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Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Feng Y, Cirera S, Taşöz E, Liu Y, Olsen LH, Christoffersen BØ, Pedersen HD, Ludvigsen TP, Kirk RK, Schumacher-Petersen C, Deng Y, Fredholm M, Gao F. Diet-Dependent Changes of the DNA Methylome Using a Göttingen Minipig Model for Obesity. Front Genet 2021; 12:632859. [PMID: 33777102 PMCID: PMC7991730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.632859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Environmental factors can influence obesity by epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate obesity-related epigenetic changes and the potential for reversal of these changes in the liver of Göttingen minipigs subjected to diet interventions. Methods: High-throughput liquid hybridization capture-based bisulfite sequencing (LHC-BS) was used to quantify the methylation status of gene promotor regions in liver tissue in three groups of male castrated Göttingen minipigs: a standard chow group (SD, N = 7); a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, N = 10) and a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet during 7 months and reversed to standard diet for 6 months (FFC/SD, N = 12). Expression profiling by qPCR of selected metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver tissue from all pigs. Results: The pigs in the FFC diet group became morbidly obese. The FFC/SD diet did not result in a complete reversal of the body weight to the same weight as in the SD group, but it resulted in reversal of all lipid related metabolic parameters. Here we identified widespread differences in the patterning of cytosine methylation of promoters between the different feeding groups. By combining detection of differentially methylated genes with a rank-based hypergeometric overlap algorithm, we identified 160 genes showing differential methylation in corresponding promoter regions in the FFC diet group when comparing with both the SD and FFC/SD groups. As expected, this differential methylation under FFC diet intervention induced de-regulation of several metabolically-related genes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory response and fibrosis generation. Moreover, five genes, of which one is a fibrosis-related gene (MMP9), were still perturbed after diet reversion. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of exploring diet-epigenome interactions for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - E Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Y Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - L H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - H D Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.,Medical Evaluation & Biostatistics, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T P Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - R K Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - C Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Y Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - F Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Christiansen LB, Dohlmann TL, Ludvigsen TP, Parfieniuk E, Ciborowski M, Szczerbinski L, Kretowski A, Desler C, Tiano L, Orlando P, Martinussen T, Olsen LH, Larsen S. Atorvastatin impairs liver mitochondrial function in obese Göttingen Minipigs but heart and skeletal muscle are not affected. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2167. [PMID: 33500513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower the risk of cardiovascular events but have been associated with mitochondrial functional changes in a tissue-dependent manner. We investigated tissue-specific modifications of mitochondrial function in liver, heart and skeletal muscle mediated by chronic statin therapy in a Göttingen Minipig model. We hypothesized that statins enhance the mitochondrial function in heart but impair skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiratory capacities, citrate synthase activity, coenzyme Q10 concentrations and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were analyzed in samples of liver, heart and skeletal muscle from three groups of Göttingen Minipigs: a lean control group (CON, n = 6), an obese group (HFD, n = 7) and an obese group treated with atorvastatin for 28 weeks (HFD + ATO, n = 7). Atorvastatin concentrations were analyzed in each of the three tissues and in plasma from the Göttingen Minipigs. In treated minipigs, atorvastatin was detected in the liver and in plasma. A significant reduction in complex I + II-supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity was seen in liver of HFD + ATO compared to HFD (P = 0.022). Opposite directed but insignificant modifications of mitochondrial respiratory capacity were seen in heart versus skeletal muscle in HFD + ATO compared to the HFD group. In heart muscle, the HFD + ATO had significantly higher PCC compared to the HFD group (P = 0.0323). In the HFD group relative to CON, liver mitochondrial respiration decreased whereas in skeletal muscle, respiration increased but these changes were insignificant when normalizing for mitochondrial content. Oral atorvastatin treatment in Göttingen Minipigs is associated with a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity in the liver that may be linked to increased content of atorvastatin in this organ.
