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Hashimoto A, Nozaki A, Inoue H, Kuwano T. High masticatory ability attenuates psychosocial stress: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279891. [PMID: 36652405 PMCID: PMC9847911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastication interventions have previously been shown to alleviate acute stress. However, the relationship between masticatory performance and stress response among individuals remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between masticatory ability and stress response in young women by measuring the autonomic nerve function and salivary α-amylase activity during psychosocial stress. Eighty women (aged 20.0 ± 1.9 years) were divided into either a low or high masticatory performance group, and the Trier Social Stress Test was conducted. Moreover, the autonomic function was measured at rest, immediately before stress, immediately after stress, and 10 min after stress. The salivary α-amylase activity was also measured at rest, 5 min after stress, and 15 min after stress. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for subjective stress evaluation. There was a significant increase in the autonomic balance of both groups immediately before stress loading, but whilst the high masticatory ability group showed a return to resting-state levels after stress loading, the low masticatory ability group showed elevated levels after stress loading. Salivary α-amylase activity significantly increased 5 min after stress loading in the low, but not high, masticatory ability group. Furthermore, the VAS scores for tension and confusion after stress were significantly higher in the low masticatory ability group than in the high masticatory ability group. Our findings suggest that high masticatory performance may contribute to alleviating psychosocial stress. This is the first study to clarify the relationship between habitual masticatory performance and psychosocial stress suppression in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hashimoto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Nozaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Inoue
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kuwano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Saruta J, To M, Sakaguchi W, Kondo Y, Tsukinoki K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is related to stress and chewing in saliva and salivary glands. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2019; 56:43-49. [PMID: 31879531 PMCID: PMC6920199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chewing is one of the most important orofacial functions. During this process, food is reduced in size, while saliva moistens the food and binds it into a bolus that can be easily swallowed. Characteristics of the oral system, including the number of teeth, bite force, and salivary flow, influence the masticatory process. In addition, salivary glands produce several cell growth factors and play an important role in human health. The nerve growth factor (NGF) family consists of NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophins-3 to 7. BDNF is a well-studied neurotrophin involved in the neurogenesis, differentiation, and maintenance of select peripheral and central neuronal cell populations during development and adulthood. However, there has been no detailed description of the expression of neurotrophins other than NGF in the salivary gland. We previously studied the effect of immobilization stress + chewing on BDNF secretion and its receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B, in rat submandibular glands and found increased BDNF expression in duct cells under these conditions. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the role of stress and chewing-related BDNF in the saliva and salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saruta
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakaguchi
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Salivary Gland and Health Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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Ommerborn MA, Depprich RA, Schneider C, Giraki M, Franz M, Raab WHM, Schäfer R. Pain perception and functional/occlusal parameters in sleep bruxism subjects following a therapeutic intervention. Head Face Med 2019; 15:4. [PMID: 30696443 PMCID: PMC6350301 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-019-0188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to assess the individual pain perception in sleep bruxism (SB) subjects. Moreover, the effects of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) compared to an occlusal appliance (OA) on pain perception and a possible continuative impact on several functional parameters were investigated. Methods A total of 57 SB subjects participated in this investigation. The diagnosis of SB was based on the clinical criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Twenty-eight SB subjects were randomly allocated to the CBT group and 29 to the OA group. The therapeutic intervention took place over a period of 12 weeks, whereby both groups were examined at baseline, immediately after termination of the intervention, and at a 6-month follow-up for pain perception and functional parameters. At each of the three measurement periods, participants completed the pain perception scale and ten functional/occlusal parameters were recorded. Results Of the 12 parameters recorded, statistically significant main effects were found for the affective pain perception (p < 0.05) and for the three functional variables. Interestingly, the values obtained for the affective pain perception were considerably below that of a reference group. Apart from the determined statistically significant results, the values recorded for all functional/occlusal variables as well as those obtained for the sensory pain perception were clearly located within normative ranges. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, it might be concluded that the significantly reduced affective pain perception in SB subjects is the expression of an adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Alicia Ommerborn
