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Baek J, Shin HS, Suk K, Lee WH. LINC01686 affects LPS-induced cytokine expression via the miR-18a-5p/A20/STAT1 axis in THP-1 cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1234. [PMID: 38578001 PMCID: PMC10996380 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in regulating various physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses. LINC01686 is a lncRNA with previously uncharacterized functions in immune regulation. This study aims to investigate the function of LINC01686 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 and its potential regulatory mechanisms involving miR-18a-5p and the anti-inflammatory protein A20. METHOD THP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS to induce inflammatory responses, followed by analysis of LINC01686 expression levels. The role of LINC01686 in regulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, A20, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was examined using small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown. Additionally, the involvement of miR-18a-5p in LINC01686-mediated regulatory pathways was assessed by transfection with decoy RNAs mimicking the miR-18a-5p binding sites of LINC01686 or A20 messenger RNA. RESULTS LINC01686 expression was upregulated in THP-1 cells following LPS stimulation. Suppression of LINC01686 enhanced LPS-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8, mediated through increased production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, LINC01686 knockdown upregulated the expression and activation of IκB-ζ, STAT1, and downregulated A20 expression. Transfection with decoy RNAs reversed the effects of LINC01686 suppression on A20, STAT1, IL-6, and IL-8 expression, highlighting the role of LINC01686 in sponging miR-18a-5p and regulating A20 expression. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that LINC01686 plays a critical role in modulating LPS-induced inflammatory responses in THP-1 cells by sponging miR-18a-5p, thereby regulating the expression and activation of A20 and STAT1. These findings shed light on the complex regulatory mechanisms involving lncRNAs in immune responses and offer potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwon Baek
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeung-Seob Shin
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 FOUR KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Hajizadeh M, Hajizadeh F, Ghaffarei S, Amin Doustvandi M, Hajizadeh K, Yaghoubi SM, Mohammadnejad F, Khiabani NA, Mousavi P, Baradaran B. MicroRNAs and their vital role in apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: miRNA-based diagnostic and treatment methods. Gene 2023; 888:147803. [PMID: 37716587 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies with high invasive and metastatic capability. Although significant advances have been made in the treatment of HCC, the overall survival rate of patients is still low. It is essential to explore accurate biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis along with therapeutic procedures to increase the survival rate of these patients. Anticancer therapies can contribute to induce apoptosis for the elimination of cancerous cells. However, dysregulated apoptosis and proliferation signaling pathways lead to treatment resistance, a significant challenge in improving efficient therapies. MiRNAs, short non-coding RNAs, play crucial roles in the progression of HCC, which regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional inhibition and targeting mRNA degradation in cancers. Dysregulated expression of multiple miRNAs is associated with numerous biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and drug resistance in HCC. This review summarizes the role and potential efficacy of miRNAs in promoting and inhibiting cell proliferation and apoptosis in HCC, as well as the role of miRNAs in therapy resistance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hajizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Hajizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevil Ghaffarei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Hajizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Yaghoubi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Pegah Mousavi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Li S, Cai X, Chen L, Lin M, Zhu Z, Xiao H, Nie P, Chen Q, Yang X. Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma growth via modulation of the miR-221/SOX11 axis by curcumin and berberine. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16593. [PMID: 38084140 PMCID: PMC10710771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal malignancy that has limited treatment options. This study focused on the potential therapeutic effects of curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) on the miR-221/SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) axis in HCC. We investigated the combined effects of CUR and BBR on HEPG2 and Huh7 cell survival and miR-221 expression using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and RT-qPCR, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect changes in the apoptosis-related caspase-3/9 protein levels. We performed bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase assays and measured apoptotic protein levels to assess the role of the miR-221/SOX11 axis in mediating the effects of CUR-BBR. Both CUR and BBR suppressed HCC cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with the most potent combined effect observed at a 2:1 ratio. CUR-BBR treatment significantly downregulated miR-221 expression, and miR-221 overexpression partially reversed the CUR-BBR-mediated decrease in cell survival. In addition, SOX11 was found to be a direct target of miR-221. CUR-BBR treatment upregulated SOX11 expression, and overexpression of SOX11 restored the inhibitory effects of CUR-BBR on cell growth, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in the presence of miR-221. Furthermore, CUR-BBR activated pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3/9 through the miR-221/SOX11 axis. The combined effect of CUR-BBR played an important role in inhibiting the growth of HCC cells. This combined effect was achieved by regulating the miR-221/SOX11 axis and activating the synthesis of pro-apoptotic proteins. Our findings highlight a promising combined therapeutic approach for HCC and underscore the importance of targeting the miR-221/SOX11 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manbian Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huihuang Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingping Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quanwen Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Ma J, Bai Y, Chen F, Zhou F, Zhang L, Xue P, Wang D. MicroRNA-185-5p targets tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta to regulate non-small cell lung cancer progression. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:241. [PMID: 37525284 PMCID: PMC10391904 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, as well as the leading cause of cancer-related death. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, which accounts for 85% of occurrences) is the main type of LC. MiRNAs appear to play a role in the occurrence and progression of many malignancies, according to mounting data. The underlying mechanism of miRNAs in regulating NSCLC cell biological activity and progression, on the other hand, is still being investigated. METHODS QRT-PCR were used to detect miR-185-5p expression and YWHAZ mRNA in NSCLC. The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the tumor cells' ability to proliferate. Transwall assay was used to test the migratory and invasive properties of cells. Cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ), E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and cleaved-caspase3 protein expression were assessed using Western Blot. The bioinformatics analysis software StarBase2.0 predicted miR-185-5p downstream targets. To confirm the target association between miR-185-5p and YWHAZ, a luciferase experiment was used. In addition, an NCl-H1299 xenograft model was created to assess the anti-tumor impact of miR-185-5p in vivo. The expression level of YWHAZ in tumor tissues of small xenograft tumor model was detected by immunohistochemistry assay. RESULTS Decreased miR-185-5p expression levels were observed in NSCLC. In vitro, over-expressed miR-185-5p decreased cell viability, proliferation, invasion/migration, and induced cell apoptosis, while inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. Dual-luciferase gene experiments confirmed that YWHAZ binds to miR-185-5p. Overexpression of YWHAZ partially restored the inhibitory effects of miR-185-5p on cell behaviors. CONCLUSION MiR-185-5p was down-regulated in NSCLC, and that overexpressed miR-185-5p inhibited malignant behaviors of cells and tumor growth by negatively regulating YWHAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peini Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Weiyang West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhou F, Kang Q, Ma J, Cai J, Chen Y, Qu K, Li F. Integrated analysis of RNA-seq in hepatocellular carcinoma reveals competing endogenous RNA network composed of circRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32915. [PMID: 36827016 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been hypothesized to have important roles in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the synergistic effect of circRNA and lncRNA in the pathogenesis of HCC has rarely been studied. METHODS In this study, the Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to get the expression profiles of circRNAs, micro RNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs, and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in HCC tissues and normal tissues. The accession numbers for this database are GSE101728, GSE155949, and GSE108724. We found 291 differentially overexpressed lncRNAs and 541 differentially overexpressed mRNA in GSE101728, 30 differentially overexpressed circRNA in GSE155949, and 48 significantly downregulated miRNA in GSE198724. Meanwhile, based on Pearson correlation test, we established lncRNA-mRNA networks. We constructed lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA pairs through Starbase database prediction and identified the common miRNAs. The intersection of co-predicted miRNAs and the 48 significantly low expression miRNAs in GSE198724 were included in the following study. miRDB, Targetscan, miRwalk, and lncRNA-related mRNA jointly determined the miRNA-mRNA portion of the circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression network. And, among 55 differentially expressed mRNA in circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, CPEB3, EFNB3, FATA4, growth hormone receptor, GSTZ1, KLF8, MFAP4, PAIP2B, PHACTR3, PITPNM3, RPS6KA6, RSPO3, SLITRK6, SMOC1, STEAP4, SYT1, TMEM132E, TSPAN11, and ZFPM2 were intimately related to the prognosis of HCC patients in Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis (P < .05). CONCLUSION We have discovered that the prognosis-related lncRNAs/circRNAs-miRNA-mRNA network plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCC. These findings may offer fresh perspectives for further research into the pathogenesis of HCC and the search for novel treatments for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Putuo District, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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Qi J, Fan W, Ali L. miR-18a-5p and ATM Expression in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Correlations with Clinicopathological Features. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022; 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36267307 PMCID: PMC9578886 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5260608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate miR-18a-5p and ataxia telangiectasia muted (ATM) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and their correlations with clinicopathological features. Methods. The subjects of this study were 62 ESCC patients (research group, RG) and 57 healthy controls (control group, CG) presented to our hospital between July 2019 and April 2020. Peripheral blood (PB) miR-18a-5p and ATM levels in these participants were quantified via qRT-PCR, and the correlations of the two genes with ESCC patients’ clinicopathological characteristics were investigated. In addition, a two-year follow-up was performed on ESCC patients to understand their survival, so as to further determine the prognostic utility of miR-18a-5p and ATM in ESCC. Factors influencing patient outcomes were identified by COX analysis. Results. PB miR-18a-5p expression was higher in RG compared with CG, while ATM was lower, suggesting an inverse connection between the two genes in ESCC (
). miR-18a-5p and ATM levels were determined to be strongly linked to TNM stage, differentiation degree, and lymph node metastasis in ESCC patients (
and
). The patients who succumbed to the disease exhibited higher miR-18a-5p and lower ATM than the survival (
). ROC analysis suggested favorable evaluation effects of miR-18a-5p and ATM on the occurrence and prognostic death of ESCC (
). Further, these two genes were identified by the COX analysis to be factors independently affecting the prognosis of ESCC. Conclusion. miR-18a-5p is highly expressed in ESCC, and ATM is underexpressed, both of which are closely linked to the pathological process of ESCC and have a good evaluation effect on the occurrence and prognosis of ESCC, which may become a breakthrough in future diagnosis and treatment of ESCC.
