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Forson AO, Awuah RB, Mohammed AR, Owusu-Asenso CM, Akosah-Brempong G, Abdulai A, Sraku IK, Dhikrullahi SB, Atakora SB, Attah SK, Afrane YA. Coverage of preventive measures and surveillance for neglected tropical diseases in hard-to-reach communities in Ghana. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1784. [PMID: 37710219 PMCID: PMC10500849 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a major public health burden which mainly affects poor populations living in tropical environments and hard-to-reach areas. The study sought to examine coverage of preventive efforts, and case surveillance for NTDs in hard-to-reach communities in Ghana. METHODS The study investigated treatment efforts for lymphatic filariasis (LF), and onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis/soil transmitted helminths (SCH/STH) at household level, in difficult-to-access communities in Ghana. A total of 621 households were sampled from 6 communities in the Western, Oti and Greater Accra regions. RESULTS Over 95% of the households surveyed were covered under mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns for lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis. More than 80% of households had received at least two visits by community drug distributors under the MDA campaigns in the last two years preceding the study. In addition, over 90% of households in the LF and onchocerciasis endemic communities had at least one member using anthelminthic medications under the MDA campaigns in the 12 months preceding the study. However, households where no member had taken anthelminthic medications in 12 months preceding the study were over 6 times likely to have someone in the household with LF. CONCLUSIONS This study determined that SCH/STH, LF and onchocerciasis are of serious public health concern in some communities in Ghana. There is an urgent need for holistic practical disease control plan involving both financial and community support to ensure total control of NTDs in difficult-to-access communities is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua Obeng Forson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Raphael Baffour Awuah
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon. Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Mfum Owusu-Asenso
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gabriel Akosah-Brempong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anisa Abdulai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shittu B Dhikrullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sefa Bonsu Atakora
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Simon K Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases Research, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana.
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Hong ST. Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1670. [PMID: 37629527 PMCID: PMC10456001 DOI: 10.3390/life13081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is one of neglected tropical diseases that remain highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Human schistosomiasis is mainly caused by two species, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, leading to urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, respectively. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel as the primary method of global intervention. Currently, MDA with praziquantel covers over half of the target population in endemic SSA countries. However, an accurate diagnosis is crucial for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of MDA. The standard diagnosis of both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis relies on the microscopic identification of eggs. However, the diagnostic sensitivity of this approach is low, especially for light or ultra-light infections. This is because Schistosoma eggs are laid inside of the venous plexus of the urinary bladder or mesenteric vein, where the adult flukes live. Approximately half of the eggs circulate in the blood vessels or are packed in neighboring tissues, while the remaining half are expelled into the lumen of the urinary bladder or intestine intermittently when the blood vessels are ruptured. In the field setting, the accuracy of any diagnostic method is critical for proper management of the intervention. The present article reviews the recent prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in SSA and highlights the practical limitations of diagnostic methods such as urine microscopy, urine reagent strips, molecular diagnosis, and ultrasound scanning in the field setting. Despite continuous global efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis over the past 20 years, many areas still remain endemic in SSA. No single diagnostic approach achieves acceptable sensitivity and specificity in the field setting. Therefore, any field survey should employ a combination of these methods based on the purpose of the study to accurately monitor and evaluate urogenital schistosomiasis. Based on diagnostic values and a cost-benefit analysis, a urine reagent strip test can replace urine microscopy in the field setting. The WHO criteria by ultrasound diagnosis should be updated including the echogenic snow sign and contour distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tae Hong