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics, and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rita Antonia Depprich
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Schneider
- Clinical Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Giraki
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics, and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Franz
- Clinical Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans-Michael Raab
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics, and Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Schäfer
- Clinical Institute of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sasaguri K, Yamada K, Yamamoto T. Uncovering the neural circuitry involved in the stress-attenuation effects of chewing. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2018; 54:118-126. [PMID: 30128059 PMCID: PMC6094491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have indicated that coupling restraint stress load with activation of the masticatory organs (chewing) causes a reduction in the systemic and central nervous system stress response. However, the brain mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the literature regarding brain regions involved in the attenuating effects of chewing and the systemic stress response attenuation effects induced by those brain regions. In addition, we also focusing on the amygdala, as the emotional control center, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as one of the outputs of the systemic response. In particular, we will report on one of the chewing-related stress attenuation mechanisms within the brain brought about by the activation of the inhibition pathway accompanying the activation of the amygdala's GABAergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sasaguri
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Division, Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School, Inaoka-cho 82, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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Onuki M, Yamamoto T, Sasaguri K, Yamada K, Okada N, Kawata T. Chewing ameliorates the effects of restraint stress on pERK-immunoreactive neurons in the rat insular cortex. Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes survival and differentiation of neural cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. BDNF has been detected in plasma, but its source has not yet been established. Expression of BDNF mRNA has been identified in the submandibular glands when male rats are exposed to acute immobilization stress. In the present study, we investigated whether plasma BDNF is influenced by the submandibular glands in this model. Acute immobilization stress for 60 min significantly increased the level of plasma BDNF. However, plasma BDNF elevation was markedly suppressed in bilaterally sialoadenectomized rats. There were no significant differences between stressed (60 min) and non-stressed rats with respect to the BDNF mRNA expression in the hippocampus, heart, lung, liver, pancreas, or spleen, as determined by real-time polymerase chain-reaction. These findings suggest that the submandibular glands may be the primary source of plasma BDNF in conditions of acute immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukinoki
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Suzuki A, Iinuma M, Hayashi S, Sato Y, Azuma K, Kubo KY. Maternal chewing during prenatal stress ameliorates stress-induced hypomyelination, synaptic alterations, and learning impairment in mouse offspring. Brain Res 2016; 1651:36-43. [PMID: 27613358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Maternal chewing during prenatal stress attenuates both the development of stress-induced learning deficits and decreased cell proliferation in mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus. Hippocampal myelination affects spatial memory and the synaptic structure is a key mediator of neuronal communication. We investigated whether maternal chewing during prenatal stress ameliorates stress-induced alterations of hippocampal myelin and synapses, and impaired development of spatial memory in adult offspring. Pregnant mice were divided into control, stress, and stress/chewing groups. Stress was induced by placing mice in a ventilated restraint tube, and was initiated on day 12 of pregnancy and continued until delivery. Mice in the stress/chewing group were given a wooden stick to chew during restraint. In 1-month-old pups, spatial memory was assessed in the Morris water maze, and hippocampal oligodendrocytes and synapses in CA1 were assayed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Prenatal stress led to impaired learning ability, and decreased immunoreactivity of myelin basic protein (MBP) and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in the hippocampal CA1 in adult offspring. Numerous myelin sheath abnormalities were observed. The G-ratio [axonal diameter to axonal fiber diameter (axon plus myelin sheath)] was increased and postsynaptic density length was decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region. Maternal chewing during stress attenuated the prenatal stress-induced impairment of spatial memory, and the decreased MBP and CNPase immunoreactivity, increased G-ratios, and decreased postsynaptic-density length in the hippocampal CA1 region. These findings suggest that chewing during prenatal stress in dams could be an effective coping strategy to prevent hippocampal behavioral and morphologic impairments in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Iinuma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Sakurako Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kagaku Azuma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172, Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi 476-8588, Japan.
