1
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Caraballo L, Llinás-Caballero K. The Relationship of Parasite Allergens to Allergic Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:363-373. [PMID: 37269427 PMCID: PMC10354133 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Helminth infections modify the natural history of allergic diseases, by either decreasing or increasing their symptoms. Several helminth components are involved in the increasing of the allergic response and symptoms, overcoming the concomitant immunosuppression of helminthiases. However, the role of individual IgE-binding molecules in this process remains to be defined. RECENT FINDINGS We updated the list of helminth allergens and IgE-binding molecules, their effects on asthma presentation, and their impact on allergy diagnosis. Data from genetic and epigenetic studies of ascariasis are analyzed. A new species-specific A. lumbricoides allergen has been discovered, with potential use in molecular diagnosis. Most helminth IgE-binding components are not officially classified as allergens in the WHO/IUIS database, although there is evidence of their influence increasing allergic manifestations. Further immunological characterization of these components is needed to better understand their mechanisms of action and evaluate the ways in which they can influence the diagnosis of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Kevin Llinás-Caballero
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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2
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Lauffer F, Eyerich K. Ekzematisierte Psoriasis - eine häufige, aber oft vernachlässigte Variante der Plaque-Psoriasis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:445-454. [PMID: 37183739 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14991_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lauffer
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Abteilung für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Klinik Solna und Zentrum für Molekularmedizin, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Schweden
- Abteilung für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinisches Zentrum, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland
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3
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Soh WT, Zhang J, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H, Rothenberg ME, Sokol CL, Robinson C, Jacquet A. Protease allergens as initiators-regulators of allergic inflammation. Allergy 2023; 78:1148-1168. [PMID: 36794967 PMCID: PMC10159943 DOI: 10.1111/all.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the last few years has been made to explain how seemingly harmless environmental proteins from different origins can induce potent Th2-biased inflammatory responses. Convergent findings have shown the key roles of allergens displaying proteolytic activity in the initiation and progression of the allergic response. Through their propensity to activate IgE-independent inflammatory pathways, certain allergenic proteases are now considered as initiators for sensitization to themselves and to non-protease allergens. The protease allergens degrade junctional proteins of keratinocytes or airway epithelium to facilitate allergen delivery across the epithelial barrier and their subsequent uptake by antigen-presenting cells. Epithelial injuries mediated by these proteases together with their sensing by protease-activated receptors (PARs) elicit potent inflammatory responses resulting in the release of pro-Th2 cytokines (IL-6, IL-25, IL-1β, TSLP) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs; IL-33, ATP, uric acid). Recently, protease allergens were shown to cleave the protease sensor domain of IL-33 to produce a super-active form of the alarmin. At the same time, proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen can trigger TLR4 signaling, and cleavage of various cell surface receptors further shape the Th2 polarization. Remarkably, the sensing of protease allergens by nociceptive neurons can represent a primary step in the development of the allergic response. The goal of this review is to highlight the multiple innate immune mechanisms triggered by protease allergens that converge to initiate the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tuck Soh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Caroline L. Sokol
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clive Robinson
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Kitano T, Togawa K, Takemori J, Motoki Y, Kishida K, Itoh S, Takamoto M, Taki S, Hida S. Interleukin-3-dependent potentiation of IgE responsiveness in mouse basophils. Genes Cells 2023; 28:226-236. [PMID: 36637417 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Basophils produce interleukins (IL)-4 in response to various stimuli and may contribute to type 2 immune responses to various infections and allergens. We found that resting basophils freshly isolated from mice produce IL-4 in response to IL-3 but not to high-affinity Fc receptor (FcεRI) cross-linking (CL), yet both required the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) containing adaptor Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ), while basophils activated in vitro by IL-3 become responsive to FcεRI CL. Acquisition of responsiveness to FcεRI CL occurred upon infection with Trichinella spiralis or administration of superantigen. Because cultured basophils return to a quiescent state upon starvation with IL-3 with surface FcεRI levels unchanged, this acquisition is reversible and probably reflects intracellular events requiring protein synthesis. Interestingly, similar activation-associated acquisition was observed for responsiveness to other stimuli, including CD200R3 CL, which is known to signal via DAP-12, and the allergen protease papain. This acquisition of responsiveness to FcεRI CL was inhibited by Jak inhibitor. Thus, the IL-3 signal bifurcates downstream of Jak, into two distinct pathway, one leading to IL-4 production and the other to render basophils competent to respond to stimuli dependent on ITAM-containing adaptors DAP12 and FcRγ for IL-4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kitano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaho Togawa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Juri Takemori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuya Motoki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaroh Kishida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaya Takamoto
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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5
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Gray N, Limberg MM, Wiebe D, Weihrauch T, Langner A, Brandt N, Bräuer AU, Raap U. Differential Upregulation and Functional Activity of S1PR1 in Human Peripheral Blood Basophils of Atopic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36555755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils are key effector cells in atopic diseases, and the signaling sphingolipid Sphigosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is emerging as an important mediator in these conditions. The possible interaction of S1P and basophils and the resulting biological effects have not yet been studied. We hypothesize that S1P influences the function of basophils in atopy and aim to elucidate the modes of interaction. S1P receptor (S1PR) expression in human peripheral blood basophils from atopic and non-atopic patients was assessed through qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Functional effects of S1P were assessed through a basophil activation test (BAT), calcium flux, apoptosis, and chemotaxis assays. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to visualize intracellular S1P. Human basophils express S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, and S1PR4 on the mRNA level. 0.1 µM S1P have anti-apoptotic, while 10 µM exhibits apoptotic effects on basophils. Basophils from atopic patients show less chemotactic activity in response to S1P than those from healthy donors. Protein expression of S1PR1 is downregulated in atopic patients, and basophils in lesional AD skin possess intracellular S1P. These findings suggest that the interaction of S1P and basophils might be an important factor in the pathophysiology of atopy.
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Wu Y, Lu Y, Huang Y, Lin H, Chen G, Chen Y, Li Z. Glycosylation reduces the allergenicity of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) parvalbumin by regulating digestibility, cellular mediators release and Th1/Th2 immunobalance. Food Chem 2022; 382:132574. [PMID: 35247664 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With turbot being increasingly consumed, turbot parvalbumin (TPV) allergy has become a pressing problem requiring immediate resolution. Glycosylation treatment not only resulted in cross-link formation but also caused changes in the simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid digestion stability of TPV. In addition, KU812 experimentation revealed lower levels of β-hexosaminidase, histamine, tryptase, interleukin 4 (IL-4)/IL-13 in glycated protein-treated mice compared with native PV-treated ones. Glycated TPV exhibited a weaker allergic reaction compared with native TPV. Systemic anaphylaxis resulted in mild anaphylactic responses and reduced temperature, along with significantly increased levels of immunoglobulin E and histamine. Furthermore, glycosylation treatment reduced the release of cellular mediators and cytokines (IL-4/IL-13). Glycation to T-PV decreased allergic responses by downregulating Th2 cytokines, regulated the Th1/Th2 balance and effectively reduce the allergenicity and sensitisation ability of T-PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeting Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Youyou Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuhao Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Guanzhi Chen
- Dermatological Department, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China.
