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Fattore L, Amchova P, Fadda P, Ruda-Kucerova J. Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression Lowers Responding for Food in Male and Female Rats: The Modulating Role of Caloric Restriction and Response Requirement. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2481. [PMID: 37760922 PMCID: PMC10525806 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a marked decrease in reward sensitivity. By using the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model of depression, it was shown that OBX rats display enhanced drug-taking and seeking behaviors in a self-administration paradigm than sham-operated (SHAM) controls, and sex is an important regulating factor. To reveal potential strain effects, we compared the operant behavior of male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar OBX and SHAM rats trained to self-administer palatable food pellets. Results showed that Sprague-Dawley OBX rats of both sexes exhibited lower operant responding rates and food intake than SHAM controls. Food restriction increased responding in both OBX and SHAM groups. Female rats responded more than males, but the OBX lesion abolished this effect. In Wistar rats, bulbectomy lowered food self-administration only during the last training days. Food self-administration was not significantly affected in Wistar rats by sex. In summary, this study showed that bulbectomy significantly reduces operant responding and food intake in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats while inducing a mild reducing effect only in the Wistar strain. Strain-dependent effects were also observed in the modulating role of sex and food restriction on operant responding and palatable food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Paola Fadda
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (L.F.); (P.F.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Ruda-Kucerova J, Zanda MT, Amchova P, Fratta W, Fattore L. Sex and Feeding Status Differently Affect Natural Reward Seeking Behavior in Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:255. [PMID: 30425627 PMCID: PMC6218565 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse and depression are common psychiatric disorders with a high rate of comorbidity. Both conditions affect differently men and women and preclinical research has showed many sex differences in drug addiction and depression. The most common approach for modeling depression-addiction comorbidity is the combination of the intravenous drug self-administration and the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) models in rats. Such a combination has revealed enhanced drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors in OBX rats, but no study has investigated so far potential sex differences in operant responding and motivation for natural reinforcers in OBX rats. This study investigated for the first time operant self-administration of palatable food pellets in male and female OBX rats under different feeding status, i.e., ad libitum vs. restricted food, and schedules of reinforcement, i.e., a continuous ratio schedule fixed ratio 1 (FR1) vs. a complex (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement. In the FR1 experiment, OBX rats of both sexes exhibited lower operant responding and intake of palatable food pellets than sham-operated controls, with food restriction leading to increased operant responding in both OBX and SHAM groups. Female rats showed higher responding than males but this effect was abolished by the OBX lesion. Similarly, in the (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement both male and female OBX rats showed lower responding and food intake, with SHAM and OBX females showing higher operant responding than corresponding male groups. Overall, our findings showed that: (i) responding for food was lower in OBX than in SHAM rats under both FR1 and (FR5(x)) schedules of reinforcement; (ii) sex and food restriction affect operant responding for palatable food; and (iii) the suppressing effect of OBX lesion on food intake was consistently present in both sexes and represents the most robust factor in the analysis. This may represent anhedonia which is associated with depressive-like phenotype and palatable food self-administration may serve as a robust behavioral index of anhedonia in the OBX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mary Tresa Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Rochet M, El-Hage W, Richa S, Kazour F, Atanasova B. Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E80. [PMID: 29734670 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction has been well studied in depression. Common brain areas are involved in depression and in the olfactory process, suggesting that olfactory impairments may constitute potential markers of this disorder. Olfactory markers of depression can be either state (present only in symptomatic phases) or trait (persistent after symptomatic remission) markers. This study presents the etiology of depression, the anatomical links between olfaction and depression, and a literature review of different olfactory markers of depression. Several studies have also shown that olfactory impairment affects the quality of life and that olfactory disorders can affect daily life and may be lead to depression. Thus, this study discusses the links between olfactory processing, depression, and quality of life. Finally, olfaction is an innovative research field that may constitute a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of depression.
