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Jadranin M, Savić D, Lupšić E, Podolski-Renić A, Pešić M, Tešević V, Milosavljević S, Krstić G. LC-ESI QToF MS Non-Targeted Screening of Latex Extracts of Euphorbia seguieriana ssp. seguieriana Necker and Euphorbia cyparissias and Determination of Their Potential Anticancer Activity. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:4181. [PMID: 38140508 PMCID: PMC10747863 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbia seguieriana ssp. seguieriana Necker (ES) and Euphorbia cyparissias (EC) with a habitat in the Deliblato Sands were the subject of this examination. The latexes of these so far insufficiently investigated species of the Euphorbia genus are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds and warts on the skin. To determine their chemical composition, non-targeted screening of the latexes' chloroform extracts was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry employing an electrospray ionization source (LC-ESI QTOF MS). The analysis of the obtained results showed that the latexes of ES and EC represent rich sources of diterpenes, tentatively identified as jatrophanes, ingenanes, tiglianes, myrsinanes, premyrsinanes, and others. Examination of the anticancer activity of the ES and EC latex extracts showed that both extracts significantly inhibited the growth of the non-small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H460 and glioblastoma U87 cell lines as well as of their corresponding multi-drug resistant (MDR) cell lines, NCI-H460/R and U87-TxR. The obtained results also revealed that the ES and EC extracts inhibited the function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in MDR cancer cells, whose overexpression is one of the main mechanisms underlying MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Jadranin
- University of Belgrade—Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danica Savić
- University of Belgrade—Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ema Lupšić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.L.); (A.P.-R.); (M.P.)
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.L.); (A.P.-R.); (M.P.)
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia; (E.L.); (A.P.-R.); (M.P.)
| | - Vele Tešević
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Slobodan Milosavljević
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (S.M.)
- Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Krstić
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (S.M.)
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Abstract
In this Account, we briefly discuss the recently discovered and rapidly developing superbase-promoted self-organization reactions of several equivalents of acetylenes and ketones to afford complex compounds that represent promising synthetic building blocks common in natural products. Notably, acetylenes play a special role in these reactions because of their dual (acting as an electrophile and a nucleophile) and flexible reactivity. These unique properties of acetylenes are elegantly expressed in superbasic media, where acetylenes are more deprotonated and their electrophilicity increases as a result of complexation with alkali metal cations, with simultaneous enhancement of the nucleophilic reactants due to desolvation. Under these conditions, acetylenes behave as a driving and organizing force toward other reactants. Various combinations of nucleophilic addition to the triple bond and acetylene deprotonation in the presence of other reactants with dual reactivity (e.g., ketones) enables the self-organization of complex molecular architectures that are inaccessible by conventional reactions. Herein we analyze recent achievements in this area concerning the reactions of acetylenes with ketones in superbasic KOH/DMSO-type systems that selectively afford synthetically and pharmaceutically valuable carbo- and heterocycles. Most of the reactions are triggered by the nucleophilic addition of deprotonated ketones (enolate anions) to acetylenes (superbase-catalyzed C-vinylation of ketones with acetylenes, which was recently introduced by our group into a toolkit of organic chemistry). The β,γ-ethylenic ketones thus formed can then take part in cascade processes with ketones and acetylenes to afford either carbocycles (e.g., hexahydroazulenones, acyl terphenyls, functionalized and cyclopentenols) or heterocycles (e.g., furans, benzoxepines, dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, and dioxadispiro[5.1.5.2]pentadecanes), depending on the structure of the reactants and the reaction conditions. Most of these compounds are selectively built from several equivalents of ketones and acetylenes in different combinations, and despite the presence of two or more asymmetric carbons in the products, they are generated as single diastereomers. When other nucleophiles (hydroxylamine, hydrazines, guanidine, and oximes) and ketones are involved in these self-organization processes, the intermediate β,γ-ethylenic ketones allow the formation of diverse heterocyclic systems (pyrroles, isoxazolines, pyrazolines, aminopyrimidines, and azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes). The discovered unique chemical transformations do not require transition metal catalysts and proceed under mild and operationally simple conditions. Most of these syntheses involve cascade addition reactions and therefore represent pot-, atom-, step-, and energy-saving processes that meet the