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7
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Geng S, Xie H, Chen L, Chen D, Lu S, Zhao N, Yang R, Wang Z, He S, Zhang H. Altered Expression of Substance P and NK1R in CCR3 + and CD123 +HLA-DR − Basophils Under Airway Allergic Conditions. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2022; 14:687-712. [DOI: 10.4168/aair.2022.14.6.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Geng
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Department of the PLA Center of Respiratory and Allergic Disease Diagnosing Management, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Sijing Lu
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Yang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shaoheng He
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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8
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Miyake K, Shibata S, Yoshikawa S, Karasuyama H. Basophils and their effector molecules in allergic disorders. Allergy 2021; 76:1693-1706. [PMID: 33205439 DOI: 10.1111/all.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are the rarest granulocytes which represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Basophils bear several phenotypic similarities to tissue-resident mast cells and therefore had been erroneously considered as blood-circulating mast cells. However, recent researches have revealed that basophils play nonredundant roles in allergic inflammation, protective immunity against parasitic infections and regulation of innate and acquired immunity. Basophils are recruited to inflamed tissues and activated in an IgE-dependent or IgE-independent manner to release a variety of effector molecules. Such molecules, including IL-4, act on various types of cells and play versatile roles, including the induction and termination of allergic inflammation and the regulation of immune responses. Recent development of novel therapeutic agents has enabled us to gain further insights into basophil biology in human disorders. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the field of basophil biology with a particular focus on the role of basophils in allergic inflammation. Further studies on basophils and their effector molecules will help us identify novel therapeutic targets for treating allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Cell Physiology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
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9
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Fukayama M, Yoshizaki A, Fukasawa T, Ebata S, Kuzumi A, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Asano Y, Oba K, Sato S. Interleukin (IL)-17F and IL-17E are related to fibrosis and vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1287-1292. [PMID: 32686186 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease that causes fibrosis and vasculopathy of the skin and internal organs against a background of autoimmune abnormalities. In recent years, the importance of the interleukin (IL)-17 family for inflammatory diseases has received much attention, but autoimmune diseases have not yet been fully explored. As for SSc, there is also no unified perspective on the involvement of the IL-17 family in its development, and few studies have been conducted linking IL-17F and IL-17E particularly to the disease severity. In the present study, we examined the correlation between serum IL-17F and IL-17E levels and disease severity in SSc patients. Moreover, the expression of the receptors for these cytokines, IL-17RB and IL-17RC, in skin tissues obtained by skin biopsy was examined by immunohistochemistry. Both cytokines were significantly elevated in the sera of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc patients compared with healthy controls. Serum IL-17F levels correlated with modified Rodnan total skin thickness score, a semiquantitative measure of skin sclerosis, percent predicted forced vital capacity, percent predicted carbon monoxide lung diffusion capacity and serum levels of Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D, serological markers of interstitial lung disease. Serum IL-17E levels were significantly correlated with percent predicted forced vital capacity and serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 levels. Serum levels of IL-17F and IL-17E also correlated with the prevalence of digital ulcers, and serum IL-17F levels were associated with elevated right ventricle systolic pressure values. In addition, IL-17RC and IL-17RB expression was increased in the skin tissues of diffuse cutaneous SSc patients. These results suggested that IL-17F and IL-17E could be involved in fibrosis and vasculopathy in SSc through their respective receptors in the affected organ tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Fukayama
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ebata
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Kuzumi
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yoshizaki-Ogawa
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Oba
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Departments of, Department of Dermatology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
There are multiple proinflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of asthma. These include both innate and adaptive inflammation, in addition to inflammatory and physiologic responses mediated by eicosanoids. An important component of the innate allergic immune response is ILC2 activated by interleukin (IL)-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and IL-25 to produce IL-5 and IL-13. In terms of the adaptive T-lymphocyte immunity, CD4+ Th2 and IL-17-producing cells are critical in the inflammatory responses in asthma. Last, eicosanoids involved in asthma pathogenesis include prostaglandin D2 and the cysteinyl leukotrienes that promote smooth muscle constriction and inflammation that propagate allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, VUMC, T-1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, VUMC, T-1218 MCN, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
| | - Mark A Aronica
- Department of Pathobiology, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, CWRU, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB2-85, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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11
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Ma T, Gao Y. New insights into roles of basophils in initiating T helper type 2 immunity. Chinese Herbal Medicines 2020; 12:14-8. [PMID: 36117560 PMCID: PMC9476796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, mainly mediated by T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity, have become a worldwide public health problem. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used in treating and preventing allergic symptoms. As the new target of anti-allergy TCM, basophils, after approximately 140 years since their discovery, are just now gaining respect as important contributors in the pathogenesis underlying allergic inflammation and disease. In addition to their role as effector cells, basophils can release early IL-4, migrate from circulatory system into draining lymph nodes, present antigen to naive CD4+T cells, and promote the differentiation of Th2 cells. Herein, we briefly summarized the recent research advances of the essential contributions of basophils in the initiation of Th2 immune responses.
