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Zhou J, Wu Q, Pan P, Xiong H, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Tang T. A Shear-Stiffening Mouthguard with Excellent Shock Absorption Capability and Remoldability via a Dynamic Dual Network. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:1694-1702. [PMID: 38373327 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Mouthguards are used to reduce injuries and the probability of them to orofacial tissues when impacted during sports. However, the usage of a mouthguard is low due to the discomfort caused by the thickness of the mouthguard. Herein, we have constructed a dynamic dual network to fabricate a shear-stiffening mouthguard with remoldability, which are called remoldable shear-stiffening mouthguards (RSSMs). Based on diboron/oxygen dative bonds, RSSMs show a shear-stiffening effect and excellent shock absorption ability, which can absorb more than 90% of the energy of a blank. Even reducing the thickness to half, RSSMs can reduce approximately 25% of the transmitted force and elongate by about 1.6-fold the buffer time compared to commercial mouthguard materials (Erkoflex and Erkoloc-pro). What is more, owing to the dynamic dual network, RSSMs show good remolding performance with unchanged shear-stiffening behavior and impact resistance, which conforms to the existing vacuum thermoforming mode. In addition, RSSMs exhibit stability in artificial saliva and biocompatibility. In conclusion, this work will broaden the range of mouthguard materials and offer a platform to apply shear-stiffening materials to biomedical applications and soft safeguarding devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiyue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yafei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Mańka-Malara K, Szerszeń M, Górski B, Tanabe G, Ueno T, Mierzwińska-Nastalska E. Disinfection and Isotonic Drinks' Influence on Hardness and Color Stability of Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate Copolymer Mouthguards Used in Martial Arts: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081822. [PMID: 37111969 PMCID: PMC10146693 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the hardness and color change of an ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) material for mouthguards after exposition to different cleaning agent solutions and isotonic drinks. Four hundred samples were prepared and divided into four equinumerous groups (n = 100), in which there were 25 samples from each color of EVA (red, green, blue and white). The hardness, using the digital durometer, and the color coordinates (CIE L*a*b*), using the digital colorimeter, were measured before the first exposition and after 3 months of exposition to spray disinfection and incubation in the oral cavity temperature, or immersion in isotonic drinks. The values of Shore A hardness (HA) and color change (ΔE-calculated by Euclidean distance) were statistically analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple comparison ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis and appropriate post-hoc tests. Statistically significant changes in color and hardness between the tested groups were demonstrated after the use of agents predestined for disinfecting the surface of mouthguards on the tested samples. There were no statistically significant differences in color and hardness between the groups immersed in isotonic sport drinks potentially consumed by competitors practicing combat sports using mouthguards. Despite the changes in color and hardness after the use of disinfectants, the deviations were minor and limited to specific colors of the EVA plates. The intake of isotonic drinks practically did not change either the color or the hardness of the samples, regardless of the tested color of the EVA plates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Szerszeń
- Department of Prosthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Górski
- Department of Periodontal and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gen Tanabe
- Department of Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ueno
- Department of Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Dentistry, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 350-0248, Saitama, Japan
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Petrini M, Di Lodovico S, Iezzi G, Cellini L, Tripodi D, Piattelli A, D'Ercole S. Photodynamic Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activity of a New Gel with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Infected Titanium Surfaces. Biomedicines 2022; 10:572. [PMID: 35327374 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a new gel containing aminolevulinic acid and red light (ALAD–PDI) was tested in order to counteract bacterial biofilm growth on different titanium implant surfaces. The varying antibacterial efficacy of ALAD–PDI against biofilm growth on several titanium surfaces was also evaluated. A total of 60 titanium discs (30 machined and 30 double-acid etched, DAE) were pre-incubated with saliva and then incubated for 24 h with Streptococcus oralis to form bacterial biofilm. Four different groups were distinguished: two exposed groups (MACHINED and DAE discs), covered with S. oralis biofilm and subjected to ALAD + PDI, and two unexposed groups, with the same surfaces and bacteria, but without the ALAD + PDI (positive controls). Negative controls were non-inoculated discs alone and combined with the gel (ALAD) without the broth cultures. After a further 24 h of anaerobic incubation, all groups were evaluated for colony-forming units (CFUs) and biofilm biomass, imaged via scanning electron microscope, and tested for cell viability via LIVE/DEAD analysis. CFUs and biofilm biomass had significantly higher presence on unexposed samples. ALAD–PDI significantly decreased the number of bacterial CFUs on both exposed surfaces, but without any statistically significant differences among them. Live/dead staining showed the presence of 100% red dead cells on both exposed samples, unlike in unexposed groups. Treatment with ALAD + red light is an effective protocol to counteract the S. oralis biofilm deposited on titanium surfaces with different tomography.
