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Thenappan A, Nanda A, Lee CS, Lee SY. Retinitis Pigmentosa Masquerades: Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5620. [PMID: 37685687 PMCID: PMC10489117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) displays a broad range of phenotypic variations, often overlapping with acquired retinal diseases. Timely recognition and differentiation of RP masquerades is paramount due to the treatable nature of many such conditions. This review seeks to present examples of pseudo-RP cases and provide a comprehensive overview of RP masquerades. We first present two pseudo-RP cases, including comprehensive clinical histories and multimodal retinal imaging, to highlight the important role of accurate diagnoses that subsequently steered effective intervention. Subsequently, we conduct an in-depth review of RP masquerades to provide valuable insights into their key distinguishing features and management considerations. The recent approval of ocular gene therapy and the development of investigational gene-based treatments have brought genetic testing to the forefront for RP patients. However, it is important to note that genetic testing currently lacks utility as a screening tool for inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), including RP. The integrity of a precise clinical assessment remains indispensable for the diagnosis of both RP and RP masquerade conditions, thereby facilitating prompt intervention and appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Thenappan
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Arjun Nanda
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sun Young Lee
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Lan L, Wang S, Duan S, Zhou X, Li Y. Cordyceps militaris Carotenoids Protect Human Retinal Endothelial Cells against the Oxidative Injury and Apoptosis Resulting from H2O2. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022; 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36212977 PMCID: PMC9546680 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1259093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vision loss is primarily caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD) due to oxidative retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell injury. Carotenoid utilization is deemed a possible strategy for treating AMD. Cordyceps militaris has advantages like immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative characteristics. This paper assessed the possible protective influence of carotenoids obtained by isolating and purifying the Cordyceps militaris (CMCT) into human RPE cells (ARPE-19) damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The findings demonstrated that CMCT safeguarded the ARPE-19 cells against the damage and apoptosis caused by H2O2 and oxidative stress via Bcl-2 protein upregulation, as well as the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 protein. In addition, CMCT treatment increased cell survival and restricted the generation of H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the protein expression of NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX1). Additionally, the CMCT treatment of H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells ameliorated high malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in oxidative stress-induced cells. The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) returned to standard levels, which were governed by the higher expression of nuclear Nrf2 protein in the ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, this study showed that CMCT safeguarded the ARPE-19 cells against the damage caused by oxidative stress via its antioxidant activity and antiapoptotic functionality, suggesting the potential therapeutic role of CMCT in AMD prevention and mitigation.
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Sun X, Ma L, Li X, Wang J, Li Y, Huang Z. Ferulic acid alleviates retinal neovascularization by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization through the ROS/NF-κB axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:976729. [PMID: 36119027 PMCID: PMC9478033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.976729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. Targeting microglia/macrophage-based neuroinflammation presents a promising therapeutic strategy. Ferulic acid (FA), a natural and active ingredient in plants, exerts favorable anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of FA against hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis using cultured retinal vascular endothelial cells and an oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse (OIR) model. The immunoregulatory effect of FA on microglia/macrophage polarization was evaluated by detecting the expression of specific markers for both pro-inflammatory “M1” and anti-inflammatory “M2” phenotypes using co-immunostaining and polymerase chain reaction assays. The underlying molecular mechanism upon FA treatment was also explored. The results showed that FA supplement markedly inhibited retinal pathological angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, FA switched microglia/macrophage polarization from “M1” towards “M2” phenotype and alleviated the inflammatory response. Mechanically, the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of FA were mainly due to blockade of the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Our data demonstrated an anti-angiogenic effect of FA through regulating M1-to-M2 microglia/macrophage polarization, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Lusheng Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuanbin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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Alikhani M, Aalikhani M, Khalili M. Reduction of iron toxicity in the heart of iron-overloaded mice with natural compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 924:174981. [PMID: 35487255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron-overload is one of the risk factors in susceptible individuals. Iron-overload causes complications such as diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, ventricular dilation, and systolic dysfunction in the heart. Therefore, particular