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Jamnik AA, Shaw KA, Thornberg D, McClung A, Jo CH, Ramo B, McIntosh A. Health-related quality of life and clinical outcomes for magnetically controlled growing rod patients after treatment termination. Spine Deform 2024; 12:853-863. [PMID: 38219256 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-023-00801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and clinical outcomes of children with early onset scoliosis (EOS) treated with magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) followed to definitive fusion (DF). METHODS A retrospective review of EOS patients treated with MCGR and followed to DF was performed. Outcomes included HRQoL scores, radiographic, clinical, and unplanned returns to the operating room (UPROR) data collected at pre-MCGR implantation, immediately post-MCGR implantation, pre-DF, and post-DF. HRQoL scores were collected at least 6 months post-DF. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (57.1% females, mean age at MCGR insertion 7.19 ± 1.5 years, mean pre-MCGR Cobb 64.7° ± 17.6) met inclusion criteria. MCGR treatment resulted in an overall 30.2% improvement in coronal plane deformity following DF. The mean growth rates between MCGR implantation and pre-DF for T1-T12 height and T1-S1 length were 0.33 ± 0.23 mm/month and 0.49 ± 0.28 mm/month, respectively. Of the 28 included patients, 26 (92.9%) experienced at least one UPROR, with a total of 52 surgical complications occurring in the total cohort, representing 1.9 UPROR/patient. Interestingly, there was a decline in scores reported between post-MCGR implantation and the pre-DF time-point (N = 16, 78.2 ± 14.9 vs 69.7 ± 17.8, p = 0.02). These scores recovered post-DF, resulting in an overall unchanged HRQoL when comparing pre-MCGR to post-DF (N = 11, 79.9 ± 15.1 vs 76.7 ± 17.9, p = 0.44). CONCLUSION While MCGR treatment achieves coronal plane deformity control and facilitates spinal growth, only 7.1% of children experienced a complication-free treatment course when followed to definitive fusion. Patients achieved modest curve correction and spinal growth, while maintaining stable HRQoL outcomes between pre-MCGR and post-DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Jamnik
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - K Aaron Shaw
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - David Thornberg
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Anna McClung
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Chan-Hee Jo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Brandon Ramo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA
| | - Amy McIntosh
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, 75219, USA.
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Du Y, Yang Y, Lin G, Shen J, Zhao Y, Wu N, Zhuang Q, Zhang J. Dual Growing Rods and the Apical Control Technique for Treating Congenital Early-Onset Scoliosis: Lessons Learned. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:304-314. [PMID: 38113312 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital early-onset scoliosis (CEOS) is characterized by a spectrum of vertebral anomalies, including formation failures and segmentation failures at the apex segment, which makes CEOS different from other etiologies of early-onset scoliosis. To date, studies on patients who have graduated from CEOS treatment using traditional dual growing rods (TDGR) have been scarce, and the preliminary results of TDGR with or without the apical control technique (ACT) have varied. We therefore compared the final outcomes of patients with CEOS who graduated from TDGR with or without the ACT. METHODS A retrospective study of patients with CEOS who had graduated from TDGR treatment performed from 2007 to 2020 was conducted. Graduation included final fusion or observation after reaching skeletal maturity. Patients were divided into the ACT-TDGR group (apical vertebrectomy and/or hemivertebrectomy with short fusion and TDGR) and the TDGR-only group. Demographic characteristics, radiographic data, patient-reported clinical outcomes, pulmonary function, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 41 patients with CEOS were enrolled: 13 in the ACT-TDGR group and 28 in the TDGR-only group. The lengthening intervals were longer in the ACT-TDGR group (mean [and standard deviation], 1.26 ± 0.66 years) than in the TDGR-only group (0.80 ± 0.27 years). The preoperative main curve was larger in the ACT-TDGR group (80.53° ± 19.50°) than in the TDGR-only group (64.11° ± 17.50°). The residual curve was comparable between groups (26.31° ± 12.82° in the ACT-TDGR group compared with 27.76° ± 15.0° in the TDGR group) at the latest follow-up. The changes in apical vertebral rotation and thoracic rotation were significantly larger in the ACT-TDGR group. Patients had comparable T1-12 and T1-S1 heights, pulmonary function, and 22-item Scoliosis Research Society (SRS-22) scores at the latest follow-up. The mean number of mechanical-related complications per patient was lower in the ACT-TDGR group (0.77 ± 0.73) than in the TDGR-only group (1.54 ± 1.43). Seventeen patients underwent final fusion. CONCLUSIONS In this small-scale study, we observed that both ACT-TDGR and TDGR-only could correct the deformity while allowing for spinal growth in patients with CEOS. ACT-TDGR yielded better correction in severe cases and did not have a deleterious effect on spinal height. A large number of cases will be needed to validate the clinical value of the ACT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yokogawa N, Demura S, Ohara T, Tauchi R, Takimura K, Yanagida H, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe K, Suzuki S, Uno K, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Kotani T, Nakayama K, Oku N, Taniguchi Y, Murakami H, Yamamoto T, Kawamura I, Takeshita K, Sugawara R, Kikkawa I, Kawakami N. Instrumentation failure following pediatric spine deformity growth-sparing surgery using traditional growing rods or vertical expandable prosthetic titanium ribs. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:115. [PMID: 38331756 PMCID: PMC10851562 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Instrumentation failure (IF) is a major complication associated with growth-sparing surgery for pediatric spinal deformities; however, studies focusing on IF following each surgical procedure are lacking. We aimed to evaluate the incidence, timing, and rates of unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) associated with IF following each surgical procedure in growth-sparing surgeries using traditional growing rods (TGRs) and vertical expandable prosthetic titanium ribs (VEPTRs). METHODS We reviewed 1,139 surgical procedures documented in a Japanese multicenter database from 2015 to 2017. Of these, 544 TGR and 455 VEPTR procedures were included for evaluation on a per-surgery basis. IF was defined as the occurrence of an implant-related complication requiring revision surgery. RESULTS The surgery-based incidences of IF requiring revision surgery in the TGR and VEPTR groups were 4.3% and 4.0%, respectively, with no significant intergroup difference. Remarkably, there was a negative correlation between IF incidence per surgical procedure and the number of lengthening surgeries in both groups. In addition, rod breakage in the TGR group and anchor-related complications in the VEPTR group tended to occur relatively early in the treatment course. The surgery-based rates of UPROR due to IF in the TGR and VEPTR groups were 2.0% and 1.5%, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS We found that IF, such as anchor related-complications and rod breakage, occurs more frequently earlier in the course of lengthening surgeries. This finding may help in patient counseling and highlights the importance of close postoperative follow-up to detect IF and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yokogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Ohara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tauchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Yanagida
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kota Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Uno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Teppei Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kobe Medical Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Oku
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagoshima Red Cross Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsushi Takeshita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kikkawa
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Jichi Children's Medical Center, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ichinomiya Nishi Hospital, Aichi, Japan
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Chamberlin K, Galgano M, Grabala P. Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for Early-Onset Scoliosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2023; 25:e279. [PMID: 37499239 DOI: 10.1227/ons.0000000000000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chamberlin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Galgano
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pawel Grabala
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Mainard N, Saghbini E, Langlais T, Vialle R, Nectoux E, Sales de Gauzy J, Fron D, Canavese F. Clinical and radiological results of final fusion in patients who underwent lengthening with magnetically controlled growing rods. About 66 patients with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Eur Spine J 2023; 32:3118-3132. [PMID: 37382696 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of definitive arthrodesis on frontal and sagittal spine balance in EOS patients treated with MCGR, as well as the complications associated with this procedure and the outcome at last follow-up. METHODS This was a multicentre study in 10 French centres. All patients who underwent posterior spinal arthrodesis after completion of MCGR treatment, regardless of age, etiology of scoliosis between 2011 and 2022, were included. RESULTS A total of 66 patients who had a final fusion after the lengthening programme were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 5.5 ± 1.7 years (range: 2.1-9). The mean follow-up time after arthrodesis was 24 ± 18 months (range: 3-68) and the mean age at arthrodesis was 13.5 ± 1.5 years (range: 9.5-17). The main and secondary curves were significantly (p < 0.005 and p = 0.03) improved by arthrodesis (16.4° and 9° respectively) and stabilised at the last follow-up. The T1-T12 and T1-S1 distances increased by 8.4 mm and 14 mm with spinal fusion, with no significant difference (p = 0.096 and p = 0.068). There was no significant improvement in the rest of the parameters with arthrodesis, nor was there any significant deterioration at last follow-up. After final fusion, there were a total of 24 complications in 18 patients (27.3%) that routinely led to repeat surgery. CONCLUSION Final fusion after MCGR provides satisfactory additional correction of the main and secondary curves and a moderate increase in the T1-T12 distance but has no impact on sagittal balance and other radiological parameters. The post-operative complication rate is particularly high in patients at risk of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mainard
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59000, Lille, France.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037, Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Elie Saghbini
- Orthopaedic and Reconstructive Surgery in Children, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau - AP-HP, 26 Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Paediatrics - Orthopaedic, Traumatological and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne - TSA, 70034 - 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphael Vialle
- Orthopaedic and Reconstructive Surgery in Children, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau - AP-HP, 26 Avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Eric Nectoux
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59000, Lille, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille Henri Warembourg, 2 Av Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Sales de Gauzy
- Paediatrics - Orthopaedic, Traumatological and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne - TSA, 70034 - 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Fron
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Federico Canavese
