). Stronger preferences for more heath care were observed in those without tertiary education (mean difference, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.09-0.22; P < .001) and with inadequate health literacy (mean difference, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.09-0.22; P < .001). After controlling for health and demographic variables, a 1-unit increase in MMS score was associated with reduced relative risk (RR) of making an informed choice (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74-0.82; P < .001) and of having adequate conceptual knowledge (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.90; P < .001), correct numerical knowledge (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97; P = .001), and correct understanding of overdiagnosis (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.90; P < .001). A 1-unit increase in MMS score was associated with a more positive attitude toward screening (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15-1.21; P < .001) and more positive intention to screen (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16-1.25; P < .001) after adjusting for control variables. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This survey study examined associations between preferences for more or less health care and knowledge about overdiagnosis and informed choice among men in Australia. These results may motivate clinicians to elicit individual patient preferences to facilitate tailored discussions with patients about low-value care, such as prostate cancer screening, for which benefit is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pickles
- University of Sydney, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura D. Scherer
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
- VA Denver Center for Innovation, Denver, Colorado
| | - Erin Cvejic
- University of Sydney, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jolyn Hersch
- University of Sydney, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandra Barratt
- University of Sydney, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kirsten J. McCaffery
- University of Sydney, Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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Bell K, Doust J, McGeechan K, Horvath AR, Barratt A, Hayen A, Semsarian C, Irwig L. Reply. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1045-6. [PMID: 33824261 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mihailidou AS. Words Matter: Hypertension and High Normal Blood Pressure Labels. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2021; 14:e007751. [PMID: 33813853 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.007751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Mihailidou
- Department of Cardiology and Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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