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Zhang C, Svensson RB, Couppé C, Schjerling P, Skovgaard D, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Regional differences in turnover, composition, and mechanics of the porcine flexor tendon. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:475-484. [PMID: 31134816 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1620222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data suggest that there is a lack of turnover in the core of human tendon, but it remains unknown whether there are regional differences between core and periphery of the cross section. The purpose of this project was to investigate regional differences in turnover as estimated by the accumulation of fluorescent Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) and regional differences in mechanical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tendons were obtained from lean control (n = 4) and diabetic Göttingen minipigs (streptozotocin-induced, n = 6). The deep digital flexor tendon of one hind limb was separated into a proximal, central and distal part. Autofluorescence was measured in the core and periphery of the proximal and distal parts of the tendon, and mechanical properties were tested on fascicles taken from the core and periphery of the central tendon (only diabetic animals). RESULTS Autofluorescence was greater in the proximal than the distal part. In the distal part of the lean control animals, autofluorescent AGE accumulation was also greater in the core than the periphery. Peak modulus in the core region (704 ± 79 MPa) was higher than the periphery (466 ± 53 MPa, p < 0.05) in diabetic tendons. CONCLUSION Taken together, autofluorescence varied both along the length and across the tendon cross section, indicating higher turnover in the distal and peripheral regions. In addition, mechanical properties differed across the tendon cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Skovgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ludvigsen TP, Olsen LH, Pedersen HD, Christoffersen BØ, Jensen LJ. Hyperglycemia-induced transcriptional regulation of ROCK1 and TGM2 expression is involved in small artery remodeling in obese diabetic Göttingen Minipigs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:2499-516. [PMID: 31830262 DOI: 10.1042/CS20191066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes in humans are associated with hypertrophic remodeling and increased media:lumen ratio of small resistance arteries, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. In order to minimize increases in media:lumen ratio, hypertrophic remodeling should be accompanied by outward remodeling. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of structural remodeling in small pial arteries (PAs) and terminal mesenteric arteries (TMAs) from obese Göttingen Minipigs with or without diabetes. Göttingen Minipigs received either control diet (lean control (LC)), high fat/high fructose/high cholesterol diet (FFC), or FFC diet with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes (FFC/STZ) for 13 months. At the end of the study (20 months), we assessed body weight, fasting plasma biochemistry, passive vessel dimensions, mRNA expression (matrix metallopeptidases 2/9 (MMP2, MMP9), tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase 1 (TIMP1), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1), TGFβ-receptor 2 (TGFBR2), and IGF1-receptor (IGFR1) genes), and immunofluorescence in PAs and TMAs. We performed multiple linear correlation analyses using plasma values, structural data, and gene expression data. We detected outward hypertrophic remodeling in TMAs and hypertrophic remodeling in PAs from FFC/STZ animals. ROCK1 and TGM2 genes were up-regulated in PAs and TMAs from the FFC/STZ group. Passive lumen diameter (PLD) of TMAs was correlated with plasma values of glucose (GLU), fructosamine (FRA), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs). ROCK1 and TGM2 expressions in TMAs were correlated with PLD, plasma GLU, fructosamine, and TC. ROCK1 and TGM2 proteins were immunolocalized in the media of PAs and TMAs, and their fluorescence levels were increased in the FFC/STZ group. Hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia is involved in regulation of ROCK1 and TGM2 expression leading to outward remodeling of small resistance arteries in obese diabetic Göttingen Minipigs.
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Cirera S, Taşöz E, Juul Jacobsen M, Schumacher-Petersen C, Østergaard Christoffersen B, Kaae Kirk R, Pagh Ludvigsen T, Hvid H, Duelund Pedersen H, Høier Olsen L, Fredholm M. The expression signatures in liver and adipose tissue from obese Göttingen Minipigs reveal a predisposition for healthy fat accumulation. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:9. [PMID: 32205840 PMCID: PMC7090036 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model animals are valuable resources for dissecting basic aspects of the regulation of obesity and metabolism. The translatability of results relies on understanding comparative aspects of molecular pathophysiology. Several studies have shown that despite the presence of overt obesity and dyslipidemia in the pig key human pathological hepatic findings such as hepatocellular ballooning and abundant steatosis are lacking in the model. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate why these histopathological characteristics did not occur in a high fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC) diet-induced obese Göttingen Minipig model. METHODS High-throughput expression profiling of more than 90 metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of male minipigs diet fed: standard chow (SD, n = 7); FFC diet (n = 14); FFC diet in streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs (FFCDIA, n = 8). Moreover, histopathological assessment of SAT and VAT was performed. RESULTS 12, 4 and 1 genes were highly significantly differentially expressed in liver, SAT and VAT when comparing the FFC and SD groups whereas the corresponding numbers were 15, 2, and 1 when comparing the FFCDIA and SD groups. Although the minipigs in both FFC groups developed sever obesity and dyslipidemia, the insulin-signaling pathways were not affected. Notably, four genes involved in lipid acquisition and removal, were highly deregulated in the liver: PPARG, LPL, CD36 and FABP4. These genes have been reported to play a major role in promoting hepatic steatosis in rodents and humans. Since very little macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory response was detected in the adipose tissues the expansion appears to have no adverse impact on adipose tissue metabolism. CONCLUSION The study shows that morbidly obese Göttingen Minipigs are protected against many of the metabolic and hepatic abnormalities associated with obesity due to a remarkable ability to expand the adipose compartments to accommodate excess calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emirhan Taşöz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Juul Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Henning Hvid