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHU Lille, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59000, Lille, France
- Paediatrics - Orthopaedic, Traumatological and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne - TSA, 70034 - 31059, Toulouse, France
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Mehta JS, Tognini M, Hothi H. Growing rods in Early Onset Scoliosis: The current scenario. J Orthop 2023; 42:63-69. [PMID: 37519912 PMCID: PMC10372050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The treatment of early onset scoliosis is a challenge. Some curves resolve spontaneously, while the more aggressive ones require surgical intervention. Several surgical strategies have been explored in this unique group of patients, though the distraction based growing rods are the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this paper is to consider the current scenario with the surgical treatment for early onset scoliosis with growing rods. Methods This is a narrative review that explores the various types of growing rod options that are currently available. The results, as reported in literature, are discussed. The complications and problems with the commonly used growing rods are explored, based on the reported literature and on retrieval analysis that we have published. We discuss some of the newer modifications of growing rods. Results There is no real consensus on the ideal timing for the surgery or ways to assess the outcomes of the treatment. The Cobb angle measurement and measures of thoracic growth are surrogate markers. The main indication for surgery is to an increase in the thoracic dimensions and allowing for lung growth. Measures that are linked to lung function are more useful. We report some newer MRI scanning technology. Distraction-based growing rods have been reported to produce consistent and good results. Frequent return to theatre with the Traditional Growing Rods (TGR) and the metallosis related problems with the MCGR are reported. Conclusions We have learned a lot from the TGR and MCGR experiences. There is a scope for ongoing research to improve the design of the implant systems and better assess the outcomes on lung function. This review outlines these and helps identify the future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwalant S. Mehta
- Royal Orthoapedic Hospital, UK
- Birmingham Childrens' Hospital, UK
| | - Martina Tognini
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, UK
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Harry Hothi
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, UK
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Shaw KA, Jamnik A, McClung A, Thornberg D, Ramo B, McIntosh A. Increasing soft tissue depth is associated with stalling of magnetically controlled growing rods. N Am Spine Soc J 2023; 14:100230. [PMID: 37334188 PMCID: PMC10275716 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) represent the most used implant for the treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS). These implants lengthen through the application of a remote magnetic field but distraction force generation has been negatively correlated with increasing soft tissue depth. Given the high rate of MCGR stalling, we proposed to investigate the impact of preoperative soft tissue depth on the rate of MCGR stalling at a minimum of 2 years following implantation. Methods A single-center, retrospective review of prospectively enrolled children with EOS treated with MCGR was performed. Children were included if they had a minimum of 2-years follow-up after implantation and underwent advanced spinal imaging (MRI or CT) preoperatively within a year of implantation. The primary outcome was the development of MCGR stall. Additional measures included radiographic deformity parameters and gain in MCGR actuator length. Results About 55 patients were identified with 18 having preoperative advanced imaging allowing tissue depth measurement (Mean 5.99 ± 1.9 years, 83.3% female, mean Cobb 68.6 ± 13.8°). At a mean follow-up of 46.1 ± 11.9 months, 7 patients (38.9%) experienced stalling. MCGR stalling was associated with increased preoperative soft tissue depth (21.5 ± 4.4 mm vs. 16.5 ± 4.1 mm; p = .025) and increased BMI (16.3 ± 1.6 vs. 14.5 ± 0.9; p = .007). Conclusions Greater preoperative soft tissue depth and BMI were associated with the development of MCGR stalling. This data supports previous studies showing that the distraction capacity of MCGR diminishes with increased soft tissue depth. Further research is needed to validate these findings and their implications on the indications for MCGR implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Aaron Shaw
- Corresponding author. Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, 2222 Welborn St, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Grabala P, Helenius IJ, Chamberlin K, Galgano M. Less-Invasive Approach to Early-Onset Scoliosis—Surgical Technique for Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod (MCGR) Based on Treatment of 2-Year-Old Child with Severe Scoliosis. Children 2023; 10:children10030555. [PMID: 36980113 PMCID: PMC10047795 DOI: 10.3390/children10030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Spinal deformities in children can be caused by various etiologies, such as congenital, syndromic, neuromuscular, or idiopathic. Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is diagnosed before the age of ten years, and when the curvature continues to progress and exceeds a Cobb angle of 60–65 degrees, surgical treatment should be considered. Initial minimally invasive surgery and the implantation of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) allows for the noninvasive distraction of the spine, growing, and avoids multiple operations associated with the classic distractions of standard growing rods. Case presentation: A 2-year-old girl was admitted to our clinic with rapidly progressive thoracic scoliosis. The major curve of the thoracic spine Cobb angle was 122° at 30 months. No congenital deformities were detected. The surgical technique was the less-invasive percutaneous and subfascial implantation of MCGRs, without long incisions on the back and the non-invasive ambulatory lengthening of her spine over the next 4 years. Conclusions: MCGR is a safe procedure for EOS patients. It is extremely effective at correcting spinal deformity; controlling the growth and curvature of the spine as the child develops during growth; reducing the number of hospitalizations and anesthesia; and minimizing the physical and mental burden of young patients, parents, and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grabala