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12
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Varricchi G, Marone G, Spadaro G, Russo M, Granata F, Genovese A, Marone G. Novel Biological Therapies in Severe Asthma: Targeting the Right Trait. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2801-2822. [PMID: 29318959 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180110094542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation that results in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Patients with severe asthma represent a substantial share of consumption of healthcare resources and hospitalization. Moreover, these patients are at risk of increased morbidity and mortality. Recently, several phenotypes and endotypes of asthma have been identified. The identification of specific subtypes of asthma is fundamental for optimizing the clinical benefit of novel treatments. Although in most patients the disease can be controlled by some combination of pharmacologic agents, in some 5-10% of patients the disease remains uncontrolled. Several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting pathogenetic molecules (e.g., IgE, IL-5, IL- 5Rα, IL-4, IL-13, TSLP) are currently available or under development for the treatment of different forms of severe type 2 asthma. The identification of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers (e.g., IgE, blood eosinophil count, FeNO, periostin, etc.) has revolutioned the field of targeted therapy in severe asthma. Monoclonal antibodies targeting Th2-driven inflammation are generally safe in adult patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. The long-term safety of these biologics is a relevant issue that should be addressed. Unfortunately, little is known about non-type 2 asthma. Further studies are needed to identify biomarkers to guide targeted therapies of different forms of non-type 2 asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Genovese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Innate immune system quickly responds to invasion of microbes and foreign substances through the extracellular and intracellular sensing receptors, which recognize distinctive molecular and structural patterns. The recognition of innate immune receptors leads to the induction of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses by activating downstream signaling pathways. Allergy is an immune-related disease and results from a hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances in the environment. However, less is known about the activation of innate immunity during exposure to allergens. New insights into the innate immune system by sensors and their signaling cascades provide us with more important clues and a framework for understanding allergy disorders. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the innate immune sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Matias J. Caldez
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University Osaka Japan
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14
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Matthias J, Zielinski CE. Shaping the diversity of Th2 cell responses in epithelial tissues and its potential for allergy treatment. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1321-1333. [PMID: 31274191 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells have evolved to protect from large helminth infections and to exert tissue protective functions in response to nonmicrobial noxious stimuli. The initiation, maintenance, and execution of these functions depend on the integration of diverse polarizing cues by cellular sensors and molecular programs as well as the collaboration with cells that are coopted for signal exchange. The complexity of input signals and cellular collaboration generates tissue specific Th2 cell heterogeneity and specialization. In this review, we aim to discuss the advances and recent breakthroughs in our understanding of Th2 cell responses and highlight developmental and functional differences among T cells within the diversifying field of type 2 immunity. We will focus on factors provided by the tissue microenvironment and highlight factors with potential implications for the pathogenesis of allergic skin and lung diseases. Especially new insights into the role of immunometabolism, the microbiota and ionic signals enhance the complexity of Th2 cell regulation and warrant a critical evaluation. Finally, we will discuss how this ensemble of established knowledge and recent breakthroughs about Th2 immunobiology advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and how this could be exploited for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Matthias
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina E Zielinski
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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15
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Menzella F, Montanari G, Patricelli G, Cavazza A, Galeone C, Ruggiero P, Bagnasco D, Facciolongo N. A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in a patient treated with dupilumab. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:869-875. [PMID: 31371974 PMCID: PMC6636310 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s207402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing knowledge on inflammatory pathways has driven the development of targeted biological therapies for severe refractory asthma. Among the recently developed biologics, the fully human monoclonal antibody dupilumab is an interesting therapeutic option, given its ability to inhibit the biological effects of both IL-4 and IL-13. We describe the case of a male, Caucasian, 56-year-old patient with allergic and eosinophilic severe asthma. Given the poor asthma control, he started treatment with add-on dupilumab, and after the tenth injection, he presented with a fever and bilateral pulmonary thickening. A significant increase in blood eosinophilia was also reported. The patient underwent a fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB/TBB). BAL revealed eosinophils alveolitis (60%) while TBB showed findings compatible with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP). After prolonged treatment with oral corticosteroids, the clinical picture improved with resolution of CEP. Since the beginning of dupilumab treatment, simultaneously to a great improvement in asthma control, the patient showed a progressive increase in blood eosinophils count and subsequent onset of clinical-radiological pattern suggestive of CEP. Based on published data, dupilumab may have induced an alteration of the complex immunological pathway of our patient. This pathway is affected by both allergic and eosinophilic asthmatic endotypes, and consequently, the concomitant action of allergenic stimuli and eosinophils may have caused the appearance of eosinophilic pneumonia. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of CEP as a possible severe side effect of dupilumab administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menzella
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gloria Montanari
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Cavazza
- Department of Pathology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carla Galeone
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ruggiero
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Facciolongo
- Department of Medical Specialties, Pneumology Unit, Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova- IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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16
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Webb LM, Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Kamynina E, Still KM, Patel RK, Peng SA, Cubitt RL, Grimson A, Grenier JK, Harris TH, Danko CG, Tait Wojno ED. The Notch signaling pathway promotes basophil responses during helminth-induced type 2 inflammation. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1268-1279. [PMID: 30975892 PMCID: PMC6547860 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils promote type 2 inflammation that mediates worm clearance during murine infection with the gastrointestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris. Webb et al. show for the first time that basophil–intrinsic Notch signaling is required for basophil gene expression and a functional program that support helminth expulsion. Type 2 inflammation drives the clearance of gastrointestinal helminth parasites, which infect over two billion people worldwide. Basophils are innate immune cells that support host-protective type 2 inflammation during murine infection with the helminth Trichuris muris. However, the mechanisms required for basophil function and gene expression regulation in this context remain unclear. We show that during T. muris infection, basophils localized to the intestine and up-regulated Notch receptor expression, rendering them sensitive to Notch signals that rapidly regulate gene expression programs. In vitro, Notch inhibition limited basophil cytokine production in response to cytokine stimulation. Basophil-intrinsic Notch signaling was required for T. muris–elicited changes in genome-wide basophil transcriptional programs. Mice lacking basophil-intrinsic functional Notch signaling had impaired worm clearance, decreased intestinal type 2 inflammation, altered basophil localization in the intestine, and decreased CD4+ T helper 2 cell responses following infection. These findings demonstrate that Notch is required for basophil gene expression and effector function associated with helminth expulsion during type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Elena Kamynina
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Katherine M Still
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ravi K Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Seth A Peng
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Rebecca L Cubitt
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- RNA Sequencing Core, Center for Reproductive Genomics, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Tajie H Harris
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Charles G Danko
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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17
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Tallima H, Abou El Dahab M, El Ridi R. Role of T lymphocytes and papain enzymatic activity in the protection induced by the cysteine protease against Schistosoma mansoni in mice. J Adv Res 2019; 17:73-84. [PMID: 31193307 PMCID: PMC6526234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain use deciphered the protection mechanism(s) of the schistosomiasis vaccine. Papain stimulation of innate immunity induced parasite egg attrition. Papain enzymatic and non-enzymatic sites activated T cells and innate immunity. IgG1 antibodies and liver uric acid and ARA levels correlated with protection. Identification of type 2 immunity-inducing cysteine peptidases motifs is required.
Papain, an experimental model protease, was used to decipher the protective mechanism(s) of the cysteine peptidase-based schistosomiasis vaccine. To examine the role of T lymphocytes, athymic nude (nu/nu) and immunocompetent haired (nu/+) mice were subcutaneously (sc) injected with 50 µg active papain two days before percutaneous exposure to 100 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Highly significant (P < 0.005) reductions in worm burden required competent T lymphocytes, while significant increases (P < 0.05) of >80% in dead parasite ova in the small intestine were independent of T cell activity and likely relied on the innate immune axis. To investigate the role of enzymatic activity, immunocompetent mice were sc injected with 50 µg active or E-64-inactivated papain two days before exposure to cercariae. The reductions in worm burden were highly significant (P < 0.0001), reaching >65% and 40% in active and inactivated papain-treated mice, respectively. Similar highly significant (P < 0.0001) decreases of 85% in the viability of parasite ova in the small intestine occurred in both active and inactivated papain-treated mice. These findings indicated that immune responses elicited by one or more papain structural motifs are necessary and sufficient for induction of considerable parasite and egg attrition. Correlates of protection included IgG1-dominated antibody responses and increases in the levels of uric acid and arachidonic acid in the lung and liver upon parasite migration in these sites. Identification of the shared patterns or motifs in cysteine peptidases and evaluation of their immune protective potential will pave the way to the development of a safe, efficacious, storage-stable, and cost-effective schistosomiasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abou El Dahab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ein Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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18
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Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2018; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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19
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Matsumoto K, Kouzaki H, Kikuoka H, Kato T, Tojima I, Shimizu S, Shimizu T. Soluble ST2 suppresses IL-5 production by human basophilic KU812 cells, induced by epithelial cell-derived IL-33. Allergol Int 2018; 67S:S32-S37. [PMID: 29941231 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cell-derived IL-33 has an important role in the initiation and activation of innate allergic inflammation. IL-33 acts as a cytokine through the ST2 receptor (ST2L) and it stimulates the production of Th2 cytokines. Soluble ST2 (sST2) may regulate Th2 responses by neutralizing the activity of IL-33. Basophils express ST2L and produce IL-5 in response to IL-33. However, the role of the epithelial cell-basophil interaction and sST2 in IL-5 production remains unclear. METHODS Cultured human bronchial epithelial (hBE33) cells, that contained the human IL-33 gene (i.e., hBE33 cells) and a human basophilic cell line, KU812 cells, were used to study the epithelial cell-basophil interaction in the production of IL-5 induced by HDM. RESULTS At 15 min after incubation, HDM stimulated the rapid release of IL-33 from cultured hBE33 cells. IL-33 and the supernatant of HDM-treated hBE33 cells stimulated IL-5 production from KU812 cells. Anti-IL-33 antibody and anti-ST2 antibody treatment of KU812 cells suppressed IL-5 production, which had been induced by the supernatant of HDM-treated hBE33 cells. The hBE33 cells secreted sST2 in a time-dependent manner. The production of sST2 by KU812 cells co-cultured with hBE33 cells was significantly increased, compared with KU812 cells cultured with the supernatant of hBE33 cells. Soluble ST2 suppressed IL-5 production by KU812 cells, which was induced by the supernatant of HDM-treated hBE33 cells. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial cell-derived IL-33 promoted IL-5 production by KU812 cells. The subsequently produced sST2 has important roles in regulating Th2 responses.