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Micale V, Kucerova J, Sulcova A. Leading compounds for the validation of animal models of psychopathology. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:309-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy results in changes in behavior, and in the endocrine, immune and neurotransmitter systems, that simulates many of those seen in patients with major depression. The olfactory system in the rat forms a part of the limbic region in which the amygdala and hippocampus contribute to the emotional and memory components of behavior. However, the loss of olfaction alone, which results from bulbectomy, is not the major factor that contributes to the behavioral abnormalities as peripherally induced anosmia does not cause the same behavioral changes. Thus it would appear that bulbectomy causes a major dysfunction of the cortical-hippocampal-amygdala circuit that underlies the behavioral and other changes. These neuroanatomical areas also seem to be dysfunctional in the patient with major depression. Chronic, but not acute, administration of antidepressants largely corrects most the behavioral, endocrine, immune and neurotransmitter changes that occur following bulbectomy. Thus the olfactory bulbectomized rat is not only a model for detecting antidepressant activity but also one for exploring the inter-relationships between these systems that are also dysfunctional in patients with major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, AVC, University of Prince Edward Island and National Institute of Nutrisciences and Health, Charlottetown, Canada.
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Chambliss HO, Van Hoomissen JD, Holmes PV, Bunnell BN, Dishman RK. Effects of chronic activity wheel running and imipramine on masculine copulatory behavior after olfactory bulbectomy. Physiol Behav 2004; 82:593-600. [PMID: 15327906 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of chronic activity wheel running and imipramine administration on appetitive behavior after olfactory bulbectomy (OBX). Male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to the following conditions using a 2 x 2 x 2 design: (1) bilateral OBX or sham surgery, (2) voluntary activity wheel running or sedentary home cage, and (3) daily imipramine or saline injections. After 21 days of treatment, animals underwent behavioral testing for copulatory activity and sucrose preference. Bulbectomized animals exhibited decrements in copulatory performance and reductions in sucrose intake compared to sham animals. Within the bulbectomized groups, imipramine-treated rats either did not copulate or had reduced ejaculation frequencies. However, activity wheel running attenuated the copulatory deficits induced by OBX. The findings encourage studies of physical activity and male sexual dysfunction among depressed men being treated by pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O Chambliss
- Centers for Integrated Health Research, The Cooper Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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Harkin A, Kelly JP, Leonard BE. A review of the relevance and validity of olfactory bulbectomy as a model of depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 3:253-62. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Primeaux SD, Wilson MA, Wilson SP, Guth AN, Lelutiu NB, Holmes PV. Herpes virus-mediated preproenkephalin gene transfer in the ventral striatum mimics behavioral changes produced by olfactory bulbectomy in rats. Brain Res 2003; 988:43-55. [PMID: 14519525 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome of behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical changes caused by ablation of the olfactory bulbs (OBX) in rats serves as a reliable and well-validated model of depression. Previous experiments have demonstrated that OBX leads to increased expression of the preproenkephalin (ENK) gene in the olfactory tubercle (OT) portion of the ventral striatum in rats. The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the role of OBX-induced ENK overexpression in the OT in the behavioral abnormalities exhibited by bulbectomized rats. A recombinant herpes virus carrying human preproENK cDNA was used to manipulate ENK gene expression in the OT of bulbectomized and sham-operated rats. Motivational deficits were assessed by the sucrose preference test, and 'agitation-like' behaviors were measured with the novel open field and footshock-induced freezing tests. ENK gene transfer in sham-operated rats mimicked some of the effects of OBX; it decreased freezing behavior in response to mild footshock and produced behavioral activation in the open field. In another experiment, virally mediated ENK gene transfer into the OT of intact rats decreased footshock-induced freezing, and this effect was reversed by naltrexone administration. PreproENK gene transfer into the OT did not produce analgesic effects in the tail-flick test. No effects on freezing behavior were observed following preproENK gene transfer into the frontal cortex. An additional experiment revealed that naltrexone administration attenuated the OBX-induced abnormality in freezing behavior. The results indicate that overexpression of the preproENK gene in the ventral striatum may mediate the 'agitation-like' behavior exhibited by bulbectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefany D Primeaux