care is needed for those who need blood transfusions or patients with underlying heart diseases. PURPOSE In this study, we examined the ability of six compounds, hesperidin, coumarin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin, to reduce the effects of iron-overdose in the heart of iron-overloaded mice. METHODS For this purpose, 84 mice were prepared and except for the control group, iron-overload conditions were created in them by injecting iron. The hearts of mice were then harvested and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were evaluated. Additionally, the amount of lipid peroxidation was measured by assessing the quantity of malondialdehyde. The physiopathology of cardiac tissue was considered by Perl's and H&E staining. RESULTS According to the results, almost all natural compounds showed better performance than desferal, as an iron chelator chemical. Meanwhile, hesperidin, vanillin, and ferulic acid were the best antioxidant compounds and were able to improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes by reducing the amount of deposited iron. CONCLUSION We recommend the use of the above compounds as natural iron chelators after completing additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alikhani
- Department of Cardiology, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aalikhani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Khalili
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Tan SQ, Geng X, Liu JH, Pan WHT, Wang LX, Liu HK, Hu L, Chao HM. Xue-fu-Zhu-Yu decoction protects rats against retinal ischemia by downregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF via inhibition of RBP2 and PKM2. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:365. [PMID: 28709426 PMCID: PMC5513111 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ischemia-related eye diseases result in visual dysfunction. This study investigates the protective effects and mechanisms of Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu decoction (XFZYD) with respect to retinal ischemia. METHODS Retinal ischemia (I) was induced in Wistar rats by a high intraocular pressure (HIOP) of 120 mmHg for 1 h, which was followed by reperfusion of the ischemic eye; the fellow untreated eye acted as a control. Electroretinogram (ERG), biochemistry and histopathology investigations were performed. RESULTS Significant ischemic changes occurred after ischemia including decreased ERG b-wave ratios, less numerous retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), reduced inner retinal thickness, fewer choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) labeled amacrine cell bodies, increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and increased vimentin Müller immunolabeling. These were accompanied by significant increases in the mRNA/protein concentrations of vascular endothelium growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, pyruvate kinase M2 and retinoblastoma-binding protein 2. The ischemic changes were concentration-dependently and significantly altered when XFZYD was given for seven consecutive days before or after retina ischemia, compared to vehicle. These alterations included enhanced ERG b-wave amplitudes, more numerous RGCs, enhanced inner retinal thickness, a greater number of ChAT immunolabeled amacrine cell bodies and decreased GFAP/vimentin immunoreactivity. Furthermore, decreased mRNA levels of VEGF, HIF-1α, PKM2, and RBP2 were also found. Reduced protein concentrations of VEGF, HIF-1α, PKM2, and RBP2 were also demonstrated. Furthermore, there was an inhibition of the ischemia-associated increased ratios (target protein/β-actin) in the protein levels of VEGF, HIF-1α, PKM2, and RBP2, which were induced by Shikonin, JIB-04 or Avastin. CONCLUSION XFZYD would seem to protect against well-known retinal ischemic changes via a synergistic inhibition of RBP2 and PKM2, as well as down-regulation of HIF-1α and a reduction in VEGF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiu Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taishan, Shandong China
| | - Xue Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jorn-Hon Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wynn Hwai-Tzong Pan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taishan, Shandong China
| | - Hsiao-Ming Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Giovannini L, Bianchi S. Role of nutraceutical SIRT1 modulators in AMPK and mTOR pathway: Evidence of a synergistic effect. Nutrition 2017; 34:82-96. [PMID: 28063518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different natural substances on SIRT1 expression and on AMPK and mTOR phosphorylation. Moreover, we investigated the presence of a synergistic effect between the substances. METHODS Human cervical carcinoma cells were seeded in 12-well plates, then incubated with the nine tested substances (resveratrol, quercetin, berberine, catechin, tyrosol, ferulic acid, niclosamide, curcumin, and malvidin) at different concentrations and left in incubation for 3, 6, and 24 h. The targeting proteins' expression and phosphorylation were evaluated by immunoblotting, and cytotoxicity tests were performed by CellTiter-Blue Cell Viability Assay. RESULTS No statistically significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the number of viable cells was found. The expression of SIRT1 was significantly increased in all experimental groups compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Instead, the simultaneous administration involved a significant and synergistic increase in the expression of SIRT1 for some but not all of the tested compounds. Finally, the individual administration of berberine, quercetin, ferulic acid, and tyrosol resulted in a statistically significant increase in AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition, whereas their associated administration did not reveal a synergistic effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that all compounds have the potential to stimulate SIRT1 and sustain the stimulating action of resveratrol on SIRT1, already widely reported in the literature. In this regard, we confirm the interaction of these substances also with the pathway of AMPK and mTOR, in support of the studies that highlight the importance of SIRT1/AMPK and mTOR pathway in many diseases.