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20
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Yi MH, Kim HP, Jeong KY, Kim JY, Lee IY, Yong TS. Effects of the Th2-dominant milieu on allergic responses in Der f 1-activated mouse basophils and mast cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7706. [PMID: 29769546 PMCID: PMC5955989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although basophils and mast cells share similar phenotypic and functional properties, little is known about the difference in the initial Th2 immune responses of these cells following exposure to proteolytic allergens. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of Th2-mediated immune responses in mouse bone marrow-derived basophils (BMBs) and mast cells (BMMCs) via stimulation with the cysteine protease allergen Der f 1. Our results showed that Th2 cytokines were induced from BMBs by active recombinant Der f 1 (rDer f 1 independently with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. Although both BMBs and BMMCs expressed protease-activated receptors on their surfaces, PAR expression following exposure to rDer f 1 was altered only in basophils. G protein-coupled receptors in basophils were found to be associated with interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 production from BMBs upon Der f 1 treatment. Secretion of Th2 cytokines from rDer f 1-treated basophils was mediated by G protein βγ and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. These findings provide insights into the roles of cysteine proteases in Th2 immune responses, such as allergic diseases, and improve our understanding of the mechanisms of Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Graduate Program of Nano Science and Technology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - In-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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21
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Yoshimoto T. The Hunt for the Source of Primary Interleukin-4: How We Discovered That Natural Killer T Cells and Basophils Determine T Helper Type 2 Cell Differentiation In Vivo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:716. [PMID: 29740428 PMCID: PMC5924770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 plays a central role in determining the phenotype of naïve CD4+ T cells by promoting their differentiation into IL-4-producing T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, which are crucial for the induction of allergic inflammation. However, to date, the potential sources of “primary IL-4” in vivo, as distinguished from IL-4 produced by Th2 cells, remain unclear. Here, I describe the research I carried out in collaboration with Dr. William E. Paul to identify “primary IL-4”-producing cells and Th2 cell differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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22
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Iinuma T, Okamoto Y, Morimoto Y, Arai T, Sakurai T, Yonekura S, Sakurai D, Hirahara K, Nakayama T. Pathogenicity of memory Th2 cells is linked to stage of allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2018; 73:479-489. [PMID: 28857184 DOI: 10.1111/all.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) consists of three developmental stages that are based on the presence/absence of antigen-specific IgE and symptoms. The pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells constitute a population of Th2 cells with additional potentially pathogenic characteristics. We examined the relationship between Tpath2 cells and the stages of allergic rhinitis by focusing on ST2, which is an IL-33 receptor. METHODS Patients with Japanese cedar pollen-induced AR (JCP-AR) and healthy volunteers were divided into "nonsensitized," "asymptomatic sensitized (AS)," and "JCP-AR" groups. We analyzed the ST2 expression and the Th2 function of cultured CD4+ T cells. Next, we observed the progress of patients in the AS stage around the time of seasonal pollen dispersal, with the characteristics of Th2 cells. RESULTS The ST2 expression of T cells was only upregulated in the AR group. The production of IL-4 and IL-13 was found in CD4+ T cells obtained from AS by stimulation with JCP, but reactivity to IL-33 was not observed. Although IL-33 did not induce the elevation of IL-4 production in the JCP-AR group, IL-33 substantially increased the production of IL-5 and IL-13 in comparison with antigen stimulation alone. In newly afflicted patients, the increased expression of ST2 and elevated reactivity to IL-33 was observed, even before the pollen dispersal season. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the pathogenicity of memory Th2 cells is linked to sensitization and the stage of allergic rhinitis. Therefore, Tpath2 cells may provide useful insights into the mechanism of the onset and progression of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Iinuma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Y. Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Y. Morimoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - T. Arai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - T. Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - S. Yonekura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - D. Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - K. Hirahara
- Department of Immunology Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - T. Nakayama
- Department of Immunology Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
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Abstract
Anisakis species are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if consumed in raw, pickled or undercooked fish and seafood. Infection with Anisakis is associated with abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea and can lead to massive infiltration of eosinophils and formation of granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract if the larvae are not removed. Re-infection leads to systemic allergic reactions such as urticarial or anaphylaxis in some individuals, making Anisakis an important source of hidden allergens in seafood. This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions can be prevented by consuming only fish that has been frozen to -20°C to the core for at least 24 hours before preparation. Sensitization to Anisakis proteins can also occur, primarily due to occupational exposure to infested fish, and can lead to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. In this case, exposure to fish should be avoided.
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Abstract
The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In this context, adaptive T helper 2 cells and the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have been the focus of research for years, but recent work has demonstrated that the innate immune system plays an essential role. Some innate immune cells that promote Type 2 immunity are relatively abundant, such as macrophages and eosinophils. However, we now appreciate that more rare cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells make significant contributions to these responses. These cells are found at low frequency but they are specialized to their roles - located at sites such as the skin, lung and gut, where the host combats helminth parasites. These cells respond rapidly and robustly to worm antigens and worm-induced damage to produce essential cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and histamine to activate damaged epithelium and to recruit other effectors. Thus, a greater understanding of how these cells operate is essential to understand how the host protects itself during helminth infection.