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Selvakumar SC, Auxzilia Preethi K, Veeraiyan DN, Sekar D. The role of microRNAs on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:941-951. [PMID: 36315408 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2142562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Portal hypertension (PH) is the elevated pressure in the portal vein, which results in poor functioning of the liver and is influenced by various factors like liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, schistosomiasis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Though the diagnosis and treatment have been advanced, early diagnosis of the disease remains a challenge, and the diagnosis methods are often invasive. Hence, the clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PH can give rise to the development of novel biomarkers which can pave way for early diagnosis in noninvasive methods, and also the identification of target genes can elucidate an efficient therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED PubMed and Embase database was used to search articles with search terms 'Portal Hypertension' or 'pathophysiology' and 'diagnosis' and 'treatment' or "role of miRNAs in portal hypertension. EXPERT OPINION Interestingly, biomarkers like microRNAs (miRNAs) have been studied for their potential role in various diseases including hypertension. In recent years, miRNAs have been proved to be an efficient biomarker and therapeutic target and few studies have assessed the roles of miRNAs in PH. The present paper highlights the potential roles of miRNAs in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmaa Chandralekha Selvakumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - K Auxzilia Preethi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Durairaj Sekar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Phowira J, Ahmed FW, Bakhashab S, Weaver JU. Upregulated miR-18a-5p in Colony Forming Unit-Hill’s in Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease and Metformin Therapy; MERIT Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092136. [PMID: 36140236 PMCID: PMC9496122 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony forming unit-Hill’s (CFU-Hill’s) colonies are hematopoietic-derived cells that participate in neovasculogenesis and serve as a biomarker for vascular health. In animals, overexpression of miR-18a-5p was shown to be pro-atherogenic. We had shown that well-controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by an inflammatory state, endothelial dysfunction, and reduced number of CFU-Hill’s, a model of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). MERIT study explored the role of miR-18a-5p expression in CFU-Hill’s colonies in T1DM, and the cardioprotective effect of metformin in subclinical CVD. In T1DM, miR-18a-5p was significantly upregulated whereas metformin reduced it to HC levels. MiR-18a-5p was inversely correlated with CFU-Hill’s colonies, CD34+, CD34+CD133+ cells, and positively with IL-10, C-reactive protein, vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D), and thrombomodulin. The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated, miR-18a-5p as a biomarker of T1DM, and upregulated miR-18a-5p defining subclinical CVD at HbA1c of 44.5 mmol/mol (pre-diabetes). Ingenuity pathway analysis documented miR-18a-5p inhibiting mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, estrogen receptor-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α cellular communication network factor-2, and protein inhibitor of activated STAT 3, whilst metformin upregulated these mRNAs via transforming growth factor beta-1 and VEGF. We confirmed the pro-atherogenic effect of miR-18a-5p in subclinical CVD and identified several target genes for future CVD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Phowira
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Fahad W. Ahmed
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Diabetes, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne NE9 6SH, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Madinah 42522, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80218, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jolanta U. Weaver
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Diabetes, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne NE9 6SH, UK
- Vascular Biology and Medicine Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-445-2181
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