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Zuo Y, Li B, Gao M, Xiong R, He R, Li N, Geng Q. Novel insights and new therapeutic potentials for macrophages in pulmonary hypertension. Respir Res 2024; 25:147. [PMID: 38555425 PMCID: PMC10981837 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and immune processes underlie pulmonary hypertension progression. Two main different activated phenotypes of macrophages, classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages, are both involved in inflammatory processes related to pulmonary hypertension. Recent advances suggest that macrophages coordinate interactions among different proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, and other cellular components such as smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, including the origin of pulmonary macrophages and their response to triggers of pulmonary hypertension. We then discuss the interactions among macrophages, cytokines, and vascular adventitial fibroblasts in pulmonary hypertension, as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of macrophages in this disease. Identifying the critical role of macrophages in pulmonary hypertension will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this pathophysiological abnormality, and may provide new perspectives for pulmonary hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zuo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Minglang Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ruyuan He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Du Y, Wu L, Wang L, Reiter RJ, Lip GYH, Ren J. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:40-55. [PMID: 37798169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), encompassing exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are cell-derived heterogeneous nanoparticles with a pivotal role in intercellular communication. EVs are enclosed by a lipid-bilayer membrane to escape enzymatic degradation. EVs contain various functional molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites) which can be transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. EVs provide many advantages including accessibility, modifiability and easy storage, stability, biocompatibility, heterogeneity and they readily penetrate through biological barriers, making EVs ideal and promising candidates for diagnosis/prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Recently, EVs were implicated in both physiological and pathophysiological settings of cardiovascular system through regulation of cell-cell communication. Numerous studies have reported a role for EVs in the pathophysiological progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and have evaluated the utility of EVs for the diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutics of CVDs. In this review, we summarize the biology of EVs, evaluate the perceived biological function of EVs in different CVDs along with a consideration of recent progress for the application of EVs in diagnosis/prognosis and therapies of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Litao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA98195, USA.
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Cook CM, Craddock VD, Ram AK, Abraham AA, Dhillon NK. HIV and Drug Use: A Tale of Synergy in Pulmonary Vascular Disease Development. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4659-4683. [PMID: 37358518 PMCID: PMC10693986 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, with the advent and adoption of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection, a once fatal and acute illness, has transformed into a chronic disease with people living with HIV (PWH) experiencing increased rates of cardio-pulmonary vascular diseases including life-threatening pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, the chronic consequences of tobacco, alcohol, and drug use are increasingly seen in older PWH. Drug use, specifically, can have pathologic effects on the cardiovascular health of these individuals. The "double hit" of drug use and HIV may increase the risk of HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) and potentiate right heart failure in this population. This article explores the epidemiology and pathophysiology of PAH associated with HIV and recreational drug use and describes the proposed mechanisms by which HIV and drug use, together, can cause pulmonary vascular remodeling and cardiopulmonary hemodynamic compromise. In addition to detailing the proposed cellular and signaling pathways involved in the development of PAH, this article proposes areas ripe for future research, including the influence of gut dysbiosis and cellular senescence on the pathobiology of HIV-PAH. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4659-4683, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Cook
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Vaughn D Craddock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anil K Ram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Ashrita A Abraham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Xu Z, Wang Y, Sun M, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Xuan X, Zhou J. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from tick hemolymph and uptake of extracellular vesicles by salivary glands and ovary cells. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:125. [PMID: 37046327 PMCID: PMC10100430 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that are important mediators of intercellular communication. Arthropods transport nutrients, signaling molecules, waste and immune factors to all areas of the body via the hemolymph. Little is known about tick hemolymph EVs. METHODS Hemolymph was collected from partially fed Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks by making an incision with a sterile scalpel in the middle (between the femur and metatarsus) of the first pair of legs, which is known as leg amputation. EVs were isolated from hemolymph by differential centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Proteins extracted from the hemolymph EVs were analyzed by 4D label-free proteomics. The EVs were also examined by western blot and immuno-electron microscopy analysis. Intracellular incorporation of PHK26-labeled EVs was tested by adding labeled EVs to tick salivary glands and ovaries, followed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In this study, 149 and 273 proteins were identified by 4D label-free proteomics in R. haemaphysaloides and H. asiaticum hemolymph EVs, respectively. TEM and NTA revealed that the sizes of the hemolymph EVs from R. haemaphysaloides and H. asiaticum were 133 and 138 nm, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses of identified proteins revealed pathways related to binding, catalytic and transporter activity, translation, transport and catabolism, signal transduction and cellular community. The key EV marker proteins RhCD9, RhTSG101, Rh14-3-3 and RhGAPDH were identified using proteomics and western blot. The presence of RhFerritin-2 in tick hemolymph EVs was confirmed by western blot and immuno-electron microscopy. We demonstrated that PKH26-labeled hemolymph EVs are internalized by tick salivary glands and ovary cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that tick EVs are secreted into, and circulated by, the hemolymph. EVs may play roles in the regulation of tick development, metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Adhikari R, Witwer KW, Wiberg KJ, Chen YC. The interplay among HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles: a systematic review. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:255-287. [PMID: 36802000 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapies, chronic inflammation and spontaneous viral "blips" occur in HIV-infected patients. Given the roles for monocytes/macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication, we performed this systematic review to delineate the triad of HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles in the modulation of immune activation and HIV activities. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for published articles, up to 18 August 2022, relevant to this triad. The search identified 11,836 publications, and 36 studies were deemed eligible and included in this systematic review. Data were extracted for the characteristics of HIV, monocytes/macrophages, and extracellular vesicles used for experiments and the immunologic and virologic outcomes in extracellular vesicle recipient cells. Evidence for the effects on outcomes was synthesized by stratifying the characteristics by outcomes. In this triad, monocytes/macrophages were potential producers and recipients of extracellular vesicles, whose cargo repertoires and functionalities were regulated by HIV infection and cellular stimulation. Extracellular vesicles derived from HIV-infected monocytes/macrophages or the biofluid of HIV-infected patients enhanced innate immune activation and HIV dissemination, cellular entry, replication, and latency reactivation in bystander or infected target cells. These extracellular vesicles could be synthesized in the presence of antiretroviral agents and elicit pathogenic effects in a wide range of nontarget cells. At least eight functional types of extracellular vesicles could be classified based on the diverse extracellular vesicle effects, which were linked to specific virus- and/or host-derived cargos. Thus, the monocyte/macrophage-centered multidirectional crosstalk through extracellular vesicles may help sustain persistent immune activation and residual viral activities during suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romin Adhikari
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Epidemiology and Immune Knowledge of Infectious Diseases, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kjell J Wiberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Clinic, Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital, 2401 W Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
| | - Yun-Chi Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences and Epidemiology and Immune Knowledge of Infectious Diseases, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.,RCMI@Morgan Center for Urban Health Disparities Research and Innovation, Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
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Luo X, Hang C, Zhang Z, Le K, Ying Y, Lv Y, Yan L, Huang Y, Ye L, Xu X, Zhong Y, Du L. PVECs-Derived Exosomal microRNAs Regulate PASMCs via FoxM1 Signaling in IUGR-induced Pulmonary Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027177. [PMID: 36533591 PMCID: PMC9798821 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is closely related to systemic or pulmonary hypertension (PH) in adulthood. Aberrant crosstalk between pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) that is mediated by exosomes plays an essential role in the progression of PH. FoxM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a key transcription factor that governs many important biological processes. Methods and Results IUGR-induced PH rat models were established. Transwell plates were used to coculture PVECs and PASMCs. Exosomes were isolated from PVEC-derived medium, and a microRNA (miRNA) screening was proceeded to identify effects of IUGR on small RNAs enclosed within exosomes. Dual-Luciferase assay was performed to validate the predicted binding sites of miRNAs on FoxM1 3' untranslated region. FoxM1 inhibitor thiostrepton was used in IUGR-induced PH rats. In this study, we found that FoxM1 expression was remarkably increased in IUGR-induced PH, and PASMCs were regulated by PVECs through FoxM1 signaling in a non-contact way. An miRNA screening showed that miR-214-3p, miR-326-3p, and miR-125b-2-3p were downregulated in PVEC-derived exosomes of the IUGR group, which were associated with overexpression of FoxM1 and more significant proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Dual-Luciferase assay demonstrated that the 3 miRNAs directly targeted FoxM1 3' untranslated region. FoxM1 inhibition blocked the PVECs-PASMCs crosstalk and reversed the abnormal functions of PASMCs. In vivo, treatment with thiostrepton significantly reduced the severity of PH. Conclusions Transmission of exosomal miRNAs from PVECs regulated the functions of PASMCs via FoxM1 signaling, and FoxM1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in IUGR-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Luo
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Hang
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Kaixing Le
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Ying
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Pediatric Health Care, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Yajie Huang
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Lixia Ye
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Rheumatology Immunology & Allergy, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Neonatology, The Children’s HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang ProvincePeople’s Republic of China
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Craddock VD, Cook CM, Dhillon NK. Exploring extracellular vesicles as mediators of clinical disease and vehicles for viral therapeutics: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2022; 3:172-188. [PMID: 35929616 PMCID: PMC9348627 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2022.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged researchers to rapidly understand the capabilities of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and investigate potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 has been associated with devastating lung and cardiac injury, profound inflammation, and a heightened coagulopathic state, which may, in part, be driven by cellular crosstalk facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In recent years, EVs have emerged as important biomarkers of disease, and while extracellular vesicles may contribute to the spread of COVID-19 infection from one cell to the next, they also may be engineered to play a protective or therapeutic role as decoys or "delivery drivers" for therapeutic agents. This review explores these roles and areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn D Craddock
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christine M Cook
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, KS 66160, USA
