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Tu SJ, Chen WY, Wu CT. Uncertainty measurement of radiomics features against inherent quantum noise in computed tomography imaging. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:7865-7875. [PMID: 33852047 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-07943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quantum noise is a random process in X-ray-based imaging systems. We addressed and measured the uncertainty of radiomics features against this quantum noise in computed tomography (CT) images. METHODS A clinical multi-detector CT scanner, two homogeneous phantom sets, and four heterogeneous samples were used. A solid tumor tissue removed from a male BALB/c mouse was included. We the placed phantom sets on the CT scanning table and repeated 20 acquisitions with identical imaging settings. Regions of interest were delineated for feature extraction. Statistical quantities-average, standard deviation, and percentage uncertainty-were calculated from these 20 repeated scans. Percentage uncertainty was used to measure and quantify feature stability against quantum noise. Twelve radiomics features were measured. Random noise was added to study the robustness of machine learning classifiers against feature uncertainty. RESULTS We found the ranges of percentage uncertainties from homogeneous soft tissue phantoms, homogeneous bone phantoms, and solid tumor tissue to be 0.01-2138%, 0.02-15%, and 0.18-16%, respectively. Overall, it was found that the CT features ShortRunHighGrayLevelEmpha (SRHGE) (0.01-0.18%), ShortRunLowGrayLevelEmpha (SRLGE) (0.01-0.41%), LowGrayLevelRunEmpha (LGRE) (0.01-0.39%), and LongRunLowGrayLevelEmpha (LRLGE) (0.02-0.66%) were the most stable features against the inherent quantum noise. The most unstable features were cluster shade (1-2138%) and max probability (1-16%). The impact of random noise to the prediction accuracy by different machine learning classifiers was found to be between 0 and 12%. CONCLUSIONS Twelve features were used for uncertainty measurements. The upper and lower bounds of percentage uncertainties were determined. The quantum noise effect on machine learning classifiers is model dependent. KEY POINTS • Quantum noise is a random process and is intrinsic to X-ray-based imaging systems. This inherent quantum noise creates unpredictable fluctuations in the gray-level intensities of image pixels. Extra cautions and further validations are strongly recommended when unstable radiomics features are selected by a predictive model for disease classification or treatment outcome prognosis. • We addressed and used the statistical quantity of percentage uncertainty to measure the uncertainty of radiomics features against the inherent quantum noise in computed tomography (CT) images. • A clinical multi-detector CT scanner, two homogeneous phantom sets, and four heterogeneous samples were used in the stability measurement. A solid tumor tissue removed from a male BALB/c mouse was included in the heterogeneous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ju Tu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yuan Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Sung WW, Chen PR, Liao MH, Lee JW. Enhanced aerobic glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:94-100. [PMID: 28827059 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a principal viral oncoprotein in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which acts through regulating tumorigenesis and metabolic reprogramming of cancers. In the presence of oxygen, we demonstrated that glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were significantly increased upon LMP1 expression in NPC cells and in a LMP1 variant derived from NPC patients-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. The amounts of the α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α), a key regulator of aerobic glycolysis, and its targets, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform, were also consistently elevated by LMP1. Moreover, in parallel with reductions in the oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial membrane potential in cells, an augmented extracellular lactate concentration was observed due to LMP1 induction. In conclusion, our results proved facilitation of the Warburg effect by LMP1 through alteration of mitochondrial function in NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Bio-Innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Rong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Woei Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Walton EL. Perturbing purinergic signaling: A pathogen's guidebook to counteracting inflammatory responses. Biomed J 2016; 39:229-233. [PMID: 27793264 PMCID: PMC6138819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn how bacteria and parasites alike counteract inflammatory signaling by manipulating purinergic signaling. We also focus on an original article shedding light on the role of an Epstein–Barr virus encoded gene in metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Finally, we learn about a possible link between Trichomonas vaginalis and recurrent urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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Chang PY, Huang Y, Hung TY, Chong KY, Chang YS, Chao CCK, Chow KPN. Spontaneous metastases in immunocompetent mice harboring a primary tumor driven by oncogene latent membrane protein 1 from Epstein-Barr virus. Biomed J 2016; 39:261-271. [PMID: 27793268 PMCID: PMC6139811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro and clinical studies suggest that the oncogene LMP1 (latent membrane protein 1) encoded by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) plays a role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the formation of metastases in immunocompetent individuals. However, whether LMP1 itself is sufficient to drive these events in immunocompetent hosts remains elusive due to the lack of appropriate experimental models. The aim of this study was to study LMP1-dependent tumorigenesis and metastasis in BALB/c mice inoculated with BALB/c-3T3 cells expressing N-LMP1 (a Taiwanese NPC variant). Methods Following cancer cell inoculation, metastasis formation was monitored over time using PCR analysis of LMP1 as tumor marker. We also used a luciferase (Luc)-containing N-LMP1 and bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to monitor metastasis formation in a non-invasive manner. Results N-LMP1 appeared early in draining lymph nodes and in various distant organs before the rapid growth of the primary tumor. Lung metastasis was observed by BLI and further confirmed by histological examination. Furthermore, we detected luciferase signals in the lungs, even before the animals were sacrificed. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the high metastatic character of N-LMP1 in immunocompetent hosts. Systemic tumor dissemination occurs even before aggressive tumor growth at the primary site, suggesting that early treatment of primary LMP1-associated tumors and distant micro-metastases is critical to achieve positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Yuan Chang
