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Tembo M, Simms V, Weiss HA, Bandason T, Redzo N, Larsson L, Dauya E, Nzanza T, Ishumael P, Gweshe N, Nyamwanza R, Ndlovu P, Bernays S, Chikwari CD, Mavodza CV, Renju J, Francis SC, Ferrand RA, Mackworth-Young C. High uptake of menstrual health information, products and analgesics within an integrated sexual reproductive health service for young people in Zimbabwe. Reprod Health 2024; 21:56. [PMID: 38649934 PMCID: PMC11036648 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being integral to women's well-being, achieving good menstrual health (MH) remains a challenge. This study examined MH services uptake (including information, analgesics, and a choice of MH products - the menstrual cup and reusable pads) and sustained use of MH products within an integrated sexual and reproductive health intervention for young people in Zimbabwe. METHODS This mixed-methods study was nested within a cluster randomised trial of integrated sexual and reproductive health services (CHIEDZA) for youth in three provinces (Harare, Mashonaland East, and Bulawayo). The study collected qualitative and quantitative data from 27,725 female clients aged 16-24 years, who accessed CHIEDZA from April 2019 - March 2022. Using a biometric (fingerprint recognition) identification system, known as SIMPRINTS, uptake of MH information, products, and analgesics and other services was tracked for each client. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to investigate MH service uptake and product choice and use over time, and the factors associated with these outcomes. Thematic analysis of focus group discussions and interviews were used to further explore providers' and participants' experiences of the MH service and CHIEDZA intervention. RESULTS Overall, 36,991 clients accessed CHIEDZA of whom 27,725 (75%) were female. Almost all (n = 26,448; 95.4%) took up the MH service at least once: 25433 took up an MH product with the majority (23,346; 92.8%) choosing reusable pads. The uptake of cups varied across province with Bulawayo province having the highest uptake (13.4%). Clients aged 20-24 years old were more likely to choose cups than reusable pads compared with those aged 16-19 years (9.4% vs 6.0%; p < 0.001). Over the implementation period, 300/1819 (16.5%) of clients swapped from the menstrual cup to reusable pads and 83/23346 (0.4%) swapped from reusable pads to the menstrual cup. Provision of the MH service encouraged uptake of other important SRH services. Qualitative findings highlighted the provision of free integrated SRH and MH services that included a choice of MH products and analgesics in a youth-friendly environment were key to high uptake and overall female engagement with SRH services. CONCLUSIONS High uptake demonstrates how the MH service provided much needed access to MH products and information. Integration of MH within an SRH intervention proved central to young women accessing other SRH services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandikudza Tembo
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Victoria Simms
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nicol Redzo
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Leyla Larsson
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ethel Dauya
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tafadzwa Nzanza
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Pauline Ishumael
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nancy Gweshe
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rangarirai Nyamwanza
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Precious Ndlovu
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sarah Bernays
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Constancia Vimbayi Mavodza
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jenny Renju
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Suzanna C Francis
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constance Mackworth-Young
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Dziva Chikwari C, Kranzer K, Simms V, Patel A, Tembo M, Mugurungi O, Sibanda E, Mufare O, Ndlovu L, Muzangwa J, Vundla R, Chibaya A, Hayes R, Mackworth-Young C, Bernays S, Mavodza C, Hove F, Bandason T, Dauya E, Ferrand RA. Differentiated care for youth in Zimbabwe: Outcomes across the HIV care cascade. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024; 4:e0002553. [PMID: 38381752 PMCID: PMC10880981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Youth living with HIV are at higher risk than adults of disengaging from HIV care. Differentiated models of care such as community delivery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) may improve treatment outcomes. We investigated outcomes across the HIV cascade among youth accessing HIV services in a community-based setting. This study was nested in a cluster-randomised controlled trial (CHIEDZA: Clinicaltrials.gov, Registration Number: NCT03719521) conducted in three provinces in Zimbabwe and aimed to investigate the impact of a youth-friendly community-based package of HIV services, integrated with sexual and reproductive health services for youth (16-24 years), on population-level HIV viral load (VL). HIV services included HIV testing, ART initiation and continuous care, VL testing, and adherence support. Overall 377 clients were newly diagnosed with HIV at CHIEDZA, and linkage to HIV care was confirmed for 265 (70.7%, 234 accessed care at CHIEDZA and 31 with other providers); of these 250 (94.3%) started ART. Among those starting ART at CHIEDZA who did not transfer out and had enough follow up time (>6 months), 38% (68/177) were lost-to-follow-up within six months. Viral suppression (HIV Viral Load <1000 copies/ml) among those who had a test at 6 months was 90% (96/107). In addition 1162 clients previously diagnosed with HIV accessed CHIEDZA; 714 (61.4%) had a VL test, of whom 565 (79.1%) were virally suppressed. This study shows that provision of differentiated services for youth in the community is feasible. Linkage to care and retention during the initial months of ART was the main challenge and needs concerted attention to achieve the ambitious 95-95-95 UNAIDS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chido Dziva Chikwari