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25
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Franzin AM, Maruyama SR, Garcia GR, Oliveira RP, Ribeiro JMC, Bishop R, Maia AAM, Moré DD, Ferreira BR, Santos IKFDM. Immune and biochemical responses in skin differ between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:51. [PMID: 28143523 PMCID: PMC5282843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks attach to and penetrate their hosts’ skin and inactivate multiple components of host responses in order to acquire a blood meal. Infestation loads with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, whereas in others, few ticks feed and reproduce efficiently. Methods In order to elucidate the mechanisms that result in the different outcomes of infestations with cattle ticks, we examined global gene expression and inflammation induced by tick bites in skins from one resistant and one susceptible breed of cattle that underwent primary infestations with larvae and nymphs of R. microplus. We also examined the expression profiles of genes encoding secreted tick proteins that mediate parasitism in larvae and nymphs feeding on these breeds. Results Functional analyses of differentially expressed genes in the skin suggest that allergic contact-like dermatitis develops with ensuing production of IL-6, CXCL-8 and CCL-2 and is sustained by HMGB1, ISG15 and PKR, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit granulocytes and T lymphocytes. Importantly, this response is delayed in susceptible hosts. Histopathological analyses of infested skins showed inflammatory reactions surrounding tick cement cones that enable attachment in both breeds, but in genetically tick-resistant bovines they destabilized the cone. The transcription data provided insights into tick-mediated activation of basophils, which have previously been shown to be a key to host resistance in model systems. Skin from tick-susceptible bovines expressed more transcripts encoding enzymes that detoxify tissues. Interestingly, these enzymes also produce volatile odoriferous compounds and, accordingly, skin rubbings from tick-susceptible bovines attracted significantly more tick larvae than rubbings from resistant hosts. Moreover, transcripts encoding secreted modulatory molecules by the tick were significantly more abundant in larval and in nymphal salivary glands from ticks feeding on susceptible bovines. Conclusions Compared with tick-susceptible hosts, genes encoding enzymes producing volatile compounds exhibit significantly lower expression in resistant hosts, which may render them less attractive to larvae; resistant hosts expose ticks to an earlier inflammatory response, which in ticks is associated with significantly lower expression of genes encoding salivary proteins that suppress host immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mara Franzin
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Pereira Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Integrative Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dantas Moré
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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26
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Klein O, Ngo-Nyekel F, Stefanache T, Torres R, Salomonsson M, Hallgren J, Rådinger M, Bambouskova M, Campbell M, Cohen-Mor S, Dema B, Rose CG, Abrink M, Charles N, Ainooson G, Paivandy A, Pavlova VG, Serrano-Candelas E, Yu Y, Hellman L, Jensen BM, Van Anrooij B, Grootens J, Gura HK, Stylianou M, Tobio A, Blank U, Öhrvik H, Maurer M. Identification of Biological and Pharmaceutical Mast Cell- and Basophil-Related Targets. Scand J Immunol 2017; 83:465-72. [PMID: 27028428 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - F Ngo-Nyekel
- Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - T Stefanache
- Department of Periodontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Gr. T. Popa', Iasi, Romania
| | - R Torres
- Safety and Sustainability Division, Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Salomonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bambouskova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Campbell
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair and MCCIR, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Cohen-Mor
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Dema
- Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - C G Rose
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Immunopharmacology Group, Clinical Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Abrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, VHC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Charles
- Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - G Ainooson
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Paivandy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V G Pavlova
- Department of Experimental Morphology, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - E Serrano-Candelas
- Biochemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Yu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B M Jensen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital - Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - B Van Anrooij
- Department of Allergology, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Grootens
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H K Gura
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Stylianou
- Antifungal Immunity Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Tobio
- Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - U Blank
- Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - H Öhrvik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité -Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Shik D, Tomar S, Lee JB, Chen CY, Smith A, Wang YH. IL-9-producing cells in the development of IgE-mediated food allergy. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:69-77. [PMID: 27909880 PMCID: PMC5225002 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a harmful immune reaction driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune responses. Considerable evidence demonstrates the key roles of mast cells, IgE, and TH2 cytokines in mediating food allergy. However, this evidence provides limited insight into why only some, rather than all, food allergic individuals are prone to develop life-threatening anaphylaxis. Clinical observations suggest that patients sensitized to food through the skin early in life may later develop severe food allergies. Aberrant epidermal thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin (IL) 33 production and genetic predisposition can initiate an allergic immune response mediated by dendritic cells and CD4+TH2 cells in inflamed skin. After allergic sensitization, intestinal IL-25 and food ingestion enhance concerted interactions between type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and CD4+TH2 cells, which perpetuate allergic reactions from the skin to the gut. IL-4 and cross-linking of antigen/IgE/FcεR complexes induce emigrated mast cell progenitors to develop into the multi-functional IL-9-producing mucosal mast cells, which produce prodigious amounts of IL-9 and mast cell mediators to drive intestinal mastocytosis in an autocrine loop. ILC2s and TH9 cells may also serve as alternative cellular sources of IL-9 to augment the amplification of intestinal mastocytosis, which is the key cellular checkpoint in developing systemic anaphylaxis. These findings provide a plausible view of how food allergy develops and progresses in a stepwise manner and that atopic signals, dietary allergen ingestion, and inflammatory cues are fundamental in promoting life-threatening anaphylaxis. This information will aid in improving diagnosis and developing more effective therapies for food allergy-triggered anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Shik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sunil Tomar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, 43205, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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28
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Steiner M, Huber S, Harrer A, Himly M. The Evolution of Human Basophil Biology from Neglect towards Understanding of Their Immune Functions. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:8232830. [PMID: 28078302 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8232830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Being discovered long ago basophils have been neglected for more than a century. During the past decade evidence emerged that basophils share features of innate and adaptive immunity. Nowadays, basophils are best known for their striking effector role in the allergic reaction. They hence have been used for establishing new diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches and for characterizing natural and recombinant allergens as well as hypoallergens, which display lower or diminished IgE-binding activity. However, it was a long way from discovery in 1879 until identification of their function in hypersensitivity reactions, including adverse drug reactions. Starting with a historical background, this review highlights the modern view on basophil biology.
