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Wang Y, Shen Y, Liang J, Wang S, Huang Y, Zhu Q, Zhang X, Yu K, Tong G, Yang C, Li Y, Wang J, Zhao Y. Neurons upregulate PD-L1 via IFN/STAT1/IRF1 to alleviate damage by CD8 + T cells in cerebral malaria. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:119. [PMID: 38715061 PMCID: PMC11077882 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most lethal complication of malaria, and survivors usually endure neurological sequelae. Notably, the cytotoxic effect of infiltrating Plasmodium-activated CD8+ T cells on cerebral microvasculature endothelial cells is a prominent feature of the experimental CM (ECM) model with blood-brain barrier disruption. However, the damage effect of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the brain parenchyma on neurons remains unclear. Based on the immunosuppressive effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on T cells, our previous study demonstrated that the systemic upregulation of PD-L1 to inhibit CD8+ T cell function could effectively alleviate the symptoms of ECM mice. However, it has not been reported whether neurons can suppress the pathogenic effect of CD8+ T cells through the PD-1/PD-L1 negative immunomodulatory pathway. As the important inflammatory factor of CM, interferons can induce the expression of PD-L1 via different molecular mechanisms according to the neuro-immune microenvironment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the direct interaction between CD8+ T cells and neurons, as well as the mechanism of neurons to alleviate the pathogenic effect of CD8+ T cells through up-regulating PD-L1 induced by IFNs. METHODS Using the ECM model of C57BL/6J mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA), morphological observations were conducted in vivo by electron microscope and IF staining. The interaction between the ECM CD8+ T cells (immune magnetic bead sorting from spleen of ECM mice) and primary cultured cortical neurons in vitro was observed by IF staining and time-lapse photography. RNA-seq was performed to analyze the signaling pathway of PD-L1 upregulation in neurons induced by IFNβ or IFNγ, and verified through q-PCR, WB, IF staining, and flow cytometry both in vitro and in vivo using IFNAR or IFNGR gene knockout mice. The protective effect of adenovirus-mediated PD-L1 IgGFc fusion protein expression was verified in ECM mice with brain stereotaxic injection in vivo and in primary cultured neurons via viral infection in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, ECM mice showed infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells and neuronal injury in the brain parenchyma. In vitro, ECM CD8+ T cells were in direct contact with neurons and induced axonal damage, as an active behavior. The PD-L1 protein level was elevated in neurons of ECM mice and in primary cultured neurons induced by IFNβ, IFNγ, or ECM CD8+ T cells in vitro. Furthermore, the IFNβ or IFNγ induced neuronal expression of PD-L1 was mediated by increasing STAT1/IRF1 pathway via IFN receptors. The increase of PD-L1 expression in neurons during PbA infection was weakened after deleting the IFNAR or IFNGR. Increased PD-L1 expression by adenovirus partially protected neurons from CD8+ T cell-mediated damage both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that both type I and type II IFNs can induce neurons to upregulate PD-L1 via the STAT1/IRF1 pathway mediated by IFN receptors to protect against activated CD8+ T cell-mediated damage, providing a targeted pathway to alleviate neuroinflammation during ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shubiao Wang
- Grade 2020 Clinical Medicine (Five-Year Program), Basic Medical College, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinghao Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xizhi Zhang
- Grade 2019 Clinical Medicine (Five-Year Program), Basic Medical College, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kangjie Yu
- Department of Pathology, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guodong Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Air Force Medical University, 169# Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Boylan BT, Hwang M, Bergmann CC. The Impact of Innate Components on Viral Pathogenesis in the Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Viruses 2023; 15:2400. [PMID: 38140641 PMCID: PMC10747027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viruses invading the central nervous system (CNS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial to elicit early innate responses that stem dissemination. These innate responses comprise both type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated defenses as well as signals recruiting leukocytes to control the infection. Focusing on insights from the neurotropic mouse CoV model, this review discusses how early IFN-I, fibroblast, and myeloid signals can influence protective anti-viral adaptive responses. Emphasis is placed on three main areas: the importance of coordinating the distinct capacities of resident CNS cells to induce and respond to IFN-I, the effects of select IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on host immune responses versus viral control, and the contribution of fibroblast activation and myeloid cells in aiding the access of T cells to the parenchyma. By unraveling how the dysregulation of early innate components influences adaptive immunity and viral control, this review illustrates the combined effort of resident CNS cells to achieve viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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