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria Simms
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amani Patel
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Mugurungi
- AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Edwin Sibanda
- City Health Department, Bulawayo City Council, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Onismo Mufare
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Lilian Ndlovu
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Joice Muzangwa
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rumbidzayi Vundla
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Abigail Chibaya
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richard Hayes
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constance Mackworth-Young
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bernays
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Constancia Mavodza
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fadzanayi Hove
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Sabapathy K, Mwita FC, Dauya E, Bandason T, Simms V, Dziva Chikwari C, Doyle AM, Ross D, Shah A, Hayes RJ, Schutte AE, Kranzer K, Ferrand RA. Prevalence of hypertension and high-normal blood pressure among young adults in Zimbabwe: findings from a large, cross-sectional population-based survey. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2024; 8:101-111. [PMID: 38070533 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the greatest driver of cardiovascular mortality and onset might be in youth. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for elevated blood pressure (hypertension ≥140 mm Hg systolic, ≥90 mm Hg diastolic, or both) and high-normal blood pressure (130-139 mm Hg systolic, 85-89 mm Hg diastolic, or both) among youth in Zimbabwe. METHODS A population-based, cross-sectional survey of randomly sampled youth aged 18-24 years from 24 urban and peri-urban communities in three provinces (Harare, Bulawayo, and Mashonaland East) in Zimbabwe was conducted between Oct 4, 2021, and June 2, 2022. Standardised questionnaires were used by research assistants to collect sociodemographic, behavioural, and clinical data. Height, bodyweight, and blood pressure were recorded. Three seated blood pressure measurements were taken at standardised timepoints during participant interview using a digital sphygmomanometer and cuffs sized on mid-upper arm circumference. The association of potential risk factors with elevated blood pressure was examined using multivariable logistic regression. FINDINGS 17 682 (94·4%) of 18 729 eligible participants were recruited, 17 637 (99·7%) of whom had complete data, and 16 883 (95·7%) of whom were included in the final study sample after excluding 754 (4·3%) pregnant women. The median age was 20 years (IQR 19-22), 9973 (59·1%) participants were female, and 6910 (40·9%) were male. The prevalence of hypertension was 7·4% (95% CI 7·0-7·8) and high-normal blood pressure was 12·2% (11·7-12·7). Overall, prevalence of hypertension was higher in men (8·7% [95% CI 8·2-9·6]) than in women (6·6% [6·0-6·9]), but with age increased to similar levels (at age 18 years 7·3% [6·2-8·6] and 4·3% [3·5-5·2]; at age 23-24 years 10·9% [9·3-12·6] and 9·5% [8·4-10·7] in men and women, respectively). After adjusting for factors associated with hypertension in the crude analysis, hypertension was associated with male sex (adjusted odds ratio 1·53 [95% CI 1·36-1·74]), increasing age (age 19-20 years 1·20 [1·00-1·44]; age 21-22 years 1·45 [1·20-1·75]; age 23-24 years 1·90 [1·57-2·30], vs age 18 years), and BMI of 30·0 kg/m2 or more (1·94 [1·53-2·47] vs 18·5-24·9 kg/m2). A BMI of 18·5 kg/m2 or less (0·79 [0·63-0·98] vs 18·5-24·9 kg/m2) and living with HIV (0·71 [0·55-0·92]) were associated with lower odds of hypertension. INTERPRETATION Prevalence of elevated blood pressure is high among urban and peri-urban youth in Zimbabwe and increases rapidly with age. Further research is needed to understand drivers of blood pressure elevation and the extent of target organ damage in youth in Zimbabwe and similar sub-Saharan African settings, to guide implementation of prevention and management strategies. FUNDING Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Sabapathy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Ethel Dauya
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Victoria Simms
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Aoife M Doyle
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Ross
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Anoop Shah