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Abstract
Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in rats produces a well-characterized syndrome of behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical changes identical to those seen in depression. Previous experiments using in situ hybridization histochemistry have demonstrated that OBX increases prepro-neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and prepro-enkephalin (ENK) mRNA levels in limbic structures. The present experiments determined whether increases in peptide immunoreactivity occur in conjunction with increases in mRNA levels following OBX. In situ hybridization analyses in olfactory bulbectomized and sham-operated rats revealed increased prepro-ENK mRNA in the piriform cortex (PIR) and olfactory tubercles (OTs) of bulbectomized rats. Prepro-NPY mRNA levels were significantly increased in the PIR of bulbectomized rats as comapred to controls. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) revealed significant elevations in ENK-like immunoreactivity in the OTs following OBX. NPY-like immunoreactivity was significantly elevated in the PIR following OBX. These data reveal that OBX-induced increases in ENK-like immunoreactivity occur concomitantly with increases in prepro-ENK mRNA, and NPY-like immunoreactivity occur concomitantly with increases in prepro-NPY mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Primeaux
- Biopsychology Program, Psychology Department, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
The aim of the present studies was to determine the extent to which changes in defensive behaviors could account for some of the behavioral effects of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) in rats. Four tests of aversively-motivated behavior were conducted in bulbectomized and sham-operated rats: activity in a dimly lit or brightly lit open field, passive avoidance, foot shock-induced freezing, and defensive withdrawal. OBX reduced the duration of immobility in the open field. Bulbectomized rats exhibited less freezing in response to foot shock than sham-operated rats. In the defensive-withdrawal test, bulbectomized rats made more transitions into and spent less time inside the covered enclosure than sham-operated rats. The experiments thus reveal two novel paradigms for assessing the behavioral effects of OBX. The results also suggest that deficits in aversively-motivated behavior, specifically defensive freezing, may comprehensively explain the putative "hyperactivity" and "passive-avoidance learning deficits" widely associated with the OBX behavioral syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Primeaux
- Psychology Department, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Abstract
The olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat has been proposed as an animal model of depression. The following behavioural changes have been observed following bilateral olfactory bulbectomy: hyperactivity in an enclosed arena, such as the open-field; enhanced nocturnal hyperactivity in a 24-hr home cage activity monitor; deficits in memory, as shown by passive avoidance behaviour and in the Morris maze and the 8-arm radial maze; increased open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze; and changes in food motivated and conditioned taste aversion behaviour. Alterations in the noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems are also associated with olfactory bulbectomy. The variety of immune changes following olfactory bulbectomy includes reduced neutrophil phagocytosis, lymphocyte mitogenesis, lymphocyte number and negative acute phase proteins, increased leucocyte adhesiveness/aggregation, monocyte phagocytosis, neutrophil number and positive acute phase proteins. An enhanced nocturnal secretion of corticosterone is observed in OB rats, which is normally suppressed by dexamethasone. The most commonly employed behavioural indicator of antidepressant activity is attenuation of the OB-related hyperactivity in the open-field. However, many of the other behavioural, neurotransmitter and immune changes have been shown to be attenuated by chronic (but not acute) antidepressant treatment. Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, desipramine), atypical agents (mianserin), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (paroxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (moclobemide), as well as putative antidepressants such as 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agonists (zalospirone, ipsapirone), noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (MK-801) and triazolobenzodiazepines (alprazolam, adinazolam), have demonstrated antidepressant-like activity in this model. As many of the changes exhibited by the OB rat are qualitatively similar to those observed in depressed patients, it may be concluded that the OB rat is a model of depression and not just a means whereby putative antidepressants may be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, University College, Galway, Ireland
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