Diabetic kidney disease: update on clinical management and non-glycaemic effects of newer medications for type 2 diabetes

Impact of metformin on cardiovascular and kidney outcome based on kidney function status in type 2 diabetic patients: a multicentric, retrospective cohort study

Metformin is the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to its effectiveness in improving clinical outcomes in patients with preserved renal function, however, the evidence on the effectiveness of metformin in various renal functions is lacking. We performed a retrospective, multicenter, observational study used data of patients with T2DM obtained from three tertiary hospitals' databases. Patients given metformin within run-in periods and with at least one additional prescription formed the metformin cohort. A control cohort comprised those prescribed oral hypoglycemic agents other than metformin and never subsequently received a metformin prescription within observation period. For patients without diabetic nephropathy (DN), the outcomes included events of DN, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and major adverse kidney events (MAKE). After 1:1 propensity matching, 1994 individuals each were selected for the metformin and control cohorts among T2DM patients without baseline DN. The incidence rate ratios (IRR) for DN, MACEs, and MAKEs between cohorts were 1.06 (95% CI 0.96-1.17), 0.76 (0.64-0.92), and 0.45 (0.33-0.62), respectively. In cohorts with renal function of CKD 3A, 3B, and 4, summarized IRRs of MACEs and MAKEs were 0.70 (0.57-0.87) and 0.39 (0.35-0.43) in CKD 3A, 0.83 (0.74-0.93) and 0.44 (0.40-0.48) in CKD 3B, and 0.71 (0.60-0.85) and 0.45 (0.39-0.51) in CKD 4. Our research indicates that metformin use in T2DM patients across various renal functions consistently correlates with a decreased risk of overt DN, MACE, and MAKE.

Kunxian capsule alleviates podocyte injury and proteinuria by inactivating β-catenin in db/db mice

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally, but treatment options are limited. Kunxian capsule (KXC) has been utilized for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and IgA nephropathy in China. However, its effect on DKD remains poorly investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the protective effect of KXC in db/db mice and elucidate its underlying mechanism.

Methods

The renoprotective effects of KXC were assessed in a DKD mouse model using male BKS db/db diabetic mice. After 8 weeks of treatment, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), blood biochemical parameters, renal histopathological manifestation, and podocyte ultrastructural changes were evaluated. Additionally, the expression of podocyte epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers [WT1, ZO-1, and collogen I (Col1a1)] was quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the role of KXC in the β-catenin signaling pathway to elucidate the underlying mechanism of KXC's renoprotective effect.

Results

KXC treatment effectively reduced albuminuria and attenuated renal structural abnormalities in db/db mice. Additionally, KXC restored the protein and mRNA expression of WT1 and ZO-1 while suppressing the expression of Col1a1 in db/db mice, indicating its ability to alleviate podocyte EMT. Mechanistically, KXC exerted a significant suppressive effect on the activation of β-catenin signaling in diabetic kidneys.

Conclusion

KXC has the potential to protect podocytes during DKD by alleviating podocyte EMT through inactivating β-catenin signaling.

Protective effect of Cordyceps sinensis against diabetic kidney disease through promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells

BACKGROUND

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has mainly been considered as a glomerular disease. Our previous study showed that the progression of DKD was highly correlated with the dysfunction of renal proximal tubular cells. Fermented Cordyceps sinensis (CS), a substitute for natural CS, is a prominent herb widely used in China, and has exhibited excellent efficacy on DKD. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

METHODS

The database analysis was used to identify the main therapeutic targets and pathways of CS involved in DKD treatment. Next, the protective effects of fermented CS on high glucose (HG, 30 mM) induced HK-2 cell injury was validated through cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, including CCK-8, EdU and TUNEL. Finally, quantitative real‑time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to verify key target genes.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that 9 main targets (RELA, JNK1, PTEN, VEGFA, EGF, ERK2, CASP3, AKT1, MMP9) were recognized as key therapeutic targets with excellent binding affinity screened by database analysis and molecular docking. The biological processes were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, which appeared mainly involved in the positive regulation of cell proliferation as well as the negative regulation of apoptosis. The verification experiments in vitro revealed that fermented CS significantly attenuated the HG-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and promoted the proliferation of HK-2 cells. Moreover, fermented CS significantly downregulated the expressions of Bax, Caspase-3, VEGFA, P-AKT and P-ERK, and upregulated the expression of PTEN compared with that of HG group.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that the fermented CS has nephroprotective effects significantly, which functions via promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells, likely by targeting Caspase-3, Bax, VEGFA and PTEN. Furthermore, AKT and ERK signaling pathway may be the critical mechanisms underlying the efficacy of fermented CS in DKD treatment.