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Tarkowska A, Katzer L, Ahlers MO. Assessment of masticatory performance by means of a color-changeable chewing gum. J Prosthodont Res 2016; 61:9-19. [PMID: 27211494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research determined the relevance of masticatory performance with regard to nutritional status, cognitive functions, or stress management. In addition, the measurement of masticatory efficiency contributes to the evaluation of therapeutic successes within the stomatognathic system. However, the question remains unanswered as to what extent modern techniques are able to reproduce the subtle differences in masticatory efficiency within various patient groups. The purpose of this review is to provide an extensive summary of the evaluation of masticatory performance by means of a color-changeable chewing gum with regard to its clinical relevance and applicability. STUDY SELECTION A general overview describing the various methods available for this task has already been published. This review focuses in depth on the research findings available on the technique of measuring masticatory performance by means of color-changeable chewing gum. Described are the mechanism and the differentiability of the color change and methods to evaluate the color changes. Subsequently, research on masticatory performance is conducted with regard to patient age groups, the impact of general diseases and the effect of prosthetic and surgical treatment. RESULTS The studies indicate that color-changeable chewing gum is a valid and reliable method for the evaluation of masticatory function. CONCLUSION Apart from other methods, in clinical practice this technique can enhance dental diagnostics as well as the assessment of therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcus Oliver Ahlers
- CMD-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hamburg, Germany
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Kubo KY, Iinuma M, Chen H. Mastication as a Stress-Coping Behavior. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:876409. [PMID: 26090453 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress induces various physical and mental effects that may ultimately lead to disease. Stress-related disease has become a global health problem. Mastication (chewing) is an effective behavior for coping with stress, likely due to the alterations chewing causes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Mastication under stressful conditions attenuates stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and catecholamines, as well as the expression of stress-related substances, such as neurotrophic factors and nitric oxide. Further, chewing reduces stress-induced changes in central nervous system morphology, especially in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In rodents, chewing or biting on wooden sticks during exposure to various stressors reduces stress-induced gastric ulcer formation and attenuates spatial cognitive dysfunction, anxiety-like behavior, and bone loss. In humans, some studies demonstrate that chewing gum during exposure to stress decreases plasma and salivary cortisol levels and reduces mental stress, although other studies report no such effect. Here, we discuss the neuronal mechanisms that underline the interactions between masticatory function and stress-coping behaviors in animals and humans.
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Yamada K, Narimatsu Y, Ono Y, Sasaguri KI, Onozuka M, Kawata T, Yamamoto T. Chewing suppresses the stress-induced increase in the number of pERK-immunoreactive cells in the periaqueductal grey. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:43-8. [PMID: 25980997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chewing under immobilization stress on the periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter using phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) as a marker of responding cells. Immobilization stress increased pERK-immunoreactive cells in the PAG. Among four subdivisions of the PAG, the increase of immunoreactive cells was remarkable in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions. However, increase of pERK-immunoreactive cells by the immobilization stress was not so evident in the dorsomedial and lateral subdivisions. The chewing under immobilization stress prevented the stress-induced increase of pERK-immunoreactive cells in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions with statistical significances (p<0.05). Again, chewing effects on pERK-immunoreactive cells were not visible in the dorsomedial and lateral subdivisions. These results suggest that the chewing alleviates the PAG (dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions) responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Brain Functions and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yuri Narimatsu
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Sasaguri
- Department of Oral Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- Nittai Jyusei Medical College for Judo Therapeutics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Kawata
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Brain Functions and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan.