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yenlin Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yuan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Medical Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuck C-K Chao
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Ping N Chow
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Wu TS, Wang LC, Liu SC, Hsu TY, Lin CY, Feng GJ, Chen JM, Liu HP, Chung IC, Yen TC, Chang YS, Liao SK, Chang C, Chow KPN. EBV oncogene N-LMP1 induces CD4 T cell-mediated angiogenic blockade in the murine tumor model. J Immunol 2015; 194:4577-87. [PMID: 25847974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antivascular immunity may provide long-term protection by preventing neovascularization that precedes tumor progression. Although the tumorigenesis promoted by EBV-encoded oncogene latent membrane protein 1 derived from Taiwanese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N-LMP1) has been demonstrated, the potential of N-LMP1 for inducing immune surveillance remains elusive. In this article, we describe the immunogenicity of N-LMP1 (1510) and its induction of antivascular immunity in a transplantable tumor model in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The immunogenicity of N-LMP1 was evaluated on the basis of tumor rejection following immunization. The impact of the immunization on the dynamics of tumor angiogenesis was assessed by temporal noninvasive dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and was further confirmed by histologic study and vascular count. Through the experiments of in vivo depletion and adoptive transfer, CD4 T cells were identified as effectors that depend on IFN-γ for tumor prevention. The response was further verified by the identification of an MHC H-2 I-E(d)-restricted peptide derived from N-LMP1 and by the immunization of mice with N-LMP1 peptide-loaded dendritic cells. These studies provide insight into N-LMP1-specific immunity in vivo, which suggests that CD4 T cells may play an important role in angiogenic surveillance against LMP1-associated cancer via tumor stroma targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Shoon Wu
- Exploratory Research Laboratory, Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Chen Liu
- Molecular Medical Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gou-Jin Feng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Che Chung
- Molecular Medical Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medical Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shuen-Kuei Liao
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Kai-Ping N Chow
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Zhang X, Dawson CW, He Z, Huang P. Immune evasion strategies of the human gamma-herpesviruses: Implications for viral tumorigenesis. J Med Virol 2011; 84:272-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Shih YYI, Hsu YH, Duong TQ, Lin SS, Chow KPN, Chang C. Longitudinal study of tumor-associated macrophages during tumor expansion using MRI. NMR Biomed 2011; 24:1353-60. [PMID: 22223366 PMCID: PMC3733487 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MRI is being used increasingly for the noninvasive longitudinal monitoring of cellular processes in various pathophysiological conditions. Macrophages are the main stromal cells in neoplasms and have been suggested to be the major cell type ingesting superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. However, no MRI study has described longitudinally the presence of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) during tumorigenesis with histological confirmation. To address this, we injected SPIO nanoparticles into the circulation of tumor-bearing mice and used MRI and post-mortem histology to monitor TAMs at different time points. The MRI results demonstrated that TAMs, as hypointense signals, appeared continually with the expansion of the tumor. The histological findings also revealed that SPIO-labeled TAMs tended to deposit closer to the vessel lumen with time prior to rapid tumor growth. The present study demonstrates the potential of using MRI to assess longitudinally TAM accumulation during tumorigenesis, and provides the first in vivo insight into the topographical arrangement of TAMs in relation to the progression of tumors. In vivo monitoring of the presence of TAMs could be useful for the development of tumor treatments that target TAM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu I. Shih
- Functional and Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Hsu
- Functional and Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sui-Shan Lin
- Functional and Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping N. Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang-Gung University, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: K.-P. N. Chow, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chen Chang
- Functional and Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: C. Chang, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Wu ZZ, Chow KP, Kuo TC, Chang YS, Chao CC. Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus sensitizes cancer cells to cisplatin by enhancing NF-κB p50 homodimer formation and downregulating NAPA expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1860-72. [PMID: 21945668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the oncogenic latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus is involved in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lymphoma. In previous studies, we found that expression of LMP1 was sufficient to transform BALB/c-3T3 cells. In contrast, other studies have shown that LMP1 induces apoptosis in a NF-κB-dependent manner and also inhibits the growth of tumors in mice, thereby indicating that LMP1 may produce various biological effects depending on the biological and cellular context. Still, the mechanism underlying the pro-apoptotic activity of LMP1 remains unclear. In the present study, we found that LMP1 inhibits the expression of NAPA, an endoplasmic reticulum SNARE protein that possesses anti-apoptotic properties against the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin. Accordingly, LMP1-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells were sensitized to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, whereas no sensitization effect was noted following treatment with the mitotic spindle-damaging drugs vincristine and taxol. Knockdown of LMP1 with antisense oligonucleotides restored NAPA protein level and rendered the cells resistant to cisplatin. Similarly, overexpression of NAPA reduced the effect of LMP1 and induced resistance to cisplatin. LMP1 was shown to upregulate the NF-κB subunit p50, leading to formation of p50 homodimers on the NAPA promoter. These findings suggest that the viral protein LMP1 may sensitize cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy by downregulating NAPA and by enhancing the formation of p50 homodimers which in turn inhibit the expression of NF-κB regulated anti-apoptotic genes. These findings provide an explanatory mechanism for the pro-apoptotic activity of LMP1 as well as new therapeutic targets to control tumor growth.
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