Long-term effectiveness of a disease management program to prevent diabetic nephropathy: a propensity score matching analysis using administrative data in Japan

BACKGROUND

Existing reviews indicated that disease management for patients with diabetes may be effective in achieving better health outcomes with less resource utilization in the short term. However, the long-term results were inconsistent because of the heterogeneous nature of the study designs. In the present study, we evaluated the 5-year follow-up results of a local disease management program focused on diabetic nephropathy prevention under the universal public health insurance scheme in Japan.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes who had stage 3 or 4 diabetic kidney disease and were aged between 20 and 75 years were invited to join a disease management program to support self-management and receive a recommended treatment protocol between 2011 and 2013. Follow-up data were collected from an electronic claims database for the public insurance scheme. Considering the non-random selection process, we prepared two control groups matched by estimated propensity scores to compare the incidence of diabetes-related complications, death, and resource utilization.

RESULTS

The treatment group was more likely to receive clinical management in accordance with the guideline-recommended medication. After propensity score matching, the treatment group had lower incidence of diabetic nephropathy and emergency care use than the control group selected from a beneficiary pool mainly under primary care. Comparisons between the treatment group and the control group with more selected clinical conditions did not show differences in the incidence rate and resource utilization.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results demonstrated limited effectiveness of the program for reducing complication incidence and resource utilization during the 5-year follow-up. Further research on the long-term effectiveness of co-management by primary care physicians, subspecialists in endocrinology and nephrology, and nurse educators is required for effective management of diabetes-related nephropathy.

HbA1c as Early Warning Complications of Kidney Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease is closely related to diabetes. Basic information about the treatment and physical condition of diabetic patients should be analyzed to provide further evidence of prevention. Based on the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among patients with renal failure, there is a great need to learn more about its prevention and management including laboratory diagnostic tests because HbA1c levels are directly proportional to blood glucose levels. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of HbA1c levels on creatinine levels in patients with Type 2 DM. METHODS: This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 38 DM patients who had their diagnosis confirmed using consecutive sampling techniques. According to the healthcare centre’s data, the respondent’s blood sample was taken at the respondent’s house, and the HbA1c and creatinine levels were tested in the laboratory. Data analysis using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that there is no relationship between HbA1c levels and the incidence of kidney failure with p = 0.588, OR 0.658. CONCLUSION: This research showed that there was no relationship between HbA1c levels with the incidence of kidney failure.

Personalized Type 2 Diabetes Management: An Update on Recent Advances and Recommendations

Previous guidelines for the treatment of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have relied heavily upon rigid algorithms for the sequential addition of pharmacotherapies to achieve target glycemic control. More recent guidelines advocate a personalized approach for diabetes treatment, to improve patient satisfaction, quality of life, medication adherence and overall health outcomes. Clinicians should work with patients to develop personalized goals for their treatment, including targeted glycemic control, weight management, prevention and treatment of associated comorbidities and avoidance of complications such as hypoglycemia. Factors that affect the intensity of treatment and choice of pharmacotherapy should include medical and patient influences. Medical considerations include the diabetes phenotype, biomarkers including genetic tests, and the presence of comorbidities such as cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic disease. Patient factors include their treatment preference, age and life expectancy, diabetes duration, hypoglycemia fear and unawareness, psychological and social circumstances. The use of a personalized approach in the management of people with T2D can reduce the cost and failure associated with the algorithmic "one-size-fits-all" approach, to anticipate disease progression, improve the response to diabetes pharmacotherapy and reduce the incidence of diabetes-associated complications. Ultimately, the use of personalized medicine in people with T2D should improve medication adherence, patient satisfaction and quality of life to reduce diabetes distress and improve physical health outcomes.

Fasting Glucose Variability as a Risk Indicator for End-Stage Kidney Disease in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Given the fact that diabetes remains a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), multi-aspect approaches anticipating the risk for ESKD and timely correction are crucial. We investigated whether fasting glucose variability (FGV) could anticipate the development of ESKD and identify the population prone to the harmful effects of GV. We included 777,192 Koreans with diabetes who had undergone health examinations more than three times in 2005-2010. We evaluated the risk of the first diagnosis of ESKD until 2017, according to the quartile of variability independent of the mean (VIM) of FG using multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards analyses. During the 8-year follow-up, a total of 7290 incidents of ESKD were found. Subjects in the FG VIM quartile 4 had a 27% higher risk for ESKD compared to quartile 1, with adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and the characteristics of diabetes. This effect was more distinct in patients aged < 65 years; those with a long duration of diabetes; the presence of hypertension or dyslipidemia; and prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylurea, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin. In contrast, the relationship between baseline FG status and ESKD risk showed a U-shaped association. FGV is an independent risk factor for kidney failure regardless of FG.