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Adams BE, Porcerelli JH, Abell S, Huprich SK. Malevolent object relations: A multimethod study of female survivors of childhood abuse. Personal Ment Health 2021; 15:252-260. [PMID: 33871184 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although childhood victimization is associated with impairments in object relations, it is not clear how different measures comparatively perform in assessing this relationship. This study examined the connection between emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in childhood and three methods of assessing malevolent object representations. Sixty adult women, recruited from an urban primary-care clinic, were administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Object Relations Inventory (ORI) interview, and a version of the Early Memories Test (EMT)/interview. Ratings of malevolent object relations were obtained using the affect-tone dimension from the Social Cognition and Object Relations (SCORS-G) scale with both TAT and early memory narratives and through Malevolence ratings from the ORI interview. It was found that, outside of emotional abuse, ORI interview ratings of malevolence consistently differentiated adult childhood abuse groups and nonabuse groups, whereas early memory ratings of malevolence differentiated groups in two of four analyses. Malevolence ratings based upon TAT ratings failed to differentiate any type of abuse from nonabuse. These findings suggest that the use of malevolence ratings from the ORI and early memory narratives are preferred methods for assessing malevolent object relations in urban-dwelling women who have been victimized as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Adams
- Psychology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - John H Porcerelli
- Psychology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Abell
- Psychology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven K Huprich
- Psychology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Ridolfi ME, Temes CM, Fraser EK, Frankenburg FR, Zanarini MC. Perceived Caretaker Malevolence During Childhood Reported by Borderline Patients and Personality-Disordered Comparison Subjects: Description and Prediction. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:699-707. [PMID: 31609186 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study has two purposes. The first is to assess the rates of childhood malevolence by caretakers reported by a well-defined sample of inpatients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and comparison subjects with other personality disorders. The second purpose is to determine the relationship between reported malevolence of caretakers and possible risk factors for this experience. Two reliable interviews were administered to 290 borderline inpatients and 72 personality-disordered comparison subjects to address these aims. Malevolence was reported by a significantly higher percentage of borderline patients than comparison subjects (58% vs. 33%). In multivariate analyses, severity of other forms of abuse, severity of neglect, and a family history of a dramatic cluster personality disorder were found to significantly predict perceived malevolence. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that experiencing malevolence is common and distinguishing for BPD, and that the risk factors for reported childhood malevolence are multifactorial in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina M Temes
- Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily K Fraser
- Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Frances R Frankenburg
- Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary C Zanarini
- Laboratory for the Study of Adult Development, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wildschut M, Swart S, Langeland W, Smit JH, Draijer N. An Emotional Neglect-Personality Disorder Approach: Quantifying a Dimensional Transdiagnostic Model of Trauma-Related and Personality Disorders. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:250-261. [PMID: 30650032 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2019_33_381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Are personality disorders (PDs) associated with emotional neglect? Draijer (2003) developed a dimensional model of trauma-related disorders and PD. The first dimension consists of the severity of the trauma endured. The second dimension consists of emotional neglect, which is assumed to be related primarily to personality pathology. In this article, we investigate whether an association between retrospective reports of emotional neglect and the presence and severity of PD exists. A sample of 150 patients was systematically assessed. Results indicate that there is little evidence to support a link between emotional neglect and problematic personality functioning at the disorder level; however, there might be a link between emotional neglect and problematic personality functioning in a dimensional way. Findings indicate a relationship between lack of parental warmth and problematic personality functioning, supporting the existence of the emotional neglectaxis of the proposed model in a dimensional framework of viewing personality pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willemien Langeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
| | - Jan H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
| | - Nel Draijer
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research & Innovation GGZ InGeest Specialist Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam