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Chen HJC, Spiers JG, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Response of the nitrergic system to activation of the neuroendocrine stress axis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25653586 PMCID: PMC4300918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful stimuli causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which rapidly releases high concentrations of glucocorticoid stress hormones, resulting in increased cellular metabolism and spontaneous oxygen and nitrogen radical formation. High concentrations of nitrogen radicals, including nitric oxide, cause damage to cellular proteins in addition to inhibiting components of the mitochondrial transport chain, leading to cellular energy deficiency. During stress exposure, pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide production reduces indicators of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in animal models. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to present an overview of the current literature on stress-evoked changes in the nitrergic system, particularly within neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Saruta J, To M, Hayashi T, Kawashima R, Shimizu T, Kamata Y, Kato M, Takeuchi M, Tsukinoki K. Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and stress in saliva and salivary glands. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Orthlieb J, Tran T, Camoin A, Mantout B. Propositions for a cognitive behavioral approach to bruxism management. J Stomat Occ Med 2013; 6:6-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12548-012-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Helmreich DL, Tylee D, Christianson JP, Kubala KH, Govindarajan ST, O'Neill WE, Becoats K, Watkins L, Maier SF. Active behavioral coping alters the behavioral but not the endocrine response to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1941-8. [PMID: 22578266 PMCID: PMC3358794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stressors typically causes lasting changes in emotionality and behavior. However, coping strategies have been shown to prevent and alleviate many stress consequences and the biological mechanisms that underlie coping are of great interest. Whereas the laboratory stressor inescapable tail-shock induces anxiety-like behaviors, here we demonstrate that permitting a rat to chew on a wooden dowel during administration of tail-shock prevented the development of anxiety like behaviors in the open field and juvenile social exploration tests. Uncontrollable stressors increase corticosterone and decrease thyroid hormone, and we hypothesized that coping would blunt these changes. While tail-shock did produce these effects, active coping did not alter hormone levels. The dissociation between behavioral resilience and circulating hormones is discussed with regard to the utility of these molecules as biomarkers for psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Helmreich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Tsukinoki K, Saruta J. Role of stress-related brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the rat submandibular gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:261-7. [PMID: 23209335 PMCID: PMC3496862 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) family comprises NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophins (NTs)-3, -4/5, -6 and -7, all of which are collectively referred to as neurotrophins. However, the expression of neurotrophins other than NGF in the salivary gland has not been described in detail. Through interaction with the TrkB receptor, BDNF plays an important role in long-term potentiation. We found that BDNF expression increased within submandibular gland tissue in response to stress, suggesting that the salivary glands are sensitive to stress. In addition, stress caused increases in plasma BDNF derived from the submandibular gland and in TrkB receptor mRNA in the adrenal medulla. Plasma BDNF might activate TrkB receptors in the adrenal medulla during acute stress. The salivary glands are likely to influence not only oral health, but also systemic organs. This review addressed the relationship between hormone-like effects and stress-related BDNF expression in the rat submandibular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Juri Saruta
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School, Kanagawa Dental College
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Miyake S, Wada-Takahashi S, Honda H, Takahashi SS, Sasaguri K, Sato S, Lee MC. Stress and chewing affect blood flow and oxygen levels in the rat brain. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1491-7. [PMID: 23063255 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mastication, including chewing, would be of great importance not only for food intake, but also for the mental, physical and physiological functioning of the body. Our study showed that mastication, especially chewing, suppresses the stress response and was regarded as a biological response to defend against various stresses. Although mastication altered brain function during stress, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. METHODS The effects of chewing during restraint stress on blood flow and oxygen partial pressure (PO(2)) levels in the rat amygdala and hypothalamus were measured using laser Doppler flowmetry and O(2)-selective electrodes. RESULTS Amygdaloidal and hypothalamic blood flow were not affected by restraint stress, but PO(2) levels were significantly reduced by restraint stress for 180 min compared to unrestrained control rats. The decrease in amygdaloidal and hypothalamic PO(2) levels during restraint stress was reduced after chewing for 30 min. CONCLUSION These results suggested that it is possible to evaluate hypothalamic and amygdaloidal blood flow and PO(2) levels in rat brains during restraint stress. Restraint stress reduced cerebral PO(2) levels. In addition, chewing would lead to increased blood flow and to recover cerebral PO(2) levels.