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Loporchio D, Mukkamala L, Gorukanti K, Zarbin M, Langer P, Bhagat N. Intraocular foreign bodies: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 61:582-96. [PMID: 26994871 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular foreign body injuries may result in a wide range of intraocular pathology and visual outcomes based on the mechanism of injury, type of foreign body, and subsequent complications. We have reviewed the literature to describe the epidemiology and mechanisms of such injuries; types of foreign bodies; imaging tools for diagnosis; current trends in management, presurgical, and surgical interventions; as well as visual prognosis and potential complications. The purpose of this review is to familiarize clinicians with the recent advances in diagnosis and management of such injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Loporchio
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Lekha Mukkamala
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Kavya Gorukanti
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Marco Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Paul Langer
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Neelakshi Bhagat
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Zhang Y, Bo Q, Wu W, Xu C, Yu G, Ma S, Yang Q, Cao Y, Han Q, Ru Y, Liu X, Hua Wei R, Wang FE, Zhang X, Li X. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone prevents glutamate excitotoxicity in developing chicken retina via MC4R-mediated down-regulation of microRNA-194. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15812. [PMID: 26507936 DOI: 10.1038/srep15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a common pathology to blinding ischemic retinopathies, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and central retinal vein or artery occlusion. The development of an effective interventional modality to glutamate excitotoxicity is hence important to preventing blindness. Herein we showed that α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) time-dependently protected against glutamate-induced cell death and tissue damage in an improved embryonic chicken retinal explant culture system. α-MSH down-regulated microRNA-194 (miR-194) expression during the glutamate excitotoxicity in the retinal explants. Furthermore, pharmacological antagonists to melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) and lentivirus-mediated overexpression of pre-miR-194 abrogated the suppressing effects of α-MSH on glutamate-induced activities of caspase 3 or 7, the ultimate enzymes for glutamate-induced cell death. These results suggest that the protective effects of α-MSH may be due to the MC4R mediated-down-regulation of miR-194 during the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Finally, α-MSH attenuated cell death and recovered visual functions in glutamate-stimulated post-hatch chick retinas. These results demonstrate the previously undescribed protective effects of α-MSH against glutamate-induced excitotoxic cell death in the cone-dominated retina both in vitro and in vivo, and indicate a novel molecular mechanism linking MC4R-mediated signaling to miR-194.
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Wu ZJ, Yu J, Fang QJ, Lian JB, Wang RX, He RL, Lin MJ. Sodium ferulate protects against daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis in juvenile rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 63:360-8. [PMID: 24336018 DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Daunorubicin (DNR) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical use is limited because of its cardiotoxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of sodium ferulate (SF), an effective component from traditional Chinese herbs, against DNR-induced cardiotoxicity in juvenile rats. DNR was administered intraperitoneally to rats at the dosage of 2.5 mg·kg(-1)·wk(-1) for 5 consecutive weeks (cumulative dose of 12.5 mg/kg) or in combination with intraperitoneal injection of SF at 50 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) over a period of 30 days. The animals were killed 6 days after the last injection of DNR. SF significantly ameliorated the DNR-induced cardiac dysfunction, structural damage of the myocardium, and release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase. Treatment with SF also reversed DNR-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels with a concomitant increase in myocardical superoxide dismutase activities. Furthermore, SF afforded significant cardioprotection against DNR-induced apoptosis in vivo and effectively suppressed the complex mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling triggered by DNR. This study indicates that SF may improve cardiac function by inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis, thus providing a beneficial effect on the prevention of DNR-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Abstract
Iron is an important micronutrient for neuronal function and survival. It plays an essential role in DNA and protein synthesis, neurotransmission and electron transport chain due to its dual redox states. On the contrary, iron also catalyses the production of free radicals and hence, causes oxidative stress. Therefore, maintenance of iron homeostasis is very crucial and it involves a number of proteins in iron metabolism and transport that maintain the balance. In ischemic conditions large amount of iron is released and this free iron catalyzes production of more free radicals and hence, causing more damage. In this review we have focused on the iron transport and maintenance of iron homeostasis at large and also the effect of imbalance in iron homeostasis on retinal and brain tissue under ischemic conditions. The understanding of the proteins involved in the homeostasis imbalance will help in developing therapeutic strategies for cerebral as well retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillipsie Minhas