requirements of green chemistry. The significance of the approach discussed herein is that it represents a viable alternative to existing classic and modern transition-metal-based catalytic syntheses of some fundamental carbo- and heterocycles. This is demonstrated by its employment of readily available, inexpensive starting materials like acetylenes and ketones and simple, widely accessible superbasic systems such as KOH/DMSO, which serves as a highly active universal catalyst and auxiliary. As shown in this Account, as this approach has developed, the number of preparatively attractive methods for the synthesis of diverse and potentially useful compounds has rapidly ballooned. The impressive experimental results presented in this Account will hopefully draw the attention of large circles of organic chemists involved in the design of rational and ecologically sound synthetic procedures and thus increase the application of these techniques in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A. Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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Kroeger AA, Karton A. A Computational Investigation of the Uncatalysed and Water-Catalysed Acyl Rearrangements in Ingenol Esters. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ingenol esters have been identified as potent anticancer and HIV latency reversing agents. Ingenol-3-angelate was recently approved as a topical treatment for precancerous actinic keratosis skin lesions. It was found, however, that ingenol esters can undergo a series of acyl rearrangements, which may affect their biological potency and the shelf-life of drug formulations. We use double-hybrid density functional theory to explore the mechanisms for the uncatalysed and water-catalysed acyl migrations in a model ingenol ester. The uncatalysed reaction may proceed either via a concerted mechanism or via a stepwise mechanism that involves a chiral orthoester intermediate. We find that the stepwise pathway is kinetically preferred by a significant amount of ΔΔH‡298 = 44.5 kJ mol−1. The uncatalysed 3-O-acyl to 5-O-acyl and 5-O-acyl to 20-O-acyl stepwise rearrangements involve cyclisation and ring-opening steps, both concomitant with a proton transfer. We find that the ring-opening step is the rate-determining step for both rearrangements, with reaction barrier heights of ΔH‡298 = 251.6 and 177.1 kJ mol−1 respectively. The proton transfers in the cyclisation and ring-opening steps may be catalysed by a water molecule. The water catalyst reduces the reaction barrier heights of these steps by over 90 kJ mol−1.
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Zhang HJ, Rumschlag-Booms E, Guan YF, Wang DY, Liu KL, Li WF, Nguyen VH, Cuong NM, Soejarto DD, Fong HHS, Rong L. Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia gendarussa. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:1798-1807. [PMID: 28613071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Justicia gendarussa, a medicinal plant collected in Vietnam, was identified as a potent anti-HIV-1 active lead from the evaluation of over 4500 plant extracts. Bioassay-guided separation of the extracts of the stems and roots of this plant led to the isolation of an anti-HIV arylnaphthalene lignan (ANL) glycoside, patentiflorin A (1). Evaluation of the compound against both the M- and T-tropic HIV-1 isolates showed it to possess a significantly higher inhibition effect than the clinically used anti-HIV drug AZT. Patentiflorin A and two congeners were synthesized, de novo, as an efficient strategy for resupply as well as for further structural modification of the anti-HIV ANL glycosides in the search for drug leads. Subsequently, it was determined that the presence of a quinovopyranosyloxy group in the structure is likely essential to retain the high degree of anti-HIV activity of this type of compounds. Patentiflorin A was further investigated against the HIV-1 gene expression of the R/U5 and U5/gag transcripts, and the data showed that the compound acts as a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcription. Importantly, the compound displayed potent inhibitory activity against drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates of both the nucleotide analogue (AZT) and non-nucleotide analogue (nevaripine). Thus, the ANL glycosides have the potential to be developed as novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily Rumschlag-Booms
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yi-Fu Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Lun Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Fei Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Van H Nguyen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Djaja D Soejarto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Harry H S Fong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Zhang HJ, Rumschlag-Booms E, Guan YF, Liu KL, Wang DY, Li WF, Nguyen VH, Cuong NM, Soejarto DD, Fong HHS, Rong L. Anti-HIV diphyllin glycosides from Justicia gendarussa. Phytochemistry 2017; 136:94-100. [PMID: 28110956 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a search for new anti-HIV active leads from over several thousands of plant extracts, we have identified a potent plant lead. The active plant is determined as Justicia gendarussa (Acanthaceae), a medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of injury, arthritis and rheumatism in Asia including China. Our bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of