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Dunn-Lewis C, Luk HY, Comstock BA, Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Kupchak BR, Watts AM, Putney BJ, Hydren JR, Volek JS, Denegar CR, Kraemer WJ. The effects of a customized over-the-counter mouth guard on neuromuscular force and power production in trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1085-93. [PMID: 22290521 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824b4d5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although mouth guards were originally designed for injury prevention, even elite athletes are now using performance mouth guards to improve athletic success. Both expensive custom models and over-the-counter models are available, but the efficacy is not well known. Some athletes remain wary of the perceived potential for detriments using a mouth guard to their performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine various physical performance tests when using a mouth guard including a customized over-the-counter mouth guard. Twenty-six trained men (25 ± 4 years; 1.78 ± 0.07 m; 83.3 ± 11.4 kg) and 24 trained women (23 ± 3 years; 1.65 ± 0.08 m; 62.6 ± 7.8 kg) volunteered for the investigation. The subjects completed a familiarization period and then balanced and randomized treatment conditions that included: (a) a customized Power Balance performance mouth guard (PB MG); (b) a regular over the counter boil-and-bite mouth guard (Reg MG); and (c) a no mouth guard (No MG) treatment condition. At each visit, the subjects completed a testing protocol that was sequenced in the following order: sit-and-reach flexibility, medial-lateral balance, visual reaction time, vertical jump, 10-m sprint, bench throw, and plyo press power quotient (3PQ). Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded around the 3PQ. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Expected significant sex differences existed for all power, strength, and speed variables. Bench throw power (watts) and force (newtons) were significantly higher under PB MG than either Reg MG or No MG or in both men and women. The 3PQ power and force production were higher than that for the other 2 treatments for the PB MG for men only. There were no significant differences for treatment conditions in the heart rate or RPE after the 3PQ test. Men were better able to maintain significantly higher 3PQ power production under PB MG treatment condition compared with the other 2 treatment conditions. Rate of power development was significantly higher in men for the vertical jump when using the PB MG compared with that for other treatment conditions in men only. No differences were observed in flexibility, balance, visual reaction time, or sprint time. The PB MG performance mouth guard improves performance of upper-body loaded power exercises in both men and women and lower body power exercise in men without compromising performance on any other performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtenay Dunn-Lewis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Sasaguri KI, Yoshikawa G, Yamada K, Miyake S, Kubo KY, Yamamoto T. Combination of chewing and stress up-regulates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor in contrast to the increase of mineralocorticoid receptor under stress only. Neurosci Lett 2012; 519:20-5. [PMID: 22579827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In general, acute immobilization stress increases plasma corticosterone levels that signal the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus perform crucial roles in this feedback mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chewing under stress on the rat hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors by immunohistochemistry. We separated rats into a control group, a 2-h immobilization stress group (stress only group), and a 2-h immobilization stress group that was allowed to chew on a wooden stick for the latter 1h (stress with chewing group). Mineralocorticoid receptor immunoreactive cells with nucleus staining in the hippocampal CA1 area were scattered in the pyramidal cell layer. The stress only group showed the densest distribution of immunoreactive cells; however, the density of the immunoreactive cells in the stress with chewing group was similar to that of the control group. Changes in immunoreactive cell density were not visible in other areas of the hippocampus, namely, the CA3 area and dentate gyrus. Image analysis indicated that the increase in the mineralocorticoid receptor immunoreactive area within a fixed area in the stress only group was statistically significant compared with those in the control group and the stress with chewing group. On the other hand, glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactive cells in the CA1 area seemed to be increased in the stress with chewing group, but not in the stress only group. Image analysis indicated that this increase was statistically significant. These results suggest that immobilization and immobilization with chewing differentially affect these two types of glucocorticoid receptors in the rat hippocampus. Considering that chewing has alleviative effects against stress, glucocorticoid receptor elevation in the hippocampal CA1 area is one of the neuronal mechanisms of coping with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Sasaguri
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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Abstract
We used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose small-animal positron-emission tomography to determine whether different styles of coping with stress are associated with different patterns of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus. Adult rats were subjected to immobilization (IMO)-stress or to a non-immobilized condition for 30 min, in random order on separate days, each of which was followed by brain-scanning. Some rats in the immobilized condition were allowed to actively cope with the stress by chewing a wooden stick during IMO, while the other immobilized rats were given nothing to chew on. Voxel-based statistical analysis of the brain imaging data shows that chewing counteracted the stress-induced increased glucose uptake in the hypothalamus to the level of the non-immobilized condition. Region-of-interest analysis of the glucose uptake values further showed that chewing significantly suppressed stress-induced increased glucose uptake in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the anterior hypothalamic area but not in the lateral hypothalamus. Together with the finding that the mean plasma corticosterone concentration at the termination of the IMO was also significantly suppressed when rats had an opportunity to chew a wooden stick, our results showed that active coping by chewing inhibited the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce the endocrine stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Ono
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Miyake S, Yoshikawa G, Yamada K, Sasaguri K, Yamamoto T, Onozuka M, Sato S. Chewing ameliorates stress-induced suppression of spatial memory by increasing glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2012; 1446:34-9. [PMID: 22353752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chewing alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and improves the ability to cope with stress in rodents. Given that stress negatively influences hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, we aimed to elucidate whether masticatory movements, namely chewing, improve the stress-induced impairment of spatial memory in conjunction with increased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to restraint stress by immobilization for 2h: the stress with chewing (SC) group were allowed to chew on a wooden stick during the latter half of the immobilization period, whereas the stress without chewing (ST) group were not allowed to do so. Performance in the Morris water maze test was significantly impaired in the ST group compared with the SC group. Further, the numbers of glucocorticoid receptor immunopositive neurons in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 region were significantly lower in the ST group than in the control and SC groups. The control and SC rats showed no significant differences in both the water maze performance and the numbers of glucocorticoid receptor-immunopositive neurons. The immunohistochemical finding correlated with the performance in the water maze test. These results suggest that chewing is a behavioral mechanism to cope with stress by increasing hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression.