- Graduate School of International Development, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Institute of Endemic Diseases Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Isaiah PM, Sólveig Palmeirim M, Steinmann P. Epidemiology of pediatric schistosomiasis in hard-to-reach areas and populations: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:37. [PMID: 37069632 PMCID: PMC10108517 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis affects over 250 million people worldwide. Despite children and the poor being key risk groups, limited research and control activities target pre-school aged children (PSAC) and hard-to-reach populations. As endemic countries shift the goals of their schistosomiasis programs from morbidity control to disease elimination, there is a need for inclusive planning to cover all affected age groups from all geographical areas and populations to achieve sustainable impact and health equity. METHODS We conducted searches in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), and LILACS per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Quality assessment of identified articles was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool. Relevant study data were extracted from the articles and entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 for descriptive analysis. RESULTS From the 17,179 screened articles, we identified 13 eligible studies on schistosomiasis in PSAC living in hard-to-reach areas and populations. All identified studies were from sub-Saharan Africa. The mean sample size of the retained studies was 572, with a balanced sex distribution among the young children sampled in each study. Ten studies investigated Schistosoma mansoni, one investigated Schistosoma haematobium, while two covered both S. mansoni and S. haematobium in the target population. The prevalence of S. mansoni among PSAC in the included studies was estimated at 12.9% in Ghana, 80.3-90.5% in Kenya, 35.0% in Madagascar, 9.6-78.0% in Senegal, 11.2-35.4% in Sierra Leone, 44.4-54.9% in Tanzania and 39.3-74.9% in Uganda. Out of the three studies that investigated S. haematobium, the presence of the infection was reported in only one study carried out in Nigeria. Schistosome infections reported in nearly all studies included in this review were of light intensity. Only one study conducted in Nigeria documented visible hematuria in 17.7% of the PSAC studied. CONCLUSIONS The findings document the high prevalence of schistosomiasis among PSAC in hard-to-reach populations and underscore the need to consider this population subgroup when designing the expansion of preventive chemotherapy and schistosomiasis control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Munyiva Isaiah
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marta Sólveig Palmeirim
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Xu SJ, Shen HM, Cui YB, Chen SB, Xu B, Chen JH. Genetic diversity and natural selection of rif gene (PF3D7_1254800) in the Plasmodium falciparum global populations. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 254:111558. [PMID: 36918126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the genetic characteristics of one member of the Plasmodium falciparum repetitive interspersed family (rif), we sequenced the rif gene (PF3D7_1254800) in 53 field isolates collected from Ghana-imported cases into China and compared them with 350 publicly available P. falciparum rif sequences from global populations. In the Ghana-imported population, the nucleotide diversities were 0.05714 and 0.06616 for the full length and variable region of rif gene, respectively. Meanwhile, 22 and 20 haplotypes were identified for the full length and variable region of rif gene (Hd = 0.843 and 0.838, respectively). Diversity of rif gene in Ghana-imported population was higher than that observed in Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Mali, Ghana, and Senegal populations. In this analysis, we found high genetic diversity of rif gene in global P. falciparum populations and identified 158 haplotypes. Tajima's D-test shows that there are large differences in the direction of selection between the conserved and variable region of rif gene. Tajima's D value for the variable region was 0.20074, indicating that balancing selection existed in this region. We found that the variable region was the main target of selection for positive diversification, and most mutation sites were located in this region. The population structure suggested optimized cluster values of K = 6. The five groups in Ghana-imported population included a unique subpopulation. Our results reveal the dynamics of the rif gene (PF3D7_1254800) in P. falciparum populations, which can aid in the rational design of P. falciparum rif-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Hai-Mo Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan-Bing Cui
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Shen-Bo Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai 200025, PR China; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, PR China; School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China; School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, PR China.
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Unterborn R, Henao-Cordero J, Kousari A, Ramanan P, Franco-Paredes C, Madinger N. False-positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria in new world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a tale of two travelers. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2022; 9:20499361221097791. [PMID: 35572813 PMCID: PMC9092576 DOI: 10.1177/20499361221097791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two immigrants from Cuba seen in a US travel clinic with a confirmed
diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in whom we also suspected malaria
co-infection. Both individuals likely acquired leishmaniasis in the Darien Gap
region of Panama during their migratory path to the United States. As part of
their clinical workup to rule out malaria, a rapid malaria antigen testing for
P. falciparum was obtained and reported positive in both
patients, However, both a qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) for Plasmodium falciparum in blood and
repeated thick-and-thin smear direct microscopy were negative in both, deeming
the rapid malaria test as a false-positive. Thus, confirmation of malaria in
travelers requires thick-and-thin film microscopy. Clinicians should be aware of
the growing recognition of the possibility of false-positive malaria rapid
diagnostic tests in those with some forms of leishmaniasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Unterborn
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jose Henao-Cordero
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, 11C01, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Arianna Kousari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Poornima Ramanan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nancy Madinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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