the stems and barks of the plant led to the isolation of two anti-HIV compounds, justiprocumins A and B. The compounds are identified as new arylnaphthalide lignans (ANL) glycosides. We further determined that the ANL glycosides are the chemical constituents that contribute to the anti-HIV activity of this plant. Justiprocumin B displayed potent activity against a broad spectrum of HIV strains with IC50 values in the range of 15-21 nM (AZT, IC50 77-95 nM). The compound also displayed potent inhibitory activity against the NRTI (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)-resistant isolate (HIV-11617-1) of the analogue (AZT) as well as the NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)-resistant isolate (HIV-1N119) of the analogue (nevaripine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Emily Rumschlag-Booms
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yi-Fu Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kang-Lun Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dong-Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wan-Fei Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Van Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Djaja Doel Soejarto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Harry H S Fong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ohyoshi T, Tamura Y, Hayakawa I, Hirai G, Miyazawa Y, Funakubo S, Sodeoka M, Kigoshi H. Total synthesis of natural derivatives and artificial analogs of 13-oxyingenol and their biological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11426-11437. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural derivatives and artificial analogs of 13-oxyingenol were synthesized, and these analogs induced HL-60 differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohyoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571
- Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Wako
- Japan
| | - Ichiro Hayakawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Wako
- Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Wako
| | - Yamato Miyazawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571
- Japan
| | - Shota Funakubo
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571
- Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Wako
- Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Wako
| | - Hideo Kigoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba 305-8571
- Japan
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Abstract
Despite a more recent isolation and chemical characterization when compared to phorbol, along with its chemical instability, limited distribution in Nature, and scarce availability, ingenol is the only Euphorbia diterpenoid that has undergone successful pharmaceutical development, with ingenol 3-angelate (ingenol mebutate, Picato(®)) entering the pharmaceutical market in 2012 for the treatment of actinic keratosis. The phytochemical, chemical, and biological literature on members of the ingenane class of diterpenoids is reviewed from their first isolation in 1968 through 2015, highlighting unresolved issues both common to phorboids (biogenesis, relationship between molecular targets, and in vivo activity) and specific to ingenol derivatives (two-dimensional representation, in-out stereoisomerism, versatility of binding mode to PKC, and inconsistencies in the structural elucidation of some classes of derivatives). The biogenesis of ingenol is discussed in the light of the Jakupovic proposal of a dissection between the formation of the macrocyclic Euphorbia diterpenoids and the phorboids, and the clinical development of ingenol mebutate is chronicled in the light of its "reverse-pharmacology" focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Skitaltseva EV, Zorina NV, Protsuk NI, Ushakov IA, Mikhaleva AI, Dyachenko OA, Kazheva ON, Aleksandrov GG. Unexpected diastereoselective one-pot assembly of hexahydroazulenones from 2-alkylcyclohexanones and arylacetylenes in KOH/DMSO suspension. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhu HY, Meng XY, Bao YL, Yu CL, Wu Y, Li YX. Simultaneous Determination of Lathyrane Diterpenoids by NPLC-DAD in the Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris and “ZI-JIN-DING” Pastille. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Teng RW, Teng RW, McManus D, Teng RW, McManus D, Aylward J, Ogbourne S, Armstrong D, Mau SL, Johns J, Bacic A. Biotransformation of ingenol-3-angelate in four plant cell suspension cultures. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420902811105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li Y, Wang L, Li S, Chen X, Shen Y, Zhang Z, He H, Xu W, Shu Y, Liang G, Fang R, Hao X. Seco-pregnane steroids target the subgenomic RNA of alphavirus-like RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8083-8. [PMID: 17470783 PMCID: PMC1876575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702398104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to selectively suppress pathogens by production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. Therefore, direct selections for antiviral compounds from plants can be used to identify new agents with potent antiviral activity but not toxic to hosts. Here, we provide evidence that a class of compounds, seco-pregnane steroid glaucogenin C and its monosugar-glycoside cynatratoside A of Strobilanthes cusia and three new pantasugar-glycosides of glaucogenin C of Cynanchum paniculatum, are effective and selective inhibitors to alphavirus-like