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Tanabe G, Churei H, Takeuchi Y, Hayashi K, Kanasaki A, Yoshida Y, Toma J, Araie Y, Ueno T. Antibacterial effect of a disinfectant spray for sports mouthguards on Streptococcus sobrinus. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021; 18:59. [PMID: 34497694 PMCID: PMC8404567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouthguard (MG) disinfectant sprays are available for maintaining MG hygiene. The effect of these sprays against Streptococcus sobrinus is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of an MG disinfectant spray against S. sobrinus using the modified ISO 22196 standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, we used the following treatment groups for antibacterial testing: MG spray-1 (left in spray for 30 s), MG spray-2 (60 s), and control (n = 4). All analyses were performed at a statistically significant level (P = 0.05) using JMP® 14. RESULTS The log colony-forming units of the MG spray-2 group were significantly lower than those of the other groups. The antibacterial activity of MG spray-2 against S. sobrinus was >2.1. CONCLUSION We confirmed the antibacterial effect of the MG spray against S. sobrinus, and it was influenced by the treatment duration, with the optimum effect at a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Tanabe
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Churei
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Hiroshi Churei, Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kairi Hayashi
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Kanasaki
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yoshida
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toma
- AGSA JAPAN CO., LTD 1-2-34 Tamatsukuri, Chuo-Ku, Japan
| | - Yosiaki Araie
- LITEC., Ltd 6-33 Minamibori-cho, Tennoji-Ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ueno
- Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsur N, Arbel Y, Abuhasira S, Permut Y, Lvovsky A, Protter N. A retrospective study of oral pathoses in Israeli military divers and non-divers: 2011-2020. Dent Traumatol 2021; 38:48-52. [PMID: 34197681 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving has grown tremendously as a recreational sport over the past decade. The pain divers experience due to barometric changes is referred to as barodontalgia, and it is known to cause various oral pathoses. Furthermore, divers suffer more frequently from temporomandibular disorders than non-divers. The aim of the study was to characterize oral pathoses between military divers and military non-divers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from the dental files of healthy Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers aged 18-40 years were collected retrospectively for the years 2011-2020. The data for subjects exposed to diving were compared to commando and special forces soldiers. RESULTS The study population was composed of 6398 soldiers, which included 1036 divers and 5362 non-divers. All participants were male, with a median age of 22 years (mean = 22.1 years). Overall, higher rates of faulty dental restorations were seen among divers than non-divers (9.3% vs. 6.7% p = .006). Temporomandibular disorders were more prevalent among divers, specifically Disc Displacement Without Reduction (DDWOR) (0.4% vs. 0.1% p = .003). While dental fractures showed no significant difference between divers and non-divers (3.8% vs. 3.5% p = 0.8), other oral injuries were nine times more prevalent among divers versus non-divers. CONCLUSION Military divers are, overall, at a higher risk of oral pathoses than non-divers. This may be related to the characteristics and intensity of their military service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Tsur
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tiqwa, Israel
| | - Yael Arbel
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Periodontology, "Sheba" Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shlomi Abuhasira
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Permut
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alex Lvovsky
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Noam Protter
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Orthodontics, "Sheba" Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Sliwkanich L, Ouanounou A. Mouthguards in dentistry: Current recommendations for dentists. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:661-671. [PMID: 34019343 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Properly fitted mouthguards reduce the risk and severity of orofacial injury, to both hard and soft tissues, preventing thousands of dollars of trauma management. In this review, findings from recent research will be evaluated to discuss the strengths and limitations of the different types of mouthguards, including their indications by sport. Design, ideal dimensions, and other characteristics will also be explored. Additionally, patient education and motivation will be examined, with a focus on the dentist's role in this regard. Finally, in addition to proper oral hygiene, the importance of proper mouthguard maintenance and evaluation will be discussed. This review will therefore be able to act as a guide for dentists looking to provide patients of all ages with personal protective equipment and stay up-to-date on recent developments in this branch of the sports dentistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sliwkanich
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aviv Ouanounou
