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Soleimanpour S, Yaghoubi A, Sadat Seddighinia F, Rezaee SAR. A century of attempts to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine: Why they failed? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108791. [PMID: 35487086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite widespread use of the Bacillus BCG vaccine. This situation is worsened by co-infection with HIV, and the development of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Thus, novel vaccine candidates and improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed in order to reduce the incidence of TB and even to eradicate TB by 2050. Over the last few decades, 23 novel TB vaccines have entered into clinical trials, more than 13 new vaccines have reached various stages of preclinical development, and more than 50 potential candidates are in the discovery stage as next-generation vaccines. Nevertheless, why has a century of attempts to introduce an effective TB vaccine failed? Who should be blamed -scientists, human response, or Mtb strategies? Literature review reveals that the elimination of latent or active Mtb infections in a given population seems to be an epigenetic process. With a better understanding of the connections between bacterial infections and gene expression conditions in epigenetic events, opportunities arise in designing protective vaccines or therapeutic agents, particularly as epigenetic processes can be reversed. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of different approaches towards novel vaccination strategies and the mechanisms underlying these approaches.
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Maeyama JI, Iho S, Suzuki F, Hayashi D, Yamamoto T, Yamazaki T, Goto Y, Ozeki Y, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto S. Evaluation of a booster tuberculosis vaccine containing mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide G9.1 using a Guinea pig model that elicits immunity to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 128:102067. [PMID: 33752142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major threat to global health and its increased incidence in adolescents as well as onset in the elderly presents a serious problem. One strategy to control tuberculosis involves taking advantage of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin's (BCG) superior effects on childhood tuberculosis. Accordingly, here we aimed to develop a booster vaccine for adults who received the BCG vaccine during early childhood. Therefore, we first devised a system to assess the efficacy of a candidate booster vaccine. Specifically, variant strain BCG-II, a minor component of BCG-Tokyo strain, which elicits weak immunity, was administered to guinea pigs. Vaccine-induced immunity and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection were evaluated using skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and Mtb colony forming unit counts in organs, respectively. Candidate booster vaccine containing the mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1) as antigen and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide G9.1 as adjuvant increased T-bet expression and IFN-γ production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Intradermal administration of MDP1 or MDP1 and G9.1 to unimmunized guinea pigs produced DTH on MDP1-inoculated skin. Boosting BCG-II-primed guinea pigs with this protocol effectively enhanced DTH against MDP1 and protection against Mtb infection, particularly when combined with G9.1. The candidate vaccine may contribute to efforts to prevent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Sumiko Iho
- University of Fukui School of Medical Sciences, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiko Suzuki
- University of Fukui School of Medical Sciences, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayashi
- Japan BCG Laboratory, 3-1-5, Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
| | - Toshiko Yamamoto
- Japan BCG Laboratory, 3-1-5, Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamazaki
- Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Goto
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ozeki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Sohkichi Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757, Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Saburo Yamamoto
- Japan BCG Laboratory, 3-1-5, Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
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Hasanzadeh Haghighi F, Aryan E, Derakhshan M, Gholoobi A, Meshkat Z. Designing and Construction of a Cloning Vector Encoding mtb32C and mpt51 Fragments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a DNA Vaccine Candidate. Iran J Pathol 2018; 13:403-407. [PMID: 30774678 PMCID: PMC6358561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death around the world. Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine used in TB prevention that has a protective effect in children, but its effectiveness declines in adults. Design and development of new vaccines is the most effective way against TB.The aim of this study was to design and construct a DNA vaccine encoding mtb32C and mpt51 fusion genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS First, mpt51 fragment was amplified by PCR method. The pcDNA3.1+/mtb32C plasmid was transformed into E. coli JM109 and then extracted. The mpt51 gene and pcDNA3.1+/mtb32C plasmid were both digested with EcoRI and BamHI restriction enzymes followed by ligation of mpt51 fragment into the digested vector. The recombinant plasmid containing mtb32C and mpt51 was subsequently transformed into competent E. coli TOP10 strain. The clones were confirmed by colony-PCR, restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing. RESULTS Using agarose gel electrophoresis, a 926 bp fragment corresponded to mpt51 was observed. Digestion of the vector pcDNa3.1+/mtb32C and mpt51 gene was confirmed by electrophoresis. Then, the pcDNA3.1+/mtb32C plasmid was extracted. Sequencing results confirmed the accuracy of the desired plasmid. CONCLUSION In this study, we constructed a cloning vector encoding mtb32C/mpt51 gene of M. tuberculosis. The eukaryotic expression of this vector can be confirmed in future studies. It can be considered as a DNA vaccine in animal models later. Successful cloning provides a basis for the development of new DNA vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Aryan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Derakhshan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Dept. of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Dept. of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding information: Zahra Meshkat, PhD, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran, Dept. of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran E-mail:
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Abstract
Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- BCG, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
- CpG
- DT, diphtheria toxoid
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- G, guanine
- IFN, interferon
- IgG1
- IgG2a/c
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PPD, purified protein derivative
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1
- mucosal adjuvant
- pDC
- pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- palindrome
- phosphodiester
- phylaxis
- rCTB, recombinant cholera toxin B subunit
- sIgA, secretory IgA
- secretory IgA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Iho
- a Host Defense Laboratory; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui ; Yoshida-gun , Fukui , Japan
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Verwaerde C, Debrie AS, Dombu C, Legrand D, Raze D, Lecher S, Betbeder D, Locht C. HBHA vaccination may require both Th1 and Th17 immune responses to protect mice against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:6240-50. [PMID: 25252198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Almost one century after the discovery of the BCG vaccine, tuberculosis remains a major cause of global mortality and morbidity, emphasizing the urgent need to design more efficient vaccines. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA) appears to be a promising vaccine candidate, as it was shown to afford protection to mice against a challenge infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis when combined with the strong adjuvant DDA/MPL (dimethyldioctadecyl-ammonium bromide/monophosphoryl lipid A), a TLR4 ligand. In this study, we investigated the immunological response and protection of mice immunized with HBHA formulated in lipid-containing nanoparticles and adjuvanted with CpG, a TLR9 ligand. Subcutaneous immunization with this HBHA formulation led to a marked Th1 response, characterized by high IFN-γ levels, but no significant IL-17 production, both in spleen and lung, in contrast to DDA/MPL MPL-formulated HBHA, which induced both IFN-γ and IL-17. This cytokine profile was also observed in BCG-primed mice and persisted after M. tuberculosis infection. No significant protection was obtained against challenge infection after vaccination with the nanoparticle-CpG formulation, and this was associated with a failure to mount a memory immune response. These results suggest the importance of both Th1 and Th17 immune responses for vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Verwaerde
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Debrie
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Damien Legrand
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lecher
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | | | - Camille Locht
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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