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang N, MohdZainudin NAI, Scher K, Condon BJ, Horwitz BA, Turgeon BG. Iron, oxidative stress, and virulence: roles of iron-sensitive transcription factor Sre1 and the redox sensor ChAp1 in the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2013; 26:1473-1485. [PMID: 23980626 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-13-0055-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gene SRE1, encoding the GATA transcription factor siderophore biosynthesis repressor (Sre1), was identified in the genome of the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus and deleted. Mutants were altered in sensitivity to iron, oxidative stress, and virulence to the host. To gain insight into mechanisms of this combined regulation, genetic interactions among SRE1 (the nonribosomal peptide synthetase encoding gene NPS6, which is responsible for extracellular siderophore biosynthesis) and ChAP1 (encoding a transcription factor regulating redox homeostasis) were studied. To identify members of the Sre1 regulon, expression of candidate iron and oxidative stress-related genes was assessed in wild-type (WT) and sre1 mutants using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In sre1 mutants, NPS6 and NPS2 genes, responsible for siderophore biosynthesis, were derepressed under iron replete conditions, whereas the high-affinity reductive iron uptake pathway associated gene, FTR1, was not, in contrast to outcomes with other well-studied fungal models. C. heterostrophus L-ornithine-N(5)- monooxygenase (SIDA2), ATP-binding cassette (ABC6), catalase (CAT1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD1) genes were also derepressed under iron-replete conditions in sre1 mutants. Chap1nps6 double mutants were more sensitive to oxidative stress than either Chap1 or nps6 single mutants, while Chap1sre1 double mutants showed a modest increase in resistance compared with single Chap1 mutants but were much more sensitive than sre1 mutants. These findings suggest that the NPS6 siderophore indirectly contributes to redox homeostasis via iron sequestration, while Sre1 misregulation may render cells more sensitive to oxidative stress. The double-mutant phenotypes are consistent with a model in which iron sequestration by NPS6 defends the pathogen against oxidative stress. C. heterostrophus sre1, nps6, Chap1, Chap1nps6, and Chap1sre1 mutants are all reduced in virulence toward the host, compared with the WT.
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Ugarte M, Grime GW, Lord G, Geraki K, Collingwood JF, Finnegan ME, Farnfield H, Merchant M, Bailey MJ, Ward NI, Foster PJ, Bishop PN, Osborne NN. Concentration of various trace elements in the rat retina and their distribution in different structures. Metallomics 2013; 4:1245-54. [PMID: 23093062 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20157g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify the total amount of trace elements in retina from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6). Concentration of trace elements within individual retinal areas in frozen sections of the fellow eye was established with the use of two methodologies: (1) particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) in combination with 3D depth profiling with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and (2) synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy. The most abundant metal in the retina was zinc, followed by iron and copper. Nickel, manganese, chromium, cobalt, selenium and cadmium were present in very small amounts. The PIXE and SXRF analysis yielded a non-homogenous pattern distribution of metals in the retina. Relatively high levels of zinc were found in the inner part of the photoreceptor inner segments (RIS)/outer limiting membrane (OLM), inner nuclear layer and plexiform layers. Iron was found to accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium/choroid layer and RIS/OLM. Copper in turn, was localised primarily in the RIS/OLM and plexiform layers. The trace elements iron, copper, and zinc exist in different amounts and locations in the rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ugarte
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Kim H, Lee S. Ferulic acid attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatocyte apoptosis via inhibition of JNK activation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:708-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li L, Holscher C, Chen BB, Zhang ZF, Liu YZ. Hepcidin treatment modulates the expression of divalent metal transporter-1, ceruloplasmin, and ferroportin-1 in the rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1581-93. [PMID: 21274654 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-8967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Elevated iron levels are considered to play a role in the neurodegenerative mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The linkage between hepcidin (Hepc) and ferroportin-1 (FPN1), the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and ceruloplasmin (CP) in the brain is unknown. To discern the role of Hepc in regulating the expression of these proteins, we investigated FPN1, DMT1, and CP protein and mRNA expression in the brain after the intracerebroventricular injection of Hepc. Our results show that after Hepc injection, expression of FPN1 mRNA and FPN1 protein was inhibited in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, we showed a clear change of DMT1 and CP protein and mRNA levels in the brain. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase of DMT1 and a decrease of CP levels. Semi-quantitative analysis using PCR methods showed an increase of DMT1(+IRE) mRNA, and a decrease of DMT1(-IRE) mRNA and CP mRNA levels. Since alterations in iron levels in the brain are causally linked to degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, an improved understanding of the regulation of iron transport protein expression such as FPN1, DMT1, and CP could lead to novel strategies for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
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Liu JH, Wann H, Chen MM, Pan WHT, Chen YC, Liu CM, Yeh MY, Tsai SK, Young MS, Chuang HY, Chao FP, Chao HM. Baicalein significantly protects human retinal pigment epithelium cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 26:421-9. [PMID: 20879805 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. At a later stage, neovascular or exudative age-related macular degeneration can lead to severe central vision loss that is related to aging-associated cumulative oxidative stress of the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells. Early prevention with antioxidants is mandatory. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how baicalein can act as an antioxidant. METHODS The methods used included lactate dehydrogenase, 2′,7′-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure cell viability, oxygen free radical levels, or the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), respectively. RESULTS H₂O₂ dose-dependently reduced the cell viability of hRPE cells. This negative effect was dose-dependently (with a lower effect at 20µM) and significantly counteracted by pretreatment with baicalein (50µM). Treatment with H₂O₂ significantly stimulated the formation of oxygen free radicals. This increase was dose-dependently and significantly blunted by baicalein. Further, treatment with a sublethal dose of H₂O₂ was associated with an upregulation in the levels of VEGF and MMP-9. The increases in these proteins were also dose-dependently (with a lower effect at 20µM) and significantly (50µM) blunted by pretreatment with baicalein. CONCLUSION This study supports an antioxidative role for baicalein whereby it protects hRPE cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress by downregulating the levels of VEGF and MMP-9, which are increased by H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn-Hon Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Liu JH, Chen MM, Huang JW, Wann H, Ho LK, Pan WH, Chen YC, Liu CM, Yeh MY, Tsai SK, Young MS, Ho LT, Kuo CD, Chuang HY, Chao FP, Chao HM. Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Mannitol During H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:249-57. [PMID: 20565311 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2009.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorn-Hon Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mi-Mi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jhao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiung Wann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Kang Ho
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wynn H.T. Pan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yei-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shen-Kou Tsai
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mason Shing Young
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fang-Ping Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Ming Chao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yu Y, Lin BQ, Yu L, Hua YQ, Duan JA, Li SP. Inhibitory Effects of Two Ferulates from Angelica Sinensis on Platelet Aggregation and Oxytocin-induced Uterine Contraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847300902010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is widely considered as a biologically active component in Angelica sinensis, and used as one of the marker compounds for the quality control of Angelica sinensis. However, in A. sinensis, FA mainly exists as its ester, coniferyl ferulate (CF). CF is unstable and readily hydrolyzed into FA during conventional extraction. Herein, their antiplatelet aggregation activities and relaxant effects on oxytocin-induced mouse uterine muscle contraction were investigated and compared. The results showed that FA inhibited arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin (THR)-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 values of 974.8 ± 97.5, 737.9 ± 40.2 and 244.6 ± 25.6 μg/ml, respectively. The potency of CF is much higher than that of FA, and the IC50 values for AA, ADP and THR were 7.1 ± 0.3, 276.4 ± 53.4 and 77.5 ± 23.1 μg/ml, respectively. IC50 of FA was 23.8 ± 6.2 μg/ml for oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in vitro. CF could only be tested at low concentration and its IC50 could not be calculated thereafter because of its strong hydrophobic property. So CF has more potent antiplatelet aggregation activity, while FA has stronger inhibitory effect on oxytocin-induced uterine contraction in vitro
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