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29
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Varricchi G, Bagnasco D, Ferrando M, Puggioni F, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Mepolizumab in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma in adults: current evidence and practical experience. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2016; 11:40-45. [PMID: 27856823 PMCID: PMC5941977 DOI: 10.1177/1753465816673303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes in normal
donors and their maturation and differentiation in the bone marrow are mainly
regulated by interleukin (IL)-5 [Broughton et al. 2015]. IL-5,
a cytokine that belongs to the β common-chain family, together with IL-3 and
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stimulates also the
activation and survival of eosinophils and, to some extent, of basophils. IL-5
binds to a heterodimer receptor composed of the specific subunit IL-5Rα and a
common subunit βc shared with IL-3 and GM-CSF. Human eosinophils express
approximately a three-fold higher level of IL-5Rα compared with basophils. Major
sources of IL-5 are T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, mast cells, CD34+ progenitor cells,
invariant natural killer (NK) T-cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s),
and eosinophils themselves. ILC2s control not only eosinophil number but also
their circadian cycling through the production of IL-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic-DIMI-University of Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrando
- Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic-DIMI-University of Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Disease Clinic, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Rozzano- Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio W Canonica
- Allergy & Respiratory Disease Clinic, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine IRCCS AOU, San Martino-IST University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
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30
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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31
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Lundberg K, Rydnert F, Broos S, Andersson M, Greiff L, Lindstedt M. C-type Lectin Receptor Expression on Human Basophils and Effects of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. Scand J Immunol 2016; 84:150-7. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lundberg
- Department of Immunotechnology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - F. Rydnert
- Department of Immunotechnology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - S. Broos
- Department of Immunotechnology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Andersson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head & Neck Surgery; Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - L. Greiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head & Neck Surgery; Skåne University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
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32
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Shimura S, Takai T, Iida H, Maruyama N, Ochi H, Kamijo S, Nishioka I, Hara M, Matsuda A, Saito H, Nakae S, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Ikeda S. Epicutaneous Allergic Sensitization by Cooperation between Allergen Protease Activity and Mechanical Skin Barrier Damage in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1408-1417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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33
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Varricchi G, Bagnasco D, Borriello F, Heffler E, Canonica GW. Interleukin-5 pathway inhibition in the treatment of eosinophilic respiratory disorders: evidence and unmet needs. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:186-200. [PMID: 26859368 PMCID: PMC4768650 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human eosinophils were first identified and named by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 on the basis of the cell's granular uptake of eosin. Although eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes, they have the propensity to leave the blood stream and migrate into inflamed tissues. Eosinophils and their mediators are critical effectors to asthma and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Eosinophils are equipped with a large number of cell-surface receptors and produce specific cytokines and chemokines. RECENT FINDINGS Eosinophils are the major source of interleukin-5 and highly express the interleukin-5Rα on their surface. Clinical trials evaluating monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab) and its receptor interleukin-5Rα (benralizumab) have been or are underway in patients with eosinophilic asthma, EGPA and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overall, targeting interleukin-5/interleukin-5Rα is associated with a marked decrease in blood and sputum eosinophilia, the number of exacerbations and improvement of some clinical parameters in adult patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Pilot studies suggest that mepolizumab might be a glucocorticoid-sparing treatment in patients with EGPA. A preliminary study found that benralizumab did not reduce the exacerbations and did modify lung function in patients with eosinophilic COPD. SUMMARY The review examines recent advances in the biology of eosinophils and how targeting the interleukin-5 pathway might offer benefit to some patients with severe asthma, EGPA, and COPD. Interleukin-5/interleukin-5Rα-targeted treatments offer promises to patients with eosinophilic respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Clinic, DIMI-Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Clinic, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU S. Martino Genoa, Genoa
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Respiratory Disease and Allergology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgio W. Canonica
- Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Clinic, DIMI-Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and Allergy Clinic, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU S. Martino Genoa, Genoa
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Abstract
IL-4 was first identified as a T cell-derived growth factor for B cells. Studies over the past several decades have markedly expanded our understanding of its cellular sources and function. In addition to T cells, IL-4 is produced by innate lymphocytes, such as NTK cells, and myeloid cells, such as basophils and mast cells. It is a signature cytokine of type 2 immune response but also has a nonimmune function. Its expression is tightly regulated at several levels, including signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA. This chapter will review in detail the molecular mechanism regulating the cell type-specific expression of IL-4 in physiological and pathological type 2 immune responses.
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35
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Bredo G, Storie J, Shrestha Palikhe N, Davidson C, Adams A, Vliagoftis H, Cameron L. Interleukin-25 initiates Th2 differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells and influences expression of its own receptor. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:455-68. [PMID: 26734466 PMCID: PMC4693727 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human CRTh2+ Th2 cells express IL‐25 receptor (IL‐25R) and IL‐25 has been shown to potentiate production of Th2 cytokines. However, regulation of IL‐25R and whether it participates in Th2 differentiation of human cells have not been examined. We sought to characterize IL‐25R expression on CD4+ T cells and determine whether IL‐25 plays a role in Th2 differentiation. Naïve human CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of IL‐25, IL‐4 (Th2 conditions) or both cytokines to assess their relative influence on Th2 differentiation. For experiments with differentiated Th2 cells, CRTh2‐expressing cells were isolated from differentiating cultures. IL‐25R, GATA3, CRTh2 and Th2 cytokine expression were assessed by flow cytometry, qRT‐PCR and ELISA. Expression of surface IL‐25R was induced early during Th2 differentiation (2 days). Addition of IL‐25 to naïve CD4+ T cells revealed that it induces expression of its own receptor, more strongly than IL‐4. IL‐25 also increased the proportions of IL‐4‐, GATA3‐ and CRTh2‐expressing cells and expression of IL‐5 and IL‐13. Activation of differentiated CRTh2+ Th2 cells through the TCR or by CRTh2 agonist increased surface expression of IL‐25R, though re‐expression of CRTh2 following TCR downregulation was impeded by IL‐25. These data suggest that IL‐25 may play various roles in Th2 mediated immunity. We establish here it regulates expression of its own receptor and can initiate Th2 differentiation, though not as strongly as IL‐4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jessica Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Courtney Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Alexis Adams
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
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36
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Leung J, Beukema KR, Shen AH. Allergic mechanisms of Eosinophilic oesophagitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:709-720. [PMID: 26552770 PMCID: PMC4919901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is characterized by oesophageal dysfunction and oesophageal eosinophilia refractory to proton-pump-inhibitor treatment. EoE is a food allergy, as elimination of food trigger(s) abrogates the disease, while trigger reintroduction causes recurrence. The allergic mechanism of EoE involves both IgE and non-IgE processes. There is a break in oral tolerance, the immune mechanism allowing enteric exposure to food and micro-organisms without causing deleterious immune responses. Changes in life-style, alterations in gut flora and use of antibiotics may be increasing disease prevalence. Mouse models of EoE and human studies revealed the role of regulatory T-cells and iNKT-cells in the pathogenesis. Th2-cytokines like IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and other cytokines like TGFβ and TSLP are involved, but perhaps no one cytokine is critically important for driving the disease. Control of EoE may require a pharmaceutical approach that blocks more than one target in the Th2-inflammatory pathway.