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Ellegaard Gottingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, 4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ludvigsen TP, Pedersen SF, Vegge A, Ripa RS, Johannesen HH, Hansen AE, Löfgren J, Schumacher-Petersen C, Kirk RK, Pedersen HD, Christoffersen BØ, Ørbæk M, Forman JL, Klausen TL, Olsen LH, Kjaer A. 18F-FDG PET/MR-imaging in a Göttingen Minipig model of atherosclerosis: Correlations with histology and quantitative gene expression. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:55-63. [PMID: 31004968 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The advantage of combining molecular and morphological imaging, e.g. positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), is reflected in the increased use of these modalities as surrogate end-points in clinical trials. This study aimed at evaluating plaque inflammation using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-PET/MRI, and gene expression in a minipig model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Göttingen Minipigs were fed for 60 weeks with fat/fructose/cholesterol-rich diet (FFC), chow (Control) or FFC-diet changed to chow midway (diet normalization group; DNO). In all groups, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI of the abdominal aorta was assessed midway and at study-end. The aorta was analyzed using histology and gene expression. RESULTS At study-end, FFC had significantly higher FDG-uptake compared to Control (target-to-background maximal uptake, TBRMax (95% confidence interval) CITBRMax: 0.092; 7.32) and DNO showed significantly decreased uptake compared to FFC (CITBRMax: -5.94;-0.07). No difference was observed between DNO and Control (CITBRMax: -2.71; 4.11). FFC displayed increased atherosclerosis and gene expression of inflammatory markers, including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), cathepsin K (CTSK) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) compared to Control and DNO (all, p < 0.05). FDG-uptake correlated with gene expression of inflammatory markers, including CD68, ρs = 0.58; MMP9, ρs = 0.46; SPP1, ρs = 0.44 and CTSK, ρs = 0.49; (p ≤ 0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS In a model of atherosclerosis, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI technology allows for detection of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, consistent with increased inflammatory gene expression. Our findings corroborate clinical data and are important in pre-clinical drug development targeting plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine P Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Sune F Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rasmus S Ripa
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle H Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke K Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Park, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henrik D Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, DK-4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | | | - Mathilde Ørbæk
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie L Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, DK-1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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8
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Schumacher-Petersen C, Christoffersen BØ, Kirk RK, Ludvigsen TP, Zois NE, Pedersen HD, Vyberg M, Olsen LH. Experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Göttingen Minipigs: consequences of high fat-fructose-cholesterol diet and diabetes. J Transl Med 2019; 17:110. [PMID: 30943987 PMCID: PMC6448276 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in humans, and ranges from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the latter with risk of progression to cirrhosis. The Göttingen Minipig has been used in studies of obesity and diabetes, but liver changes have not been described. The aim of this study was to characterize hepatic changes in Göttingen Minipigs with or without diabetes, fed a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to see if liver alterations resemble features of human NAFLD/NASH. METHODS Fifty-four male castrated minipigs (age 6 to 7 months) were distributed into four groups and diet-fed for 13 months. Groups were: lean controls fed standard diet (SD, n = 8), a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, n = 16), a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet but changed to standard diet after 7 months (diet normalization, FFC/SD, n = 16), and a streptozotocin-induced diabetic group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFCDIA, n = 14). At termination, blood samples for analyses of circulating biomarkers and liver tissue for histopathological assessment and analyses of lipids and glycogen content were collected. RESULTS In comparison with SD and FFC/SD, FFC and FFCDIA pigs developed hepatomegaly with increased content of cholesterol, whereas no difference in triglyceride content was found. FFC and FFCDIA groups had increased values of circulating total cholesterol and triglycerides and the hepatic circulating markers alkaline phosphatase and glutamate dehydrogenase. In the histopathological evaluation, fibrosis (mainly located periportally) and inflammation along with cytoplasmic alterations (characterized by hepatocytes with pale, granulated cytoplasm) were found in FFC and FFCDIA groups compared to SD and FFC/SD. Interestingly, FFC/SD also had fibrosis, a feature not seen in SD. Only two FFC and three FFCDIA pigs had > 5% steatosis, and no hepatocellular ballooning or Mallory-Denk bodies were found in any of the pigs. CONCLUSIONS Fibrosis, inflammation and cytoplasmic alterations were characteristic features in the livers of FCC and FFCDIA pigs. Overall, diabetes did not exacerbate the hepatic changes compared to FFC. The limited presence of the key human-relevant pathological hepatic findings of steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning and the variation in the model, limits its use in preclinical research without further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Schumacher-Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Kaae Kirk
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nora Elisabeth Zois
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,In Vivo Pharmacology, Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Henrik Duelund Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs A/S, Sorø Landevej 302, 4261, Dalmose, Denmark
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 3, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Soendre Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 2., 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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