- Department of Noncommunicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard J Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Mavodza CV, Mackworth-Young CRS, Nyamwanza R, Nzombe P, Dauya E, Dziva Chikwari C, Tembo M, Ferrand RA, Bernays S. Fertility preservation and protection: young women's decision-making about contraceptive use in Zimbabwe. Cult Health Sex 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37729466 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2023.2258175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The study explored social and health system influences on young women's decision-making about family planning in a community setting with low uptake. Seventy-two semi-structured interviews were conducted between April 2020 and November 2021, with both young women accessing, and healthcare workers providing, a community-based integrated package of HIV and sexual and reproductive health services (CHIEDZA) in Zimbabwe. Data were thematically analysed. Although long-acting contraception was freely available as part of the CHIEDZA initiative, uptake was low. Young women's contraception choices were influenced by a desired reproductive sequence, which reflected prevailing social norms and was conveyed by peers and female relatives. Nulliparous young women preferred short-term contraception and avoided hormonal contraceptives prepartum to 'preserve' their fertility. Once fertility had been confirmed within marriage through the birth of a child, hormonal contraceptive use became socially permissible. Healthcare workers, cognisant of community discourse, sensitively proposed alternative approaches. Increasing the availability of correct and adequate information and commodities is critical to improving the uptake of contraceptives for young women, but it is insufficient alone. Recognising and responding to local contextual understandings which frame considerations of appropriateness is paramount. Successful implementation of family planning interventions requires engaging with social norms and the influential groups that perpetuate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constancia V Mavodza
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constance R S Mackworth-Young
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rangarirayi Nyamwanza
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Portia Nzombe
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rashida A Ferrand
- The Health Research Unit, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Bernays
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Larsson L, Chikwari CD, McHugh G, Koris A, Bandason T, Dauya E, Mapani L, Abrahams M, Shankland L, Simms V, Tembo M, Mavodza C, Kranzer K, Ferrand RA. Feasibility and Usability of Mobile Technology to Assist HIV Self-Testing in Youth in Zimbabwe: A Mixed-Methods Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:553-560. [PMID: 37389521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mobile technology is increasingly being used to widen access to and support the delivery of public health interventions. Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) self-testing (HIVST) enables individuals to have autonomy. We evaluated the feasibility of a novel application called ITHAKA to support HIVST among youth aged 16-24 years in Zimbabwe. METHODS This study was nested within a trial of community-based delivery of integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services called CHIEDZA. Youth accessing CHIEDZA were offered provider-delivered HIV testing or HIVST supported by ITHAKA, either on a tablet on-site at a community centre or on their mobile phone off-site. ITHAKA incorporated pre and post-test counselling, and instructions for conducting the test and the appropriate actions to take depending on test result, including reporting HIV test results to health providers. The outcome was completion of the testing journey. Semistructured interviews with CHIEDZA providers explored the perceptions of and experiences with the application. RESULTS Between April and September 2019, of the 2,181 youth who accepted HIV testing in CHIEDZA, 128 (5.8%) initiated HIVST (the remainder opting for provider-delivered testing) using ITHAKA. Nearly all who performed HIVST on-site (108/109 (99.1%)) compared to only 9/19 (47.4%) who tested off-site completed their testing journey. Low digital literacy, lack of agency, erratic network coverage, lack of dedicated phone ownership, the limited functionality of smartphones challenged implementation of ITHAKA. DISCUSSION Digitally supported HIVST had low uptake among youth. The feasibility and usability of digital interventions should be carefully assessed before implementation, paying careful attention to digital literacy, network availability, and access to devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Larsson
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grace McHugh
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrea Koris
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Lyanne Mapani
- Aviro Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Musaed Abrahams
- Aviro Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Shankland
- Aviro Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Global Health and Development Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Simms
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constancia Mavodza
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Environments, Public health and Society, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Chikwari CD, Simms V, Kranzer K, Dauya E, Bandason T, Tembo M, Mavodza C, Machiha A, Mugurungi O, Musiyandaka P, Mwaturura T, Tshuma N, Bernays S, Mackworth-Young C, Busza J, Francis SC, Hayes RJ, Ferrand RA. Evaluation of a community-based aetiological approach for sexually transmitted infections management for youth in Zimbabwe: intervention findings from the STICH cluster randomised trial. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 62:102125. [PMID: 37593222 PMCID: PMC10430193 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Young people are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We report STI testing uptake, prevalence and incidence within a community-based integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health service for youth, being evaluated in a cluster randomised trial in Zimbabwe. Methods This paper reports the intervention findings of the cluster randomised trial whereby STI testing was offered to all service attendees (16-24 years) in 12 intervention clusters over 12 months between October 5, 2020, and December 17, 2021, in Zimbabwe. Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis [CT] and Neisseria gonorrhoeae [NG] was offered to males and females with results available in one week and follow-up of test-positive clients by telephone. Trichomonas vaginalis [TV] testing was offered to females only with same day results and treatment. Youth testing positive for any STI were offered partner notification slips and free treatment for partners. This trial was registered with ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN15013425. Findings Overall, 8549/9891 (86.1%) eligible youth accepted CT/NG testing. Prevalence of CT and NG was 14.7% (95% CI 13.6-15.8) and 2.8% (95% CI 2.2-3.6) respectively. Combined prevalence of CT, NG or TV in women was 23.2% (95% CI 21.5-25.0). After adjusting for cluster, age and sex, the odds of NG were increased in those living with HIV (aOR 3.14, 95% CI 2.21-4.47). The incidence rate among those who initially tested negative for CT or NG was 25.6/100PY (95% CI 20.6-31.8). CT/NG treatment uptake was 924/1526 (60.6%). TV treatment uptake was 483/489 (98.8%). A partner returned for treatment for 103/1807 clients (5.7%). Interpretation Our findings show high acceptability of STI testing among youth. STI prevalence was high particularly among females and youth with HIV, underscoring the need for integration of HIV and STI services. Funding MRC/ESRC/DFID/NIHR (MR/T040327/1) and Wellcome Trust (206316/Z/17/Z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chido Dziva Chikwari
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Victoria Simms
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ethel Dauya
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constancia Mavodza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anna Machiha
- AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Owen Mugurungi
- AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Bernays
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constance Mackworth-Young
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joanna Busza
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Suzanna C. Francis
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Hayes
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Larsson L, Dziva Chikwari C, Simms V, Tembo M, Mahomva A, Mugurungi O, Hayes RJ, Mackworth-Young CRS, Bernays S, Mavodza C, Taruvinga T, Bandason T, Dauya E, Ferrand RA, Kranzer K. Addressing sociodemographic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among youth in Zimbabwe. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012268. [PMID: 37407229 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 vaccine acceptance research has mostly originated from high-income countries and reasons why youth may not get vaccinated may differ in low-income settings. Understanding vaccination coverage across different population groups and the sociocultural influences in healthcare delivery is important to inform targeted vaccination campaigns. METHODS A population-based survey was conducted in 24 communities across three provinces (Harare, Bulawayo and Mashonaland East) in Zimbabwe between October 2021 and June 2022. Youth aged 18-24 years were randomly selected using multistage sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination uptake and reasons for non-uptake were collected, and odds of vaccination was investigated using logistic regression. RESULTS 17 682 youth were recruited in the survey (n=10 742, 60.8% female). The median age of participants was 20 (IQR: 19-22) years. Almost two thirds (n=10 652, 60.2%) reported receiving at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. A higher proportion of men than women had been vaccinated (68.9% vs 54.7%), and vaccination prevalence increased with age (<19 years: 57.5%, 20-22: 61.5%, >23: 62.2%). Lack of time to get vaccinated, belief that the vaccine was unsafe and anxiety about side effects (particularly infertility) were the main reasons for not getting vaccinated. Factors associated with vaccination were male sex (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.58 to 1.80), increasing age (>22 years: OR=1.12, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.21), education level (postsecondary: OR=4.34, 95% CI 3.27 to 5.76) and socioeconomic status (least poor: OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.47). CONCLUSION This study found vaccine inequity across age, sex, educational attainment and socioeconomic status among youth. Strategies should address these inequities by understanding concerns and tailoring vaccine campaigns to specific groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Larsson
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Victoria Simms
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Agnes Mahomva
- National Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Zimbabwe Government Office of the President and Cabinet, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Richard J Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constance R S Mackworth-Young
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Bernays
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney-Sydney Medical School Nepean, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constancia Mavodza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tinotenda Taruvinga
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tsitsi Bandason
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Katharina Kranzer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munchen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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8