- Department of Clinical Sciences (pharmacology & Preventive Dentistry), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tripodi D, Cosi A, Fulco D, D’Ercole S. The Impact of Sport Training on Oral Health in Athletes. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:51. [PMID: 34063591 PMCID: PMC8147607 DOI: 10.3390/dj9050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes' oral health appears to be poor in numerous sport activities and different diseases can limit athletic skills, both during training and during competitions. Sport activities can be considered a risk factor, among athletes from different sports, for the onset of oral diseases, such as caries with an incidence between 15% and 70%, dental trauma 14-70%, dental erosion 36%, pericoronitis 5-39% and periodontal disease up to 15%. The numerous diseases are related to the variations that involve the ecological factors of the oral cavity such as salivary pH, flow rate, buffering capability, total bacterial count, cariogenic bacterial load and values of secretory Immunoglobulin A. The decrease in the production of S-IgA and the association with an important intraoral growth of pathogenic bacteria leads us to consider the training an "open window" for exposure to oral cavity diseases. Sports dentistry focuses attention on the prevention and treatment of oral pathologies and injuries. Oral health promotion strategies are needed in the sports environment. To prevent the onset of oral diseases, the sports dentist can recommend the use of a custom-made mouthguard, an oral device with a triple function that improves the health and performance of athletes. During training, the sports dentist must monitor the athletes and the sports examination protocol must be implemented with the inclusion of the clinical examination, quantitative and qualitative analysis of saliva and instructions on the use, cleansing and storage of the mouthguard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simonetta D’Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.T.); (A.C.); (D.F.)
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Lucchese A, Bonini C, Noviello M, Lupo Stanghellini MT, Greco R, Peccatori J, Biella A, Tassi E, Beretta V, Ciceri F, Marcolina M, Gherlone E, Manuelli M. The Effect of Removable Orthodontic Appliances on Oral Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:2881. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background (1): Removable orthodontic appliances may favor plaque accumulation and oral microbe colonization. This might be associated with intraoral adverse effects on enamel or periodontal tissues. The proposed systematic review was carried out to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the microbiological changes occurring during orthodontic therapy with removable orthodontic appliances. Methods (2): PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source were searched. The research included every article published up to January 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Reporting Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and the “Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies” (SBU) method were adopted to conduct this systematic review. Results (3): The current study has a moderate evidence, demonstrating that removable appliances do influence the oral microbiota. Significant alterations occur just 15 days after the beginning of therapy, independently from the type of appliance. Furthermore, the levels of oral pathogens decrease significantly or even returned to pre-treatment levels several months later the therapy end. Conclusions (4): This review suggests that orthodontic treatment with removable appliances induces changes to oral microflora, but these alterations might not be permanent.
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Churei H, Tanabe G, Takeuchi Y, Hayashi K, Kanasaki A, Yoshida Y, Toma J, Araie Y, Ueno T. Antibacterial effect of a disinfectant spray for sports mouthguards on Streptococcus sobrinus. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.321870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Mummolo S, Nota A, Albani F, Marchetti E, Gatto R, Marzo G, Quinzi V, Tecco S. Salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli and other salivary indices in patients wearing clear aligners versus fixed orthodontic appliances: An observational study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228798. [PMID: 32330172 PMCID: PMC7182227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacilli, and other salivary indices in subjects wearing clear aligners (CA) in comparison with multibrackets orthodontic appliances (MB). MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 80 participants (46 males and 34 females) was included in the study: 40 subjects (aged 20.4±1.7 years) were treated with CA, and 40 (aged 21.3±1.7 years) were treated with MB. Plaque index (PI), salivary flow, buffering power of saliva, and salivary levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli were evaluated prior to start of orthodontic treatment (t0), after 3 months (t1) and 6 months (t2). RESULTS CA patients maintained PI at level 0 over time, while MB participants experienced a statistically significant increasing trend of PI over time. In addition, at t2, 37.5% of MB participants (15 subjects over 40) showed risky salivary levels (CFU/ml>105) of S. mutans (odds ratio = 7.40; 95% C.I. = 1.94-28.25; chi-square = 10.32; p = 0.001) as well as Lactobacilli (odds ratio = 23.40; 95% C.I. = 2.91-188.36; chi-square = 15.31; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Comparing all the data, subjects treated with CA achieved lower salivary microbial colonization after 6 months of treatment compared with MB. Different additional strategies for plaque control and salivary microbial colonization must be triggered considering the type of orthodontic appliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mummolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nota
- Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca Albani
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Gatto
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quinzi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Tecco
- Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Mummolo S, Tieri M, Nota A, Caruso S, Darvizeh A, Albani F, Gatto R, Marzo G, Marchetti E, Quinzi V, Tecco S. Salivary concentrations of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli during an orthodontic treatment. An observational study comparing fixed and removable orthodontic appliances. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 6:181-187. [PMID: 32250562 PMCID: PMC7133731 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate salivary concentrations of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and some Lactobacilli, and plaque index (PI) in patients wearing fixed versus removable orthodontic appliances. METHODS A sample of 90 orthodontic patients (56 males and 34 females) was included in the study: 30 subjects (aged 21.5±1.5 years) were treated with removable clear aligners (CA), while for other 30 cases (aged 23.3±1.6 years) a fixed multibrackets appliance (MB) were utilized, and 30 patients (aged 18.2 ±1.5 years) wearied a removable positioner (RP). Salivary concentrations of S. mutans and Lactobacilli and PI were evaluated prior to start of the orthodontic treatment, after 3 months and 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months, 40% of MB patients (12 subjects over 30) showed a concentration of S. mutans associated to high risk of developing tooth decay (CFU/ml>105 ), differently from participants wearing removable appliances (odds ratio = 5.05; 95% C.I. = 1.72-14.78; chi-square = 9.64; p = 0.0019). The same trens was observed for the concentration of Lactobacilli (odds ratio = 4.33; 95% C.I. = 1.53-12.3; chi-square = 8.229; p = 0.004). In addition, over the duration of the study, CA patients maintained PI at 0 level, while MB patients experienced a statistically significant increasing trend of PI over time, and their PI became clinically/statistically relevant after 6 months, respect to CA and RP patients. CONCLUSIONS Comparing all the data, while, after 6 months, only about 10% of CA patients and 13.3% of RP patients achieved a microbial colonization which may lead to high risk of caries development, about 40% of MB patients - and 20% after 3 months - showed a high level of vulnerability to developing caries, which require additional strategies for plaque control and microbial colonization to be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mummolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Marco Tieri
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity “G. D'Annunzio of Chieti‐PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Alessandro Nota
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
- Dental School, Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University and I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Silvia Caruso
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Atanaz Darvizeh
- Dental School, Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University and I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Albani
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Roberto Gatto
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Marzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Vincenzo Quinzi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Simona Tecco
- Dental School, Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University and I.R.C.C.S. San Raffaele HospitalMilanItaly
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D'Ercole S, Tieri M, Martinelli D, Ciaravino C, Fulco D, Tripodi D. Microbial Contamination and Disinfection of Sport Mouthguard: In Vitro Study. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:246-53. [PMID: 31813013 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouthguards in Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) should be sanitized to prevent alteration of oral microbiota. The present study determined, in vitro and by SEM observation, the decontaminating effect of different substances on EVA mouthguards previously contaminated with saliva and broth culture of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Candida albicans CH 34 (clinically isolated). Subsequently, the mouthguards were subjected to the following treatments: (A) Untreated; (B) 5 min with sterilized distilled water (H2O d); (C) 5 min with H2O2; (D) 5 min with a physiological solution; (E) toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste; (F) 5 min with 0.5% NaOCl; (G) 5 min with Oral Care Foam™; (H) 5 min with Bite Sept™. The highest efficacy against E. faecalis was demonstrated by H2O2 (84.19% bacterial load reduction). H2O2 and Oral Care Foam™ showed a greater reduction of salivary cell load. The highest efficacy against C. albicans was demonstrated by 0.5% NaOCl which caused a 92.95% reduction of cell load. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and the solution Oral Care Foam™ allowed to obtain an optimum disinfection of the mouthguard. SEM observation showed that different substances demonstrated a decontaminating effect decreasing the microbial communities on the EVA surface.