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Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S, Qouta S, Punamäki RL. Trauma and autobiographical memory: contents and determinants of earliest memories among war-affected Palestinian children. Memory 2017; 25:1347-1357. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1303073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Peltonen
- School of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samuli Kangaslampi
- School of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Samir Qouta
- Department of Psychology, Islamic University Gaza, IUG, Gaza, Palestine
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Wildschut M, Langeland W, Smit JH, Draijer N. Survivors of early childhood trauma: evaluating a two-dimensional diagnostic model of the impact of trauma and neglect. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2014; 5:21824. [PMID: 24711888 PMCID: PMC3977031 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A two-dimensional diagnostic model for (complex) trauma-related and personality disorders has been proposed to assess the severity and prognosis of the impact of early childhood trauma and emotional neglect. An important question that awaits empirical examination is whether a distinction between trauma-related disorders and personality disorders reflects reality when focusing on survivors of early childhood trauma. And, is a continuum of trauma diagnoses a correct assumption and, if yes, what does it look like? OBJECTIVE We describe the design of a cross-sectional cohort study evaluating this two-dimensional model of the impact of trauma and neglect. To provide the rationale of our study objectives, we review the existing literature on the impact of early childhood trauma and neglect on trauma-related disorders and personality disorders. Aims of the study are to: (1) quantify the two-dimensional model and test the relation with trauma and neglect; and (2) compare the two study groups. METHOD A total of 200 consecutive patients referred to two specific treatment programs (100 from a personality disorder program and 100 from a trauma-related disorder program) in the north of Holland will be included. Data are collected at the start of treatment. The assessments include all DSM-5 trauma-related and personality disorders, and general psychiatric symptoms, trauma history, and perceived emotional neglect. DISCUSSION The results will provide an evaluation of the model and an improvement of the understanding of the relationship between trauma-related disorders and personality disorders and early childhood trauma and emotional neglect. This may improve both diagnostic as well as indication procedures. We will discuss possible strengths and limitations of the design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry
and EMGO Institute, Vrije University Medical Center/GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Draijer
- Department of Psychiatry
and EMGO Institute, Vrije University Medical Center/GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Research, GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koelen JA, Eurelings-Bontekoe EH, van Broeckhuysen-Kloth SA, Snellen WM, Luyten P. Social cognition and levels of personality organization in patients with somatoform disorders: a case-control study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2014; 202:217-23. [PMID: 24566507 DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition and its association with level of personality organization (PO) were examined in 163 patients with severe somatoform disorders (SFDs) and 151 psychiatric (PSA) control patients. Social cognition was measured with the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale, which assessed both affective and cognitive facets of social cognition. Levels of PO were assessed using theory-driven profiles of the Dutch Short Form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The SFD patients exhibited impairments in the cognitive facets of social cognition but not more so than the PSA controls. The results for the affective aspects indicated that the SFD patients exhibited lower levels of emotional investment yet higher affect tone in interactions than the PSA controls. In contrast to the control group, level of PO was not associated with social cognition in SFD. Together, the results indicated that impairments in complexity of mental representations are not specific to SFD patients, yet impairments in emotional investment may be specific to SFD.
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Nardi SCDS, Benetti SPDC. Contribuições psicanalíticas acerca da violência conjugal. Psicol cienc prof 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1414-98932014000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A violência é uma questão que há muito tempo vem despertando a atenção de estudiosos. Assim, a temática da agressividade humana e dos aspectos psíquicos associados aos impulsos agressivos tem sido extensamente abordada como objeto de estudo da teoria psicanalítica. O presente artigo se propõe apresentar algumas contribuições psicanalíticas acerca da violência. Para isso, autores clássicos como Freud e Klein, passando pela teoria do apego, com Bolwby, e contemporâneos como Kernberg e Fonagy, são considerados neste trabalho. Observa-se que a psicanálise tem feito um percurso na tentativa de compreender o funcionamento psíquico de indivíduo violento, constituindo-se um referencial que pode oferecer subsídios interessantes para uma identificação mais aprofundada dos aspectos intrapsíquicos envolvidos na agressão.