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Tembo M, Simms V, Weiss HA, Bandason T, Redzo N, Larsson L, Dauya E, Nzanza T, Ishumael P, Gweshe N, Nyamwanza R, Ndlovu P, Bernays S, Chikwari CD, Mavodza CV, Renju J, Francis SC, Ferrand RA, Mackworth-Young C. High uptake of menstrual health information, products and analgesics within an integrated sexual reproductive health service for young people in Zimbabwe. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3058045. [PMID: 37461550 PMCID: PMC10350165 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3058045/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Achieving good menstrual health (MH), integral to women's well-being, remains a challenge. This study examined MH services uptake (including information, analgesics, and a choice of MH products - the menstrual cup and reusable pads) and sustained use of MH products within an integrated sexual and reproductive health intervention for young people in Zimbabwe. Methods This study was embedded within a cluster randomised trial of integrated sexual and reproductive health services (CHIEDZA) in three provinces (Harare, Mashonaland East, and Bulawayo). The study collected qualitative and quantitative data from female clients aged 16-24 years, who accessed CHIEDZA from April 2019 - March 2022. Uptake of MH information, products, and analgesics and other services was tracked for each client. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to investigate MH service uptake and product choice and use over time, and the factors associated with these outcomes. Thematic analysis of focus group discussions and interviews were used to further explore providers' and participants' experiences of the MH service and CHIEDZA intervention. Results Overall, 36991 clients accessed CHIEDZA of whom 27725 (75%) were female. Almost all (n = 26448; 95.4%) took up the MH service at least once: 25433 took up an MH product with the majority (23346; 92.8%) choosing reusable pads. The uptake of cups varied across province with Bulawayo province having the highest uptake (13.4%). Clients aged 20-24 years old were more likely to choose cups than reusable pads compared with those aged 16-19 years (9.4% vs 6.0%; p < 0.001). Over the implementation period, 300/1819 (16.5%) of clients swapped from the menstrual cup to reusable pads and 83/23346 (0.4%) swapped from reusable pads to the menstrual cup. Provision of the MH service encouraged uptake of other important SRH services. Qualitative findings highlighted the provision of free integrated SRH and MH services that included a choice of MH products and analgesics in a youth-friendly environment were key to high uptake and overall female engagement with SRH services. Conclusions High uptake demonstrates how the MH service provided much needed access to MH products and information. Integration of MH within an SRH intervention proved central to young women accessing other SRH services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Renju
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
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9
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Mavodza CV, Bernays S, Mackworth-Young CRS, Nyamwanza R, Nzombe P, Dauya E, Chikwari CD, Tembo M, Apollo T, Mugurungi O, Madzima B, Nguwo D, Ferrand RA, Busza J. Fidelity, Feasibility and Adaptation of a Family Planning Intervention for Young Women in Zimbabwe: Provider Perspectives and Experiences. Glob Implement Res Appl 2023. [PMCID: PMC10037356 DOI: 10.1007/s43477-023-00075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The CHIEDZA (Community-based Interventions to improve HIV outcomes in youth: a cluster randomised trial in Zimbabwe) trial evaluated an integrated package of HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for young people aged 16–24 years in Zimbabwe. The family planning component aimed to improve access to information, services, and contraceptives delivered by trained youth-friendly providers within a community-based setting for young women. Responsively adapting the intervention was a part of the intervention design’s rationale. We investigated the factors influencing implementation fidelity, quality, and feasibility using provider experiences and perspectives. We conducted provider interviews (N = 42), non-participant (N = 18), and participant observation (N = 30) of intervention activities. The data was analyzed thematically. CHIEDZA providers were receptive to providing the family planning intervention, but contexts outside of the intervention created challenges to the intervention’s fidelity. Strategic adaptations were required to ensure service quality within a youth-friendly context. These adaptations strengthened service delivery but also resulted in longer wait times, more frequent visits, and variability of Long-Acting Reversible contraceptives (LARCS) provision which depended on target-driven programming by partner organization. This study was a practical example of how tracking adaptations is vital within process evaluation methods in implementation science. Anticipating that changes will occur is a necessary pre-condition of strong evaluations and tracking adaptations ensures that lessons on feasibility of design, contextual factors, and health system factors are responded to during implementation and can improve quality. Some contextual factors are unpredictable, and implementation should be viewed as a dynamic process where responsive adaptations are necessary, and fidelity is not static. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03719521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constancia V. Mavodza
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Bernays
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSchool of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Constance R. S. Mackworth-Young
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rangarirayi Nyamwanza