positive-strand RNA viruses including plant-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and animal-infecting Sindbis virus (SINV), eastern equine encephalitis virus, and Getah virus, but not to other RNA or DNA viruses, yet they were not toxic to host cells. In vivo administration of the compounds protected BALB/c mice from lethal SINV infection without adverse effects on the mice. Using TMV and SINV as models, studies on the action mechanism revealed that the compounds predominantly suppress the expression of viral subgenomic RNA(s) without affecting the accumulation of viral genomic RNA. Our work suggested that the viral subgenomic RNA could be a new target for the discovery of antiviral drugs, and that seco-pregnane steroid and its four glycosides found in the two medicinal herbs have the potential for further development as antiviral agents against alphavirus-like positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Li
- *State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Shunlin Li
- *State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- *State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; and
| | - Hongping He
- *State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- *State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg L Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Watanabe K, Suzuki Y, Aoki K, Sakakura A, Suenaga K, Kigoshi H. Formal Synthesis of Optically Active Ingenol via Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7802-8. [PMID: 15527254 DOI: 10.1021/jo048833l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The construction of strained carbon skeletons by ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) was investigated. With well-designed diene 4, RCM was found to be applicable to the formation of a highly strained inside-outside bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane skeleton of ingenol, a bioactive diterpenoid, and formal total synthesis of optically active ingenol (1) was achieved. The key features of this synthesis are construction of an A-ring by spirocyclization of the ketone with an allylic chloride unit, 26, and ring closure of a B-ring by olefin metathesis. Starting from Funk's keto ester 6, the key intermediate aldehyde 9 in Winkler's total synthesis was synthesized in eight steps in 12.5% overall yield. This strategy of direct cyclization of a strained inside-outside skeleton provided the first easy access to optically active ingenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Rigby JH, Fleming M. Construction of the ingenane core using an Fe(III) or Ti(IV) Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular [6+4] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bicchi C, Appendino G, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Ortelli D, Veuthey JL. HPLC-UV and HPLC-positive-ESI-MS analysis of the diterpenoid fraction from caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) seed oil. Phytochem Anal 2001; 12:255-262. [PMID: 11705332 DOI: 10.1002/pca.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris L.) seed oil contains a series of diterpenoids known as Euphorbia factors, or L-factors, L1-L9. They are esters of several polyols (lathyrol, epoxylathyrol, hydroxylathyrol and ingenol) and account for about 3-5% of the oil. The percentage of ingenol-based L-factors is very low, less than 5% of the diterpenoid fraction, but some of them (factors L5 and L6) are responsible for the irritant and co-carcinogenic activities of the oil. This paper reports an HPLC-UV and HPLC-positive-ESI-MS analysis of the diterpenoid fraction of caper spurge seed oil before and after selective hydrolysis of ingenol-based L-factors. Separation of lathyrane polyols and esters, and ingenol and its esters was achieved using a chromatographic system consisting of a C18 stationary phase and acetonitrile: water as mobile phase. A new macrocyclic constituent, the deoxy Euphorbia factor L1, was identified in the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
A large variety of natural products have been described as anti-HIV agents, and for a portion thereof the target of interaction has been identified. Cyanovirin-N, a 11-kDa protein from Cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) irreversibly inactivates HIV and also aborts cell-to-cell fusion and transmission of HIV, due to its high-affinity interaction with gp120. Various sulfated polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds (i.e., Nothogenia fastigiata, Aghardhiella tenera) inhibit the virus adsorption process. Ingenol derivatives may inhibit virus adsorption at least in part through down-regulation of CD4 molecules on the host cells. Inhibition of virus adsorption by flavanoids such as (-)epicatechin and its 3-O-gallate has been attributed to an irreversible interaction with gp120 (although these compounds are also known as reverse transcriptase inhibitors). For the triterpene glycyrrhizin (extracted from the licorice root Glycyrrhiza radix) the mode of anti-HIV action may at least in part be attributed to interference with virus-cell binding. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Galanthus, Hippeastrum, Narcissus, Epipac tis helleborine, and Listera ovata, and the N-acetylgl ucosamine-specific lectin from Urtica dioica would primarily be targeted at the virus-cell fusion process. Various other natural products seem to qualify as HIV-cell fusion inhibitors: the siamycins [siamycin I (BMY-29304), siamycin II (RP 71955, BMY 29303), and NP-06 (FR901724)] which are tricyclic 21-amino-acid peptides isolated from Streptomyces spp that differ from one another only at position 4 or 17 (valine or isoleucine in each case); the betulinic acid derivative RPR 103611, and the peptides tachyplesin and polyphemusin which are highly abundant in hemocyte debris of the horseshoe crabs Tachypleus tridentatus and Limulus polyphemus, i.e., the 18-amino-acid peptide T22 from which T134 has been derived. Both T22 and T134 have been shown to block T-tropic X4 HIV-1 strains through a specific antagonism with the HIV corecept or CXCR4. A number of natural products have been reported to interact with the reverse transcriptase, i.e., baicalin, avarol, avarone, psychotrine, phloroglucinol derivatives, and, in particular, calanolides (from the tropical rainforest tree, Calophyllum lanigerum) and inophyllums (from the Malaysian tree, Calophyllum inophyllum). The natural marine substance illimaquinone would be targeted at the RNase H function of the reverse transcriptase. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane, from turmeric, the roots/rhizomes of Curcuma spp), dicaffeoylquinic and dicaffeoylt artaric acids, L-chicoric acid, and a number of fungal metabolites (equisetin, phomasetin, oteromycin, and integric acid) have all been proposed as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Yet, we have recently shown that L-c hicoric acid owes its anti-HIV activity to a specific interaction with the viral envelope gp120 rather than integrase. A number of compounds would be able to inhibit HIV-1 gene expression at the transcription level: the flavonoid chrysin (through inhibition of casein kinase II, the antibacter ial peptides melittin (from bee venom) and cecropin, and EM2487, a novel substance produced by Streptomyces. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Fujiwara M, Okamoto M, Okamoto M, Watanabe M, Machida H, Shigeta S, Konno K, Yokota T, Baba M. Acridone derivatives are selective inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in chronically infected cells. Antiviral Res 1999; 43:189-99. [PMID: 10551376 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In our extensive screening of anti-HIV-1 agents in chronically infected cell lines, we have found acridone derivatives to be selective inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. Among the acridone derivatives, 1-hydroxy-10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacrid-9-one (RD6-5071) suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced HIV-1 expression in the latently infected cell line OM-10.1, U1, and ACH-2. Its 50% effective concentration for HIV-1 p24 antigen production was 2.0 microg/ml in OM-10.1 cells, while its 50% cytotoxic concentration was 18 microg/ml. The compound also inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced HIV-1 expression in these cell lines. Furthermore, RD6-5071 was inhibitory to HIV-1 replication in acutely infected U937 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The compound was found to suppress TNF-alpha-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression. An inhibition assay for protein kinase C (PKC) revealed that RD6-5071 could reduce the enzyme activity. Furthermore, the compound was a moderate inhibitor of PMA-induced nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, as determined by a gel mobility shift analysis. These results suggest that the acridone derivatives suppress HIV-1 replication at the transcriptional level primarily through a mechanism of PKC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujiwara
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Fukushima, Japan
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Fujiwara M, Ashida N, Okamoto M, Mizuta T, Ide T, Hanasaki Y, Katsuura K, Sawada H, Shigeta S, Konno K, Yokota T, Baba M. RD6-2198, a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, inhibits the replications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other enveloped viruses. Antiviral Res 1998; 38:141-9. [PMID: 9707376 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, RD6-2198, for its inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in cell cultures. We have found that the compound is a potent and selective inhibitor of these viruses. RD6-2198 inhibited the replication of HIV-1IIIB at a concentration of 0.85 microg/ml with a selectivity index greater than 59 in MT-4 cells. Furthermore, its 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for HSV-1, HSV-2 and RSV, were 0.51, 0.94 and 3.0 microg/ml, respectively. We found that the RD6-2198 suppressed the gp120-CD4 interaction (as monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method). RD6-2198 also inhibited the binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody to gp120 expressed on MOLT-4/IIIB cells (MOLT-4 cells chronically infected with HIV-1IIIB). However, the compound did not inhibit the interaction of anti-CD4 antibody with CD4. These results suggest that RD6-2198 interacts with the viral envelope glycoprotein and thereby inhibits the viral adsorption process. In addition, RD6-2198 was also found to suppress the proliferation of MOLT-4/IIIB cells. When applied topically, RD6-2198 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml completely protected mice from an intravaginal HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujiwara
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, Japan.
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