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Ortigo KM, Westen D, Defife JA, Bradley B. Attachment, social cognition, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a traumatized, urban population: evidence for the mediating role of object relations. J Trauma Stress 2013; 26:361-8. [PMID: 23696470 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research has linked multiple risk and resiliency factors to developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One potentially important construct for understanding connections between trauma and PTSD is attachment. Although relationships between attachment and risk for PTSD have been described theoretically, limited research has addressed these relationships empirically. Furthermore, aspects of object relations overlap with attachment and PTSD, but have not been adequately incorporated in empirical research. One proposed pathway between attachment and PTSD involves the mediating role of object relations, particularly views of self and others. Present data were from a larger study investigating environmental and genetic risk factors for PTSD in an impoverished, primarily African American sample seeking care at a public urban hospital. Correlations indicated that adult attachment (with the exception of dismissing) and object relations relate to childhood traumas, (|r|s = .19-.29), adult traumas (|r|s = .14-.20), and self-reported PTSD symptoms (|r|s = .20-.36). Analyses also found support for mediational roles of object relations in relationships between attachment and PTSD symptoms (Model R(2) range = .136-.160). These data have theoretical, clinical, and research implications for understanding how particular aspects of attachment, specifically its effects on object relations, may protect against or predispose one to develop PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kile M Ortigo
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Fertuck EA, Grinband J, Stanley B. Facial trust appraisal negatively biased in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 207:195-202. [PMID: 23419843 PMCID: PMC3654093 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships and intense concerns regarding abandonment and rejection. Previous studies suggest that these and other symptoms of BPD may have their origin in a greater appraisal of untrustworthiness in others. However, it is not known whether this is a result of a heightened sensitivity to trust related stimuli, an improved ability to discriminate between such stimuli, or a response bias. Furthermore, impairment in facial fear appraisal may influence trust appraisal. Healthy controls and individuals diagnosed with BPD appraised human faces that were parametrically varied along either a trust or fear dimension. The BPD group exhibited a response bias to rate the untrustworthiness of facial stimuli higher compared to controls, but there were no significant differences in the discriminability or sensitivity of trustworthiness between groups. Furthermore, ambiguous trust decisions were associated with longer response times (RTs) in individuals with BPD relative to controls. Individuals with BPD have a facial appraisal bias specific to untrustworthiness that does not co-occur with impairments in the appraisal of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Fertuck
- The City University of New York, Subprogram in Clinical Psychology and Graduate Center, City University of New York,New York State Psychiatric Institute – Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry,Corresponding author: Eric A. Fertuck, Ph.D., The City University of New York, Subprogram in Clinical Psychology, 160 Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031, Telephone: 212.650.5847,
| | - Jack Grinband
- Department of Radiology and Neuroscience, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Barbara Stanley
- New York State Psychiatric Institute – Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry
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Sieswerda S, Barnow S, Verheul R, Arntz A. Neither dichotomous nor split, but schema-related negative interpersonal evaluations characterize borderline patients. J Pers Disord 2013; 27:36-52. [PMID: 23342956 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2013.27.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models explain extreme thoughts, affects, and behaviors of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) by specific mal-adaptive schemas and dichotomous thinking. Psychodynamic theories ascribe these to splitting. This study expanded the study of Veen and Arntz (2000) and investigated whether extreme evaluations in BPD are (1) dichotomous, negativistic, or split; (2) limited to specific (schema-related) interpersonal situations; and (3) related to traumatic childhood experiences. BPD (n = 18), cluster C personality disorder (n = 16), and nonpatient (n = 17) groups were asked to judge 16 characters portrayed in film fragments in a specific or nonspecific context and with negative, positive, or neutral roles on visual analogue scales. These scales were divided in negative-positive trait opposites related to BPD schemas, negative-positive trait opposites unrelated to BPD schemas, and neutral trait opposites. Interpersonal evaluations of patients with BPD were (1) negativistic; (2) schema related; and (3) partially related to traumatic childhood experiences. Negative evaluations of caring characters in an intimate context particularly characterized BPD. No evidence was found for dichotomous thinking or splitting in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simkje Sieswerda
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Heidelberg University, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Eurelings-Bontekoe EHM, Luyten P, Snellen W. Validation of a theory-driven profile interpretation of the Dutch short form of the MMPI using the TAT Social Cognitions and Object Relations Scale (SCORS). J Pers Assess 2009; 91:155-65. [PMID: 19205936 DOI: 10.1080/00223890802634274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the construct validity of the theory-driven profile interpretation of the Dutch Short Form of the MMPI (DSFM; Luteijn & Kok, 1985), an interpretation method aimed at assessing structural features of personality based on Kernberg and Caligor's (2005) views concerning personality organization. We utilized the four dimensions of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (SCORS; Westen, Lohr, Silk, Gold, & Kerber, 1990) as external criteria. Results showed that, congruent with theoretical expectations, the DSFM profiles predicted structural features of personality functioning, especially identity diffusion as measured by the SCORS, after adjustment for the effect of the single scales used to construct the profiles. These findings provide further support for the construct validity of the DSFM profiles to measure structural features of personality organization. We discuss directions for future research and clinical implications.