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Portia Nzombe
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tsitsi Apollo
- grid.415818.1HIV and TB Department, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Owen Mugurungi
- grid.415818.1HIV and TB Department, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- grid.418347.d0000 0004 8265 7435The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joanna Busza
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XDepartment of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Doyle AM, Bandason T, Dauya E, McHugh G, Grundy C, Simms V, Chibanda D, Ferrand R. Common mental health and emotional and behavioural disorders among adolescents and young adults in Harare and Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe: a population-based prevalence study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065276. [PMID: 36918245 PMCID: PMC10016291 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of common mental health disorders (CMDs) and emotional and behavioural disorders among young people and to explore the correlates of CMDs risk. SETTING Five urban and periurban communities in Harare and Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study PARTICIPANTS: Young people aged 13-24 years living in households in the study areas. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the proportion of participants screening positive for probable CMDs defined as a Shona Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ) score ≥8. Secondary outcomes were emotional and behavioural disorders measured using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and adjusted ORs for factors associated with CMD. RESULTS Out of 634 young people, 37.4% (95% CI 33.0% to 42.0%) screened positive for probable CMDs, 9.8% (95% CI 7.5% to 12.7%) reported perceptual symptoms and 11.2% (95% CI 9.0% to 13.8%) reported suicidal ideation. Using UK norms to define normal, borderline and abnormal scores for each of the SDQ domains, a high proportion (15.8%) of Zimbabwean young people had abnormal scores for emotional symptoms and a low proportion had abnormal scores for hyperactivity/inattention scores (2.8%) and prosocial scores (7.1%). We created local cut-offs for the emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/attention and prosocial SDQ domains. The odds of probable CMDs increased with each year of age (OR 1.09, p<0.001) and was higher among those who were out of school and not working compared with those in school or working (adj. OR 1.67 (1.07, 2.62), p=0.04). One in five participants (22.1%) were referred immediately for further clinical assessment but uptake of referral services was low. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of symptoms of CMDs among general population urban and peri-urban young people especially among those with no employment. There is a need for more accessible and acceptable youth-friendly mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Margaret Doyle
- Medical Research Council International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - T Bandason
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - E Dauya
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Grace McHugh
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chris Grundy
- Medical Research Council International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Victoria Simms
- Medical Research Council International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - D Chibanda
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rashida Ferrand
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe (THRU ZIM), Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Tembo M, Weiss HA, Larsson LS, Bandason T, Redzo N, Dauya E, Nzanza T, Ishumael P, Gweshe N, Ndlovu P, Dziva Chikwari C, Mavodza CV, Renju J, Francis SC, Ferrand R, Mackworth-Young CRS. A mixed-methods study measuring the effectiveness of a menstrual health intervention on menstrual health knowledge, perceptions and practices among young women in Zimbabwe. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067897. [PMID: 36894201 PMCID: PMC10008401 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While integral to women's physical and mental well-being, achieving good menstrual health (MH) remains a challenge for many women. This study investigated the effectiveness of a comprehensive MH intervention on menstrual knowledge, perceptions and practices among women aged 16-24 years in Harare, Zimbabwe. DESIGN A mixed-methods prospective cohort study with pre-post evaluation of an MH intervention. SETTING Two intervention clusters in Harare, Zimbabwe. PARTICIPANTS Overall, 303 female participants were recruited, of whom 189 (62.4%) were seen at midline (median follow-up 7.0; IQR 5.8-7.7 months) and 184 (60.7%) were seen at endline (median follow-up 12.4; IQR 11.9-13.8 months). Cohort follow-up was greatly affected by COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions. INTERVENTION The MH intervention provided MH education and support, analgesics, and a choice of menstrual products in a community-based setting to improve MH outcomes among young women in Zimbabwe. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Effectiveness of a comprehensive MH intervention on improving MH knowledge, perceptions, and practices among young women over time. Quantitative questionnaire data were collected at baseline, midline, and endline. At endline, thematic analysis of four focus group discussions was used to further explore participants' menstrual product use and experiences of the intervention. RESULTS At midline, more participants had correct/positive responses for MH knowledge (adjusted OR (aOR)=12.14; 95% CI: 6.8 to 21.8), perceptions (aOR=2.85; 95% CI: 1.6 to 5.1) and practices for reusable pads (aOR=4.68; 95% CI: 2.3 to 9.6) than at baseline. Results were similar comparing endline with baseline for all MH outcomes. Qualitative findings showed that sociocultural norms, stigma and taboos around menstruation, and environmental factors such as limited access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities affected the effect of the intervention on MH outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The intervention improved MH knowledge, perceptions and practices among young women in Zimbabwe, and the comprehensive nature of the intervention was key to this. MH interventions should address interpersonal, environmental and societal factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03719521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandikudza Tembo