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Marques de Menezes EG, Deng X, Liu J, Bowler SA, Shikuma CM, Stone M, Hunt PW, Ndhlovu LC, Norris PJ. Plasma CD16(+) Extracellular Vesicles Associate with Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in HIV(+) Adults on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. mBio 2022; 13:e0300521. [PMID: 35435733 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03005-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals have increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). This is likely a result of persistent immune activation and systemic inflammation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication and may drive inflammation contributing to CVD. EVs were characterized in plasma from 74 HIV-infected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and 64 HIV-uninfected controls with paired carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) assessment. EVs were profiled with markers reflecting lymphoid, myeloid, and endothelial origin. Seventeen plasma inflammatory biomarkers were also assessed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) apoptosis was quantified after EV exposure. A significant correlation was observed in HIV-infected participants between cIMT and EVs expressing CD16, and the monocyte-related markers CD4, CD14, and CX3CR1 showed a similar but nonsignificant association with cIMT. No significant correlation between cIMT measurements from HIV-uninfected individuals and EVs was observed. Levels of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase significantly correlated with CD14+, CD16+, and CX3CR1+ EVs. No correlation was noted between cIMT and soluble inflammatory markers. HUVECs showed increased necrosis after exposure to the EV-containing fraction of plasma derived from HIV-infected individuals compared to uninfected controls. Our study reveals that EVs expressing monocyte markers correlated with cIMT in HIV-infected individuals on cART. Moreover, EV fractions derived from HIV-infected individuals lead to greater endothelial cell death via necrotic pathways. Collectively, EVs have potential as biomarkers of and therapeutic targets in the pathogenesis of CVD in the setting of treated HIV disease. IMPORTANCE HIV-infected individuals have a 2-fold-increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population, yet the mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are unclear. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as important mediators in cell-cell communication and, given what we know of their biology, may drive inflammation contributing to cardiovascular disease in this vulnerable population.
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Abstract
December. 1st 2021 is "World AIDS Day" reminding us that HIV infection is still widespread and that many of its long-term effects can be deadly. One of these complications is its effect on the pulmonary vascular beds, leading to an increase in the pulmonary pressure, causing the clinical manifestation of "pulmonary hypertension". Unfortunately, we are still far from fully understanding the prevalence, mechanics, and pathobiology of "HIV pulmonary hypertension", especially in Africa and other developing countries where HIV is still common. In addition, the impact of other factors like co-infection and illicit drugs can add and modify the effect on the pulmonary vascular bed, complicating the pathological and clinical effects of HIV. Thus, "World AIDS Day" can be an impetus to pursue further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazwan Butrous
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Margaroli C, Russell D. Extracellular Vesicles: Progress and Challenges in the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Cocaine-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:341-342. [PMID: 34166601 PMCID: PMC8525209 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0222ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Margaroli
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Derek Russell
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center Birmingham, Alabama
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Krishnamachary B, Cook C, Kumar A, Spikes L, Chalise P, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicle-mediated endothelial apoptosis and EV-associated proteins correlate with COVID-19 disease severity. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12117. [PMID: 34262673 PMCID: PMC8254805 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has lead to a global pandemic with a rising toll in infections and deaths. Better understanding of its pathogenesis will greatly improve the outcomes and treatment of affected patients. Here we compared the inflammatory and cardiovascular disease-related protein cargo of circulating large and small extracellular vesicles (EVs) from 84 hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with different stages of disease severity. Our findings reveal significant enrichment of proinflammatory, procoagulation, immunoregulatory and tissue-remodelling protein signatures in EVs, which remarkably distinguished symptomatic COVID-19 patients from uninfected controls with matched comorbidities and delineated those with moderate disease from those who were critically ill. Specifically, EN-RAGE, followed by TF and IL-18R1, showed the strongest correlation with disease severity and length of hospitalization. Importantly, EVs from COVID-19 patients induced apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in the order of disease severity. In conclusion, our findings support a role for EVs in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and underpin the development of EV-based approaches to predicting disease severity, determining need for patient hospitalization and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Christine Cook
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Leslie Spikes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics & Data ScienceUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | - Navneet K. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
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Clauss M, Chelvanambi S, Cook C, ElMergawy R, Dhillon N. Viral Bad News Sent by EVAIL. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061168. [PMID: 34207152 PMCID: PMC8234235 DOI: 10.3390/v13061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge on how viruses may utilize Extracellular Vesicle Assisted Inflammatory Load (EVAIL) to exert pathologic activities. Viruses are classically considered to exert their pathologic actions through acute or chronic infection followed by the host response. This host response causes the release of cytokines leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. However, viruses may employ an alternative pathway to soluble cytokine-induced pathologies-by initiating the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. The best-understood example of this alternative pathway is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-elicited EVs and their propensity to harm vascular endothelial cells. Specifically, an HIV-encoded accessory protein called the "negative factor" (Nef) was demonstrated in EVs from the body fluids of HIV patients on successful combined antiretroviral therapy (ART); it was also demonstrated to be sufficient in inducing endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunction. This review will highlight HIV-Nef as an example of how HIV can produce EVs loaded with proinflammatory cargo to disseminate cardiovascular pathologies. It will further discuss whether EV production can explain SARS-CoV-2-mediated pulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Clauss
- IU School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sarvesh Chelvanambi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Christine Cook
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.C.); (N.D.)
| | - Rabab ElMergawy
- IU School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Navneet Dhillon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (C.C.); (N.D.)
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