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Patrick M, Hobson RP, Castle D, Howard R, Maughan B. Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience. Dev Psychopathol 1994; 6:375-88. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400004648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractControversy surrounds the role of early social experience in the development of personality disorder. In particular, little is known of the means by which continuities from infancy through adulthood might be mediated. One suggestion is that a person's mental representations of relations between him- or herself and other people, either in the form of “internal working models” or “internal object relations,” provide the essential link. We report on an investigation of this issue in which we focused on the formal qualities of accounts of childhood offered by adults who were drawn from two contrasting clinical groups; borderline personality disorder and dysthymia. The results lend support to the claims made by attachment theory and the object relations school of psychoanalysis, that at least in certain groups of individuals, adults' modes of representing early experience are intimately related to styles of interpersonal functioning. More specifically, the form of interpersonal Psychopathology characteristic of borderline personality disorder may be associated with enmeshed and unresolved patterns of responding to the Adult Attachment Interview of George, Kaplan, and Main (1985) and with reports of low maternal care and high maternal overprotection on the Parental Bonding Instrument of Parker, Tupling, and Brown (1979).
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are more likely than those with dysthymia to manifest contradictory Hostile-Helpless (HH) states of mind. A reliable rater blind to diagnosis evaluated features of such mental representations in transcripts of Adult Attachment Interviews from 12 women with BPD and 11 women with dysthymia of similar socioeconomic status (SES), all awaiting psychotherapy. In keeping with three hierarchical (non-independent) a priori predictions regarding the mental representations of women with BPD, the results were that (a) all those with BPD, compared with half the group with dysthymia, displayed HH states of mind; (b) those with BPD manifested a significantly higher frequency of globally devaluing representations; and (c) they exhibited a strong trend toward identifying with the devalued hostile caregiver (58% BPD vs. 18% dysthymic). In addition, significantly more BPD than dysthymic patients made reference to controlling behavior towards attachment figures in childhood. These findings offer fresh insights into the nature of BPD and extend previous evidence concerning affected individuals' patterns of thinking and feeling about childhood attachment figures.
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Fertuck EA, Stanley B. Cognitive disturbance in borderline personality disorder: Phenomenologic, social cognitive, and neurocognitive findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 4:105-11. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02629331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
This article provides a contemporary view of the psychodynamics of borderline personality disorder (BPD) from a developmental psychopathology perspective. We first briefly describe the evolution of the borderline construct in psychoanalysis and psychiatry. Then we provide clinically and empirically informed model of domains of personality function and dysfunction that provides a roadmap for thinking about personality pathology from a developmental psychopathology standpoint and examine the nature and phenomenology of BPD in terms of these domains of functioning. Next, we describe prominent dynamic theories of etiology of BPD and examine these in relation to the available research. Finally, we describe psychodynamic conceptions of treatment and the way BPD phenomena manifest in treatment, followed again by consideration of relevant research, particularly on transference-countertransference constellations empirically identified in the treatment of patients with BPD.