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Tsitsi Bandason
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nicol Redzo
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tafadzwa Nzanza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Nancy Gweshe
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Precious Ndlovu
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Constancia Vimbayi Mavodza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Renju
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Suzanna C Francis
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rashida Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Department of Clinical Research, London, London, UK
| | - Constance R S Mackworth-Young
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
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12
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Mavodza CV, Busza J, Mackworth-Young CRS, Nyamwanza R, Nzombe P, Dauya E, Dziva Chikwari C, Tembo M, Simms V, Mugurungi O, Apollo T, Madzima B, Ferrand RA, Bernays S. Family Planning Experiences and Needs of Young Women Living With and Without HIV Accessing an Integrated HIV and SRH Intervention in Zimbabwe-An Exploratory Qualitative Study. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:781983. [PMID: 35663923 PMCID: PMC9160719 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.781983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with HIV have higher unmet family planning needs compared to those without HIV. This is heightened for young people. However, the provision of family planning for young people within HIV programmes is uncommon. We investigated family planning uptake, acceptability of, and engagement with a service offering integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for youth in a community-based setting in Zimbabwe. Methods CHIEDZA, a community-based intervention offering integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services to young people aged 16-24 years, is being trialed in Zimbabwe. This exploratory qualitative study was nested within an ongoing study process evaluation. Data was collected between March-May 2021 with two sets of interviews conducted: I) twelve semi-structured interviews with young women living with HIV aged 17-25 years and II) fifteen interviews conducted with young women without HIV aged between 20 and 25 years who used a contraceptive method. A thematic analysis approach was used. Results Before engaging with CHIEDZA, young women had experienced judgmental providers, on account of their age, and received misinformation about contraceptive use and inadequate information about ART-contraceptive interactions. These presented as barriers to uptake and engagement. Upon attending CHIEDZA, all the young women reported receiving non-judgmental care. For those living with HIV, they were able to access integrated HIV and family planning services that supported them having broader sexual and reproductive needs beyond their HIV diagnosis. The family planning preference of young women living with HIV included medium to long-acting contraceptives to minimize adherence challenges, and desired partner involvement in dual protection to prevent HIV transmission. CHIEDZA's ability to meet these preferences shaped uptake, acceptability, and engagement with integrated HIV and family services. Conclusions Recommendations for an HIV and family planning integrated service for young people living with HIV include: offering a range of services (including method-mix contraceptives) to choose from; supporting their agency to engage with the services which are most acceptable to them; and providing trained, supportive, knowledgeable, and non-judgmental health providers who can provide accurate information and counsel. We recommend youth-friendly, differentiated, person-centered care that recognize the multiple and intersecting needs of young people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constancia V. Mavodza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Busza
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constance R. S. Mackworth-Young
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Portia Nzombe
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ethel Dauya
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Chido Dziva Chikwari
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandikudza Tembo
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- MRC London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Simms
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Mugurungi
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, HIV and TB Department, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Apollo
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, HIV and TB Department, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Rashida A. Ferrand
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bernays
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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