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37
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Yi MH, Kim HP, Jeong KY, Kim CR, Kim TY, Yong TS. House dust mite allergen Der f 1 induces IL-8 in human basophilic cells via ROS-ERK and p38 signal pathways. Cytokine 2015; 75:356-64. [PMID: 26194066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Der f 1, a major house dust mite allergen and member of the papain-like cysteine protease family, can provoke immune responses with its proteolytic activity. To understand the role of Der f 1 in inflammatory immune responses, we studied the mechanism of the regulation of interleukin (IL)-8 expressions in human basophilic cell KU812 by proteolytically active recombinant Der f 1. Not only production of IL-8 mRNA was induced but also the DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 were increased in Der f 1-treated KU812. Furthermore, Der f 1 induction of IL-8 expression was sensitive to pharmacological inhibition of ERK and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Der f 1 also activated ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation and rapidly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) inhibited phosphorylation of ERK, but not p38, suggesting that secretion of IL-8 in KU812 cells treated with Der f 1 is dependent on ROS, ERK MAPK and p38 MAPK. We describe the mechanism of Der f 1-induced IL-8 secretion from human basophilic cells, which are thought to be important for allergic inflammation independent of IgE antibodies. These findings improve our understanding of the inflammatory immune response in human basophils to protease allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-hee Yi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Ryul Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yun Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Bao K, Reinhardt RL. The differential expression of IL-4 and IL-13 and its impact on type-2 immunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:25-37. [PMID: 26073683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic immune mechanisms underlying disease pathology are key to developing therapeutic interventions to both prevent disease onset as well as to ameliorate disease morbidity in those individuals already suffering from a disorder linked to type-2 inflammation. Two factors central to type-2 immunity are interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which have been linked to virtually all major hallmarks associated with type-2 inflammation. Therefore, IL-4 and IL-13 and their regulatory pathways represent ideal targets to suppress disease. Despite sharing many common regulatory pathways and receptors, these cytokines perform very distinct functions during a type-2 immune response. This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells. It highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Rosenstein RK, Bezbradica JS, Yu S, Medzhitov R. Signaling pathways activated by a protease allergen in basophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4963-71. [PMID: 25369937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418959111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases represent a significant burden in industrialized countries, but why and how the immune system responds to allergens remain largely unknown. Because many clinically significant allergens have proteolytic activity, and many helminths express proteases that are necessary for their life cycles, host mechanisms likely have evolved to detect the proteolytic activity of helminth proteases, which may be incidentally activated by protease allergens. A cysteine protease, papain, is a prototypic protease allergen that can directly activate basophils and mast cells, leading to the production of cytokines, including IL-4, characteristic of the type 2 immune response. The mechanism of papain's immunogenic activity remains unknown. Here we have characterized the cellular response activated by papain in basophils. We find that papain-induced IL-4 production requires calcium flux and activation of PI3K and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Interestingly, papain-induced IL-4 production was dependent on the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) adaptor protein Fc receptor γ-chain, even though the canonical ITAM signaling was not activated by papain. Collectively, these data characterize the downstream signaling pathway activated by a protease allergen in basophils.
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Motomura Y, Morita H, Moro K, Nakae S, Artis D, Endo T, Kuroki Y, Ohara O, Koyasu S, Kubo M. Basophil-Derived Interleukin-4 Controls the Function of Natural Helper Cells, a Member of ILC2s, in Lung Inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:758-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hara K, Iijima K, Elias MK, Seno S, Tojima I, Kobayashi T, Kephart GM, Kurabayashi M, Kita H. Airway uric acid is a sensor of inhaled protease allergens and initiates type 2 immune responses in respiratory mucosa. J Immunol 2014; 192:4032-42. [PMID: 24663677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although type 2 immune responses to environmental Ags are thought to play pivotal roles in asthma and allergic airway diseases, the immunological mechanisms that initiate the responses are largely unknown. Many allergens have biologic activities, including enzymatic activities and abilities to engage innate pattern-recognition receptors such as TLR4. In this article, we report that IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin were produced quickly in the lungs of naive mice exposed to cysteine proteases, such as bromelain and papain, as a model for allergens. IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin sensitized naive animals to an innocuous airway Ag OVA, which resulted in production of type 2 cytokines and IgE Ab, and eosinophilic airway inflammation when mice were challenged with the same Ag. Importantly, upon exposure to proteases, uric acid (UA) was rapidly released into the airway lumen, and removal of this endogenous UA by uricase prevented type 2 immune responses. UA promoted secretion of IL-33 by airway epithelial cells in vitro, and administration of UA into the airways of naive animals induced extracellular release of IL-33, followed by both innate and adaptive type 2 immune responses in vivo. Finally, a potent UA synthesis inhibitor, febuxostat, mitigated asthma phenotypes that were caused by repeated exposure to natural airborne allergens. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the development of type 2 immunity to airborne allergens and recognize airway UA as a key player that regulates the process in respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Hara
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Abstract
Host defense is an orchestrated response involving changes in the expression of receptors and release of mediators from both immune and structural cells. There is a growing recognition of the important role of proteolytic pathways for the protective immune response to enteric pathogens. Enteric nematode infection induces a type 2 immune response with polarization of macrophages toward the alternatively activated phenotype (M2). The Th2 cytokines, IL-4, and IL-13, induce a STAT6-dependent upregulation of the expression of the protease inhibitor, serpinB2, which protects macrophages from apoptosis. M2 are critical to worm clearance and a novel role for serpinB2 is its regulation of the chemokine, CCL2, which is necessary for monocyte and/or macrophage influx into small intestine during infection. There is a growing list of factors including immune (LPS, Th2 cytokines) as well as hormonal (gastrin, 5-HT) that are linked to increased expression of serpinB2. Thus, serpinB2 represents an immune regulated factor that has multiple roles in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Correspondence to: Terez Shea-Donohue,
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Department of Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Toni M Antalis
- Department of Physiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
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Siracusa MC, Kim BS, Spergel JM, Artis D. Basophils and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:789-801; quiz 788. [PMID: 24075190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basophils were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 and represent the least abundant granulocyte population in mammals. The relative rarity of basophils and their phenotypic similarities with mast cells resulted in this cell lineage being historically overlooked, both clinically and experimentally. However, recent studies in human subjects and murine systems have shown that basophils perform nonredundant effector functions and significantly contribute to the development and progression of TH2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. Although the potential functions of murine and human basophils have provoked some controversy, recent genetic approaches indicate that basophils can migrate into lymphoid tissues and, in some circumstances, cooperate with other immune cells to promote optimal TH2 cytokine responses in vivo. This article provides a brief historical perspective on basophil-related research and discusses recent studies that have identified previously unappreciated molecules and pathways that regulate basophil development, activation, and function in the context of allergic inflammation. Furthermore, we highlight the unique effector functions of basophils and discuss their contributions to the development and pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in human disease. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting basophils in preventing or alleviating the development and progression of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