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Abstract
We review the role of emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We briefly discuss the historical development of BPD as a disorder where emotional regulation plays a key role. We review the concept of emotion regulation in general and explore both one-factor and two-factor models of emotion regulation. We discuss cognitive and attentional aspects of emotion regulation, and explore these regulatory controls as operating as both voluntary as well as automatic processes. We then turn to other neurophysiological models of emotion regulation in general and examine how those models, both neurophysiologically and neuroanatomically, are expressed in individuals with BPD. We examine how neuroimaging, both anatomical and functional, reveals the roles that various neuroanatomical structures play in the regulation of emotion in BPD. We conclude by creating a neurodevelopmental model that describes how a complex matrix involving the interplay of constitutional/biological predispositions with environmental stressors as well as with parental effectiveness in response to the child's emotion expression can impact key aspects of adult cognitive, affective, interpersonal, and behavioral functioning that culminate in a diagnosis of BPD.
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Abstract
We review different conceptions of inhibitory control that may be relevant to the regulatory problems featured in borderline personality disorder (BPD). These conceptions have often been framed with regard to personality traits of inhibitory control, but can also be related to cognitive measures of response suppression as well as affect regulation. Reactive behavioral inhibition is relatively unstudied in relation to BPD. A substantial amount of literature links executive function problems with BPD, but that literature has not isolated executive response inhibition nor been controlled for other personality disorder symptoms of antisociality, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic symptoms. We therefore conducted a study of this question looking at BPD symptoms in an adult sample with a small number of BPD subjects and other disorders. Results indicated that symptoms of BPD were correlated with response inhibition (measured by stop signal reaction time) even after controlling for the overlap of stop inhibition with ADHD, antisociality, and other Axis II disorder symptoms. We conclude by hypothesizing discrete developmental routes to BPD, based on different mechanism breakdowns, which would be amenable to empirical investigation at the cognitive or trait level of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823-1116, USA.
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Merrill LL, Thomsen CJ, Crouch JL, May P, Gold SR, Milner JS. Predicting Adult Risk of Child Physical Abuse From Childhood Exposure to Violence: Can Interpersonal Schemata Explain the Association? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2005. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2005.24.7.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of retrospective reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse by comparing two assessment formats, interview and questionnaire, and looking at both the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability over 2 years. Nonclinical participants completed the Family Experiences Interview (FEI; Ogata et al., 1990) and the Family Experiences Questionnaire (FEQ; Wheelock, Lohr, & Silk, 1997) at age 18 and the FEQ again at age 20. Both assessments evaluate individuals for sexual and physical abuse before age 18, and the two have similar formats and wording. There were no significant differences in the reported frequency of childhood abuse on the interview versus on the questionnaire when given at the same point in time, and the agreement between the two measures was high. The test-retest reliability in childhood abuse reports was moderate. Taken together, these results suggest that interview and questionnaire reports of childhood abuse are roughly equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Durrett
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA
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Abstract
In this paper, we review the empirical publications from the 1990s on the assessment of object relations (OR). Twelve different measures are referenced. Major findings of studies, conclusions, and evaluations of each measure are provided. In general, it was found that the most recent empirical literature has compared OR across diagnostic groups or evaluated therapy process and outcome by the quality of one's OR. Current strengths and limitations of the extant OR literature are provided, along with methodological recommendations to expand the utility and validity of OR assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Huprich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, PO Box 97334, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA.
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Abstract
The authors extended previous work on the hypothesis that borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be understood as a maladaptive variant of personality traits included within the 5-factor model (FFM) of personality. In each of 3 samples, an empirically derived prototypic FFM borderline profile was correlated with individuals' FFM profiles to yield a similarity score, an FFM borderline index. Results across all samples indicated that the FFM borderline index correlated as highly with existing borderline measures as they correlated with one another, and the FFM borderline index correlated as highly with measures of dysfunction, history of childhood abuse, and parental psychopathology as did traditional measures of BPD. Findings support the hypothesis that BPD is a maladaptive variant of FFM personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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Abstract
The relations between parental bonding and attachment constructs and borderline personality disorder features were examined in a sample of 393 18-year-old participants. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that parental bonding and attachment scores (especially insecure attachment, anxious or ambivalent attachment, and a perception of a relative lack of caring from one's mother) were uniquely associated with borderline features beyond what could be accounted for by gender, childhood adversity experiences, Axis I disorder, and nonborderline Axis II symptoms. Although relatively modest, these relations suggest that bonding and attachment constructs might be considered in comprehensive etiological models of borderline personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Nickell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
This study assessed the structural relations between borderline personality disorder (BPD) features and purported etiological correlates. Approximately 5,000 18-year-old nonclinical young adults were screened for BPD features, and 2 cohorts of participants (total N = 421; approximately one half of whom endorsed significant borderline features) completed the laboratory phase of the study. Measures included self-report and interview-based assessments of BPD psychopathology, personality, psychopathology in biological parents, and childhood physical and sexual abuse. Significant relations between BPD features and purported etiological correlates of BPD were found. A multivariate model that included parental psychopathology, childhood abuse, and personality factors provided an adequate fit to the data and supported the contention that the personality traits disinhibition and negative affectivity underlie BPD features.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Trull
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 65211, USA.