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
- Paley European Institute, Al. Rzeczypospolitej 1, 02-972 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilkka J. Helenius
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelly Chamberlin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Michael Galgano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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Shaw KA, Bassett P, Ramo BA, McClung A, Thornberg D, Jamnik A, Jo CH, Johnston CE, McIntosh AL. The evolving stall rate of magnetically controlled growing rods beyond 2 years follow-up. Spine Deform 2023; 11:487-493. [PMID: 36447049 PMCID: PMC9708129 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) have become the dominant distraction-based implant for the treatment of early onset scoliosis (EOS). Recent studies, however, have demonstrated rising rates of implant failure beyond short-term follow-up. We sought to evaluate a single-center experience with MCGR for the treatment of EOS to define the rate of MCGR failure to lengthen, termed implant stall, over time. METHODS A single-center, retrospective review was conducted identifying children with EOS undergoing primary MCGR implantation. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of implant stalling, defined as a failure of the MCGR to lengthen on three consecutive attempted lengthening sessions with minimum of 2 years follow-up. Clinical and radiographic variables were collected and compared between lengthening and stalled MCGRs. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to assess implant stalling over time. RESULTS A total of 48 children met inclusion criteria (mean age 6.3 ± 1.8 years, 64.6% female). After a mean 56.9 months (range of 27 to 90 months) follow-up, 25 (48%) of children experienced implant stalling at a mean of 26.0 ± 14.1 months post-implantation. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that only 50% of MCGR continue to successfully lengthen at 2 years post-implantation, decreasing to < 20% at 4 years post-implantation. CONCLUSION Only 50% of MCGR continue to successfully lengthen 2 years post-implantation, dropping dramatically to < 20% at 4 years, adding to the available knowledge regarding the long-term viability and cost-effectiveness of MCGR in the management of EOS. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aaron Shaw
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Paul Bassett
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Maine Medical Center, Bangor, ME, USA
| | - Brandon A Ramo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna McClung
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David Thornberg
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adam Jamnik
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chan-Hee Jo
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlie E Johnston
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amy L McIntosh
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Scottish Rite for Children Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Wang T, Fan N, Zang L, Yuan S, Du P, Si F, Wang A, Li J, Kong X, Zhu W. Comparative efficacy and complications of single and dual growing rods for early-onset scoliosis: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Spine J 2023; 32:167-80. [PMID: 36509886 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This updated meta-analysis aimed to compare single and dual growing rods, including both traditional growing rod and magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) used in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) with regard to deformity correction, spinal growth, and complications. METHODS This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using articles extracted from PubMed, EMBASE databases, and Cochrane Library databases. Only articles reporting the complications and the imaging parameters before and after growing rods in the patients diagnosed with EOS were included. We extracted and statistically analyzed the data deemed relevant for this study, and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias in each study. Data synthesis and statistical analyses were performed using R software. RESULTS Fifteen eligible articles containing 409 participants (n = 185, single growing rods; n = 224, dual growing rods) were identified. The meta-analysis found no significant differences in the preoperative and postoperative major Cobb angle, T1-S1 distance, thoracic kyphosis, and coronal balance between single and dual rods groups. The final follow-up major Cobb angle (P = 0.01; standardized mean difference, - 0.42 [95% confidence interval (CI), - 0.74 to - 0.10]; I2 = 23%) was significantly smaller in dual rods group than single-rod group. However, no significant differences in the correction rate of angle (major Cobb angle and kyphosis angle) and changes in the T1-S1 distance between the two groups were observed. Moreover, there were no significant differences in the metalwork failure, infection, or proximal junctional kyphosis between single and dual rods groups. However, total complications (P = 0.03; risk ratio (RR), 0.79 [95% CI, 0.63-0.98]; I2 = 29%) and distraction failure in MCGR (P = 0.04; RR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.14-0.98]; I2 = 11%) were significantly lower in dual rods group than single-rod group. CONCLUSION This updated meta-analysis found that patients with dual growing rods had fewer complications, especially distraction failure in MCGR, than those with single growing rod. However, none of deformity correction, spinal growth, or other complications differed between single and dual growing rods. Therefore, we believe that dual growing rods do not provide strong advantages over single growing rod in the treatment of EOS.
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