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Zhang M, Hasegawa Y, Sakagami J, Ono T, Hori K, Maeda Y, Chen YJ. Effects of unilateral jaw clenching on cerebral/systemic circulation and related autonomic nerve activity. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dzambazova EB, Landzhov BV, Bocheva AI, Bozhilova-Pastirova AA. Effects of D-kyotorphin on nociception and NADPH-d neurons in rat's periaqueductal gray after immobilization stress. Amino Acids 2011; 41:937-44. [PMID: 21046177 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
D-kyotorphin (D-Kyo) is a synthetic analogue of the neuropeptide kyotorphin and produces naloxone reversible analgesia. Stress-induced analgesia (SIA) is an in-built mammalian pain-suppression response that occurs during or following exposure to a stressful stimulus. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is implicated as a critical site for processing strategies for coping with different types of stress and pain and NO affects its activity. The objectives of the present study were twofold: (1) to examine the effects of D-Kyo (5 mg/kg) on acute immobilization SIA; (2) to investigate the effect of peptide on NO activity in rat PAG after the stress procedure mentioned above. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally in male Wistar rats. The nociception was measured by the paw pressure and hot plate tests. A histochemical procedure for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-reactive neurons was used as indirect marker of NO activity. Our results revealed that D-Kyo has modulating effects on acute immobilization stress-induced analgesia in rats may be by opioid and non-opioid systems. Although D-Kyo is incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier it showed an increased number of NADPH-d reactive neurons in dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) in control but not in stressed groups. We may speculate that the effect of D-Kyo in the brain is due to structural and functional interaction between opioidergic and NO-ergic systems or D-Kyo appears itself as a stressor. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms of its action.
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Kubo KY, Ichihashi Y, Kurata C, Iinuma M, Mori D, Katayama T, Miyake H, Fujiwara S, Tamura Y. Masticatory function and cognitive function. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2010; 87:135-140. [PMID: 21174943 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.87.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggest that masticatory (chewing) function is useful for maintaining neurocognitive function in the elderly. For example, a reduced ability to masticate, such as that resulting from toothlessness or soft-diet feeding, causes learning and memory deficits in aged animals and pathologic changes in the hippocampus. In addition, occlusal disharmony impairs hippocampal memory processes via chronic stress, and induces similar hippocampal pathology. Chewing, however, rescues stress-induced suppression of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and the stress-induced impairment of hippocampal-dependent learning. These findings strongly suggest a link between mastication and neurocognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ya Kubo
- Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi 476-8588, Japan.