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Cassidy J, Mohr JJ. Unsolvable fear, trauma, and psychopathology: Theory, research, and clinical considerations related to disorganized attachment across the life span. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.8.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Introdução: Relação objetal tem sido um conceito fértil para a psicanálise e para a psiquiatria. O reconhecimento crescente do valor diagnóstico do conceito de relação objetal nos transtornos psiquiátricos tem levado ao desenvolvimento de várias escalas que pretendem mensurá-lo. O estudo teve o propósito de produzir os índices de validade e confiabilidade da versão em português de um instrumento amplamente usado, planejado para avaliar relações objetais, o Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI - Form O). Métodos: A amostra foi composta de 218 estudantes de graduação de psicologia. Uma análise fatorial exploratória obteve, com sucesso, as quatro dimensões descritas nos estudos originais. Resultados: Estas dimensões demonstraram boa correlação dos escores quando comparadas às respectivas dimensões da versão em inglês do BORRTI - Forma O (0,62 para alienação, 0,82 para vinculação insegura, 0,83 para egocentrismo e 0,78 para incapacidade social). Os escores de confiabilidade também foram aceitáveis, com um valor alpha de Cronbach para todos os itens de 0,59 e confiabilidade split-half Spearman-Brown de 0,63. Conclusões: Tornando estes índices disponíveis, o estudo pode contribuir para a escolha adequada de escalas que investiguem relações objetais no Brasil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Iacoponi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil
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Abstract
In this article, we describe Martin Mayman's approach to early childhood memories as a projective technique, beginning with his scientific interest in learning theory, coupled with his interest in ego psychology and object relations theory. We describe Mayman's contributions to the use of the early memories technique to inform the psychotherapy process, tying assessment closely to psychotherapy and making assessment more useful in treatment. In this article, we describe a representative sample of research studies that demonstrate the reliability and validity of early memories, followed by case examples in which the early memories informed the therapy process, including issues of transference and countertransference.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fowler
- Erik H. Erikson Institute for Training and Research, Austen Riggs Center, USA
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Abstract
A meta-analysis of the published literature was performed to evaluate the common effect size (r) of the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). An online search from 1980 to 1995 was used to gather published papers. r coefficient was used as an effect size measure, and 21 studies were retrieved. A moderate pooled r (.279) for the association between CSA and BPD was observed. Pooled effect size estimates were also obtained for CSA parameters. No significant effect of moderators was evidenced. The results of this study did not support the hypothesis that CSA is a major psychological risk factor or a causal antecedent of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fossati
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressed patients who had and had not been exposed to childhood sexual abuse were studied to determine differences in severity of depressed mood, lifetime histories of anxiety and depression, childhood environment, and disordered personality function. METHOD Data were obtained from 269 inpatients and outpatients with major depression (171 women and 98 men) by means of structured clinical interviews and self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Forty-six of the 269 patients reported childhood sexual abuse; 40 of these were women. These 40 women were compared with the 131 who did not report childhood sexual abuse. The patients who experienced abuse did not differ from those who had not on psychiatrist-rated mood severity estimates, but they did have higher self-report depression scores. They also evidenced more self-destructive behavior, more personality dysfunction, and more overall adversity in their childhood environment. Childhood sexual abuse status was associated with more borderline personality characteristics independently of other negative aspects of the patients' earlier parenting. Childhood sexual abuse status was linked strongly to adult self-destructiveness, as was early exposure to maternal indifference. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate analyses suggest that depression is unlikely to be a direct consequence of childhood sexual abuse. Childhood sexual abuse appears to be associated with a greater chance of having experienced a broadly dysfunctional childhood home environment, a greater chance of having a borderline personality style, and, in turn, a greater chance of experiencing depression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gladstone
- Prince of Wales Hospital and the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia.