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Voskamp AL, Prickett SR, Mackay F, Rolland JM, O'Hehir RE. MHC class II expression in human basophils: induction and lack of functional significance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81777. [PMID: 24349126 PMCID: PMC3857240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting abilities of basophils and their role in initiating a Th2 phenotype is a topic of current controversy. We aimed to determine whether human basophils can be induced to express MHC Class II and act as antigen presenting cells for T cell stimulation. Isolated human basophils were exposed to a panel of cytokines and TLR-ligands and assessed for MHC Class II expression. MHC Class II was expressed in up to 17% of isolated basophils following incubation with a combination of IL-3, IFN-γ and GM-CSF for 72 hours. Costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) were expressed at very low levels after stimulation. Gene expression analysis of MHC Class II-positive basophils confirmed up-regulation of HLA-DR, HLA-DM, CD74 and Cathepsin S. However, MHC Class II expressing basophils were incapable of inducing antigen-specific T cell activation or proliferation. This is the first report of significant cytokine-induced MHC Class II up-regulation, at both RNA and protein level, in isolated human basophils. By testing stimulation with relevant T cell epitope peptide as well as whole antigen, the failure of MHC Class II expressing basophils to induce T cell response was shown not to be solely due to inefficient antigen uptake and/or processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L. Voskamp
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara R. Prickett
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Rolland
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Suurmond J, Stoop JN, Rivellese F, Bakker AM, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM. Activation of human basophils by combined toll-like receptor- and FcεRI-triggering can promote Th2 skewing of naive T helper cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:386-96. [PMID: 24122358 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are mostly known for their involvement in allergic reactions. Recent studies in mice indicate a role for basophils in the induction of adaptive immunity, especially T helper 2 (Th2) responses. Therefore, it would be highly important to understand how basophils respond to pathogen-associated molecules, such as ligands for toll-like receptors (TLRs), and if the basophils could promote Th2 responses via these stimuli. To this end, the activation of basophils via TLRs in combination with activation via IgE was studied, as well as its effect on T helper cell skewing. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated the presence of mRNA for TLRs 1-8 in human basophils. Basophils responded to TLR triggering with differential cytokine production, but not with degranulation. Simultaneous triggering of TLRs and IgE led to synergy in production of IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, and RANTES. Furthermore, the synergistic effects on basophils mediated by IgE and TLR-4 triggering allowed robust Th2 skewing upon activation of naïve human CD4⁺ T cells. Our data show that human basophils respond to TLR ligands in synergy with IgE-mediated activation and that the cytokines produced can promote Th2 differentiation. These results indicate a role for basophils in the regulation of T-cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Palm NW, Rosenstein RK, Yu S, Schenten DD, Florsheim E, Medzhitov R. Bee venom phospholipase A2 induces a primary type 2 response that is dependent on the receptor ST2 and confers protective immunity. Immunity 2013; 39:976-85. [PMID: 24210353 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venoms consist of toxic components that are delivered to their victims via bites or stings. Venoms also represent a major class of allergens in humans. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a conserved component of venoms from multiple species and is the major allergen in bee venom. Here we examined how bee venom PLA2 is sensed by the innate immune system and induces a type 2 immune response in mice. We found that bee venom PLA2 induced a T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-type response and group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation via the enzymatic cleavage of membrane phospholipids and release of interleukin-33. Furthermore, we showed that the IgE response to PLA2 could protect mice from future challenge with a near-lethal dose of PLA2. These data suggest that the innate immune system can detect the activity of a conserved component of venoms and induce a protective immune response against a venom toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah W Palm
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and they have both beneficial and detrimental functions for the host. They are mainly implicated in pro-inflammatory responses to allergens but can also contribute to protection against pathogens. Although both cell types were identified more than 130 years ago by Paul Ehrlich, their in vivo functions remain poorly understood. The precursor cell populations that give rise to mast cells and basophils have recently been characterized and isolated. Furthermore, new genetically modified mouse strains have been developed, which enable more specific targeting of mast cells and basophils. Such advances offer new opportunities to uncover the true in vivo activities of these cells and to revisit their previously proposed effector functions.
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Kamijo S, Takeda H, Tokura T, Suzuki M, Inui K, Hara M, Matsuda H, Matsuda A, Oboki K, Ohno T, Saito H, Nakae S, Sudo K, Suto H, Ichikawa S, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Takai T. IL-33-mediated innate response and adaptive immune cells contribute to maximum responses of protease allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 2013; 190:4489-99. [PMID: 23547117 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
How the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate in the natural history of allergic diseases has been largely unknown. Plant-derived allergen, papain, and mite allergens, Der f 1 and Der p 1, belong to the same family of cysteine proteases. We examined the role of protease allergens in the induction of Ab production and airway inflammation after repeated intranasal administration without adjuvants and that in basophil/mast cell stimulation in vitro. Papain induced papain-specific IgE/IgG1 and lung eosinophilia. Der f 1 induced Der f 1-specific IgG1 and eosinophilia. Although papain-, Der f 1-, and Der p 1-stimulated basophils expressed allergy-inducing cytokines, including IL-4 in vitro, basophil-depleting Ab and mast cell deficiency did not suppress the papain-induced in vivo responses. Protease inhibitor-treated allergens and a catalytic site mutant did not induce the responses. These results indicate that protease activity is essential to Ab production and eosinophilia in vivo and basophil activation in vitro. IL-33-deficient mice lacked eosinophilia and had reduced papain-specific IgE/IgG1. Coadministration of OVA with papain induced OVA-specific IgE/IgG1, which was reduced in IL-33-deficient mice. We demonstrated IL-33 release, subsequent IL-33-dependent IL-5/IL-13 release, and activation of T1/ST2-expressing lineage(-)CD25(+)CD44(+) innate lymphoid cells in the lung after papain inhalation, suggesting the contribution of the IL-33-type 2 innate lymphoid cell-IL-5/IL-13 axis to the papain-induced airway eosinophilia. Rag2-deficient mice, which lack adaptive immune cells, showed significant, but less severe, eosinophilia. Collectively, these results suggest cooperation of adaptive immune cells and IL-33-responsive innate cells in protease-dependent allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kamijo
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Watanabe T, Yamashita K, Sakurai T, Kudo M, Shiokawa M, Uza N, Kodama Y, Uchida K, Okazaki K, Chiba T. Toll-like receptor activation in basophils contributes to the development of IgG4-related disease. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:247-53. [PMID: 22744834 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgG4-related disease (IRD) is characterized by systemic IgG4 antibody responses and by infiltration of IgG4-expressing plasma cells into the affected organs. Although T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines are implicated in enhanced IgG4 responses, molecular mechanisms accounting for the development of IgG4 antibody responses are poorly defined. Since basophils function as antigen-presenting cells for Th2 responses, we tried to clarify the role of basophils in the development of IgG4 responses in this study. METHODS IgG4 and cytokine responses to various nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands were examined by using basophils isolated from healthy controls and from patients with IgG4-related disease. RESULTS Activation of TLRs in basophils from healthy controls induced IgG4 production by B cells, which effect was associated with enhanced production of B cell activating factor (BAFF) and IL-13. In addition, activation of TLRs in basophils from patients with IRD induced a large amount of IgG4 by B cells from healthy controls. This enhancement of IgG4 production was again associated with BAFF and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that innate immune responses mediated through TLRs may play a role in the development of IgG4-related disease, in part by production of BAFF from basophils.
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Abstract
Basophils have long been suspected as playing more than a bystander role in initiating and maintaining allergic disorders, despite their relatively low numbers compared with other effector cells, such as mast cells and eosinophils. In vitro studies clearly demonstrated their propensity to generate proallergic cytokines, such as interleukin 4 and interleukin 13, as well as histamine and leukotrienes after simulation with allergens and innate IgE-dependent triggers. However, only very recently have mouse basophils been identified as key regulators of allergy in vivo, including orchestrating Th2 immunity to protease allergens in the induction phase. This review highlights these exciting advances that go far in unraveling our understanding of basophil function in the orchestration of allergic inflammation.
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