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Saruta J, Kondo Y, Sato C, Shiiki N, Tsukinoki K, Sato S. Salivary glands as the source of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stressed rats engaged in biting behavior. Stress 2010; 13:238-47. [PMID: 20392195 DOI: 10.3109/10253890903296728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is crucial for the survival and differentiation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recently, BDNF has been reported to exert broader biological activity on non-neural cells. A previous study examined the effect of immobilization stress on BDNF and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B in male rat submandibular glands. In the present study, we found that the rat submandibular gland is the major source of plasma BDNF during acute immobilization stress. Biting modulates the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF in the rat hippocampus, so we also investigated whether the plasma BDNF concentration is influenced by biting. Two hours of acute immobilization stress significantly increased the amount of BDNF mRNA within the rat submandibular glands. Moreover, allowing biting behavior for the second half of the 2-h stress exposure significantly increased the amount of salivary gland BDNF mRNA relative to stress alone. Similar results were found with plasma BDNF concentrations under the same conditions. We confirmed that biting during stress attenuates the increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone concentrations, but this was not dependent on the submandibular glands. Increased BDNF, mRNA and protein expressions were observed in salivary duct cells as a result of immobilization stress and biting behavior, as demonstrated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Taken together, the findings indicate that the submandibular glands evidently contribute to the increase in plasma BDNF upon biting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Saruta
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental College, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Research in animals and humans has shown that mastication maintains cognitive function in the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. Reduced mastication, an epidemiological risk factor for the development of dementia in humans, attenuates spatial memory and causes hippocampal neurons to deteriorate morphologically and functionally, especially in aged animals. Active mastication rescues the stress-attenuated hippocampal memory process in animals and attenuates the perception of stress in humans by suppressing endocrinological and autonomic stress responses. Active mastication further improves the performance of sustained cognitive tasks by increasing the activation of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the brain regions that are essential for cognitive processing. Abnormal mastication caused by experimental occlusal disharmony in animals produces chronic stress, which in turn suppresses spatial learning ability. The negative correlation between mastication and corticosteroids has raised the hypothesis that the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by masticatory stimulation contributes, in part, to preserving cognitive functions associated with mastication. In the present review, we examine research pertaining to the mastication-induced amelioration of deficits in cognitive function, its possible relationship with the HPA axis, and the neuronal mechanisms that may be involved in this process in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ono
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan.
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26
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Sato C, Sato S, Takashina H, Ishii H, Onozuka M, Sasaguri K. Bruxism affects stress responses in stressed rats. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:153-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Weissman BA, Sottas CM, Holmes M, Zhou P, Iadecola C, Hardy DO, Ge RS, Hardy MP. Normal responses to restraint stress in mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:614-20. [PMID: 19304728 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.108.007443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal changes associated with immobilization stress (IMO) include a swift increase in corticosterone (CORT) concentration and a decrease in circulating testosterone (T) levels. There is evidence that the production of the short-lived neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO) is increased during stress in various tissues, including the brain. NO also suppresses the biosynthesis of T. Both the inducible and the neuronal isoforms of NO synthase (iNOS and nNOS, respectively) have been implicated in this suppression, but the evidence has not been conclusive. We used adult wild-type (WT) and nNOS knockout male mice (nNOS-/-) to assess the respective roles of CORT and nNOS-derived NO in stress mediated inhibition of T production. Animals were assigned to either basal control or 3-hour IMO groups. No difference in basal plasma and testicular T levels were observed between WT and nNOS-/-, although testicular weights of mutant mice were slightly lower compared to WT animals. The plasma contents of luteinizing hormone (LH) and CORT in unstressed mice of both genotypes were similar. Exposure to 3 hours of IMO increased plasma CORT and decreased T concentrations in mice of both genotypes. However, comparable levels of plasma LH and testicular nitrite and nitrate (NOx), NO stable metabolites, were detected in control and stressed WT and nNOS-/- mice. Adrenal concentrations of NOx declined after IMO, but the reduction was not statistically significant. These findings implicate CORT rather than NO generated by nNOS in the rapid stress-induced suppression of circulating T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Weissman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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Okamura M, Yoshida A, Saruta J, Tsukinoki K, Sasaguri K, Sato S. Effect of bruxism-like activity on the salivary Chromogranin A as a stress marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 105:33-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00715-008-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee T, Saruta J, Sasaguri K, Sato S, Tsukinoki K. Allowing animals to bite reverses the effects of immobilization stress on hippocampal neurotrophin expression. Brain Res 2007; 1195:43-9. [PMID: 18191115 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute immobilization stress alters the expression of neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in rat hippocampus. We found that biting may be associated with reduction of systemic stress responses. The purpose of this study was to examine whether neurotrophin expression in rat hippocampus is influenced by biting. Rats were exposed to immobilization stress for 2 h (stress group without biting) or biting for the latter half of 2-hour immobilization stress (biting group). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels were markedly elevated in the stress group, while the increases in ACHT and corticosterone were suppressed in the biting group. Decreased BDNF mRNA and increased NT-3 mRNA expression in hippocampus were detected on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the stress group. The decrease in BDNF mRNA under acute immobilization stress was recovered by biting. In addition, the magnitude of increase in NT-3 mRNA was decreased. No changes in expression of tyrosine receptor kinase B or C, the receptors for BDNF and NT-3, respectively, were observed in this model. These findings suggest that biting influences the alterations in neurotrophin levels induced by acute immobilization stress in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeki Lee
- Department of Craniofacial Growth and Development Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental College, Japan
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31
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Okada S, Hori N, Kimoto K, Onozuka M, Sato S, Sasaguri K. Effects of biting on elevation of blood pressure and other physiological responses to stress in rats: Biting may reduce allostatic load. Brain Res 2007; 1185:189-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sarkar S, Zaretskaia MV, Zaretsky DV, Moreno M, DiMicco JA. Stress- and lipopolysaccharide-induced c-fos expression and nNOS in hypothalamic neurons projecting to medullary raphe in rats: a triple immunofluorescent labeling study. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2228-38. [PMID: 17927775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (rRP) have been proposed to mediate experimental stress-induced tachycardia and fever in rats, and projections from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) may signal their activation in these settings. Thus, we examined c-fos expression evoked by air jet/restraint stress and restraint stress or by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/kg and 100 microg/kg) as well as the distribution of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in neurons retrogradely labeled from the raphe with cholera toxin B in key hypothalamic regions. Many neurons in the medial preoptic area and the dorsal area of the DMH were retrogradely labeled, and approximately half of those in the medial preoptic area and moderate numbers in the dorsal DMH were also positive for nNOS. Either stress paradigm or dose of lipopolysaccharide increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons and nNOS/c-fos double-labeled neurons in all regions examined. However, retrogradely labeled neurons positive for c-fos were increased only in the dorsal DMH and adjoining region in both stressed and lipopolysaccharide-treated groups, and triple-labeled neurons were found only in this area in rats subjected to either stress paradigm. Thus, hypothalamic neurons that project to the rRP and express c-fos in response to either experimental stress or systemic inflammation are found only in the dorsal DMH, and many of those activated by stress contain nNOS, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a role in signaling in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
The reasons for unconscious teeth clenching have not been clarified. The long-term goal of our project was the elucidation of processing in the brain immediately before unconscious teeth clenching, in order to clarify its significance in humans. The objective of the present study was to establish a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) method of measuring brain activity immediately before clenching, and to clarify the time-course of brain activity immediately before conscious clenching. We measured the MEG signal in six subjects before, during and after clenching in a protocol that restricted head movement <5 mm. We derived tomographic estimates of brain activity for each time slice of data, as well as time courses for regional brain activations. Analysis of the tomographic images and time courses yielded statistical maps of activity in the motor, pre-motor and somatosensory cortices immediately before clenching in all subjects. Activations were found bilaterally, but with a strong unilateral bias in most subjects. Our results demonstrate that the MEG procedures, we have introduced are capable of measuring brain activity immediately before clenching, and indicate that analysis should begin from at least 200 ms before electromyogram onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- Clinical Pathology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Tsukinoki K, Saruta J, Sasaguri K, Miyoshi Y, Jinbu Y, Kusama M, Sato S, Watanabe Y. Immobilization stress induces BDNF in rat submandibular glands. J Dent Res 2007; 85:844-8. [PMID: 16931869 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes survival and differentiation of the cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. BDNF has been identified in non-neural tissue, including the heart, lung, platelets, lymphocytes, and lacrimal glands. Immobilization stress modifies BDNF mRNA expression in some organs. The present study examines the effect of immobilization stress on BDNF, and its receptor TrkB, in male rat submandibular glands. Increased BDNF mRNA and protein expression were observed in duct cells as a result of immobilization stress, as demonstrated by real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and analysis by microdissection. TrkB mRNA was not detected in salivary gland tissue, or oral or esophageal mucosa, by RT-PCR. Rat submandibular gland was thus identified as an organ which expresses BDNF. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that increased salivary BDNF expression occurs following immobilization stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukinoki
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology, Kanagawa Dental College, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
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