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Tripodi D, Fulco D, Beraldi A, Ripari P, Izzi G, D’Ercole S. Custom-Made Mouthguards: Electromyographic Analysis of Masticatory Muscles and Cardiopulmonary Tests in Athletes of Different Sports. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.114038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lucchese A, Bondemark L, Marcolina M, Manuelli M. Changes in oral microbiota due to orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1476645. [PMID: 29988826 PMCID: PMC6032020 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1476645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral microbiota has been at the center of cultural attention in recent years. In daily clinical practice, orthodontic appliances may be associated with an increased cariogenic risk and a worsening of preexisting periodontal diseases. Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate the available evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the quality and quantity of the oral microbiota. Design: The research included every article published up to October 2017 featuring the keywords 'Orthodontic appliance* AND (microbiological colonization OR periodontal pathogen* OR Streptococcus mutans OR Lactobacillus spp. OR Candida OR Tannerella forsythia OR Treponema denticola OR Fusobacterium nucleatum OR Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans OR Prevotella intermedia OR Prevotella nigrescens OR Porphyromonas gingivalis)' and was conducted in the major medical databases. The methodological quality of selected papers was scored using the 'Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies' (SBU) method. Results: Orthodontic appliances influence the oral microbiota with an increase in the counts of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. and in the percentage of potentially pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: There is moderate/high evidence regarding the association between orthodontic appliances and changes in the oral microbiota. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lucchese
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lars Bondemark
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmő University, Malmő, Sweden
| | - Marta Marcolina
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manuelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Research area in Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Almeida MH, Ceschim GV, Iorio NLPP, Póvoa HCC, Cajazeira MRR, Guimarães GS, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Influence of thickness, color, and polishing process of ethylene-vinyl-acetate sheets on surface roughness and microorganism adhesion. Dent Traumatol 2017; 34:51-57. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Hemerly Almeida
- Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University (UFF); Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Geovana Ventorim Ceschim
- CNPq/UFF Scientific Initiation; Fluminense Federal Fluminense (UFF); Nova Friburgo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Glaucio Serra Guimarães
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Nova Friburgo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Nova Friburgo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Nova Friburgo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Nagai K, Domon H, Oda M, Shirai T, Ohsumi T, Terao Y, Arai Y. Antimicrobial activity of ethylene-vinyl acetate containing bioactive filler against oral bacteria. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:784-790. [PMID: 28747597 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler, as a new mouthguard material for preventing intraoral bacterial infection. We examined its physical properties, antimicrobial activity against a major cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans and a periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, and its cytotoxicity toward human gingival epithelial cells. S-PRG filler was added to EVA copolymer at 5, 10, 20, or 40 wt% and was processed into disc-shaped test specimens. Only minor differences between the Shore hardness and rebound resilience properties of EVA materials with and without the S-PRG filler were observed. The specimens with S-PRG filler showed bacteriostatic activity toward S. mutans and P. gingivalis and inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation. No cytotoxicity against the gingival epithelial cells was observed. Our findings show that EVA containing S-PRG filler has antimicrobial activity toward pathogenic oral bacteria and may be an effective material for maintaining the oral health of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nagai
- Temporomandibular Joint Clinic, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tomoe Shirai
- Temporomandibular Joint Clinic, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital
| | - Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yoshiaki Arai
- Temporomandibular Joint Clinic, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital
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Abstract
a mouthguard, also known as a gumshield, mouth protector or sports guard is an appliance that covers the teeth and surrounding mucosa with the aim of preventing or reducing trauma to the teeth, gingival tissue, lips and jaws. The device is usually worn on the maxillary arch and works by separating the maxillary and mandibular dentition, protecting the teeth from the surrounding soft tissue, absorbing or redistributing shock and/or stabilising the mandible during traumatic jaw closure. They may also play a role in preventing and reducing concussion by absorbing impact forces that would otherwise be transmitted through the base of the skull to the brain, although the evidence for this is less conclusive. A mouthguard will usually fall into one of three categories: stock mouthguards (which are made ready to use and are believed to give the least protection), the mouth-formed or 'boil and bite' type (which are heated in hot water, placed in the mouth and moulded to the teeth) and custom-made mouthguards (which are usually made on a stone model of the maxillary teeth and surrounding tissue and are thought to give the most protection). These devices can be made from various materials but ethylene-vinyl acetate is by far the most popular material, probably because of the ease with which it can be used for the production of custom-made mouthguards. This paper gives a review of the role of mouthguards in preventing and reducing sports-related trauma and examines the materials that are used to fabricate them.
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