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Abstract
Sexual abuse in childhood is increasingly recognized as an important etiologic component in a number of psychiatric disorders. One-quarter to one-third of all female children suffer sexual abuse before their eighteenth birthday, and at least one half of women with severe mental illness acknowledge such events. An even higher percentage of a particularly vulnerable group, dually diagnosed homeless women, appear to have a premorbid history of childhood victimization. In this paper, we review the emergent literature on childhood abuse, its sequelae and treatment; and discuss the implications of these data for the development of new approaches to trauma recovery in people with severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA
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Abstract
Selected Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) stories of 17 sexually abused, 15 physically abused, and 15 nonabused but distressed clinical comparison subjects were analyzed using the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scales (Westen, Lohr, Silk, Kerber, & Goodrich, 1985). Results revealed significant differences in overall object relations between the abused and nonabused children both on mean scores, reflecting lower levels of typical functioning, and on frequency of Level 1 scores, indicating a propensity for more grossly pathological functioning. Further comparisons between sexual and physical abuse victims revealed differential impairments in the capacity to invest in relationships and moral standards. Diagnostic and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ornduff
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Stony Brook 11794, USA
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Abstract
According to DSM-IV, dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the existence within the person of two or more distinctly different identities or personality states that from time to time take executive control of the person's body and behavior, with accompanying amnesia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). By retrospective patient report, dissociative identity disorder usually occurs in conjunction with severe childhood trauma (Kluft 1985; Putnam et al. 1986; Ross 1989; Ross et al. 1989a, 1990a). The disorder appears to be the most severe form of disturbance on the dissociative disorders continuum (Boon and Draijer 1993; Coons 1992; Ross 1985; Ross et al. 1992). There is evidence that dissociative identity disorder may be more prevalent than once believed in the general population (Ross 1991) and among general adult psychiatric inpatients (Latz et al. 1995; Ross et al. 1991; Saxe et al. 1993).
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ellason
- Dissociative Disorders Unit, Charter Health System of Dallas, Plano, TX, USA
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Salzman JP, Salzman C, Wolfson AN, Albanese M, Looper J, Ostacher M, Schwartz J, Chinman G, Land W, Miyawaki E. Association between borderline personality structure and history of childhood abuse in adult volunteers. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34:254-7. [PMID: 8348804 DOI: 10.1016/0010-440x(93)90007-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood abuse has been implicated as a leading factor in the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Data in this report, drawn from an ongoing study of the therapeutic effect of fluoxetine in BPD patients, were gathered in an attempt to replicate previous findings indicating a history of physical abuse in 71% and sexual abuse in 67% of adult BPD subjects. Thirty-one subjects for a study of the pharmacological treatment of BPD or BPD traits met criteria for the study. Those who had been previously hospitalized for a psychiatric disorder, who had recently been suicidal, or who had recent histories of self-mutilation were excluded. Specific information about childhood abuse was gathered using questions from a previous study of abuse histories in BPD patients. All subjects were then interviewed in greater depth regarding past experiences of abuse as part of the ongoing study of the relationship of childhood attachment experience and adult psychopathology. Six of 31 subjects (19.4%) reported a definite history of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. Four of these subjects met criteria for full BPD, and two met criteria for BPD traits. Three of 31 subjects reported a history of physical abuse (9.7%); five reported a history of sexual abuse (16.1%). Two of the six who reported abuse reported both physical and sexual abuse. A history of childhood abuse is not necessarily linked to the development of BPD or BPD traits in all individuals. The following hypothesis is suggested: BPD may represent a spectrum of symptomatic severity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Salzman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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