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Cho SW, Park SM, Park B, Kim DY, Lee TG, Kim BM, Kim C, Kim J, Lee SW, Kim CS. High-speed photoacoustic microscopy: A review dedicated on light sources. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 24:100291. [PMID: 34485074 PMCID: PMC8403586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many methods have been investigated to improve imaging speed in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). These methods mainly focused upon three critical factors contributing to fast PAM: laser pulse repetition rate, scanning speed, and computing power of the microprocessors. A high laser repetition rate is fundamentally the most crucial factor to increase the PAM speed. In this paper, we review methods adopted for fast PAM systems in detail, specifically with respect to light sources. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first review article analyzing the fundamental requirements for developing high-speed PAM and their limitations from the perspective of light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Woo Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Beop-Min Kim
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesu Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Liu N, Chen Z, Xing D. Integrated photoacoustic and hyperspectral dual-modality microscopy for co-imaging of melanoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000105. [PMID: 32406187 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin carcinoma such as melanoma (MM) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are considered as the highest mortality and the most aggressive skin cancers in dermatology. In view that early diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve the survival rate and life quality of the patients, developing noninvasive and effective evaluation methods is of great significance for the detection and identification of early stage cutaneous cancers. In this article, we propose a hybrid photoacoustic and hyperspectral dual-modality microscopy to evaluate and differentiate skin carcinoma by structural and multiphysiological parameters. The proposed system's imaging abilities are verified by mimic phantoms and normal mice experiments. Furthermore, in vivo characterization and evaluation results of MM and cSCC mice are obtained successfully, which prove this novel method could be used as a reliable and useful method for skin cancer detection in early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjiang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Guo H, Chen Q, Qi W, Chen X, Xi L. In vivo study of rat cortical hemodynamics using a stereotaxic-apparatus-compatible photoacoustic microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800067. [PMID: 29671952 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Brain imaging is an important technique in cognitive neuroscience. In this article, we designed a stereotaxic-apparatus-compatible photoacoustic microscope for the studies of rat cortical hemodynamics. Compared with existing optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) systems, the probe owns feature of fast, light and miniature. In this microscope, we integrated a miniaturized ultrasound transducer with a center frequency of 10 MHz to detect photoacoustic signals and a 2-dimensional (2D) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanner to achieve raster scanning of the optical focus. Based on phantom evaluation, this imaging probe has a high lateral resolution of 3.8 μm and an effective imaging domain of 2 × 2 mm2 . Different from conventional ORPAMs, combining with standard stereotaxic apparatus enables broad studies of rodent brains without any motion artifact. To show its capability, we successfully captured red blood cell flow in the capillary, monitored the vascular changes during bleeding and blood infusion and visualized cortical hemodynamics induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Xiong K, Yang S, Li X, Xing D. Autofocusing optical-resolution photoacoustic endoscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1846-1849. [PMID: 29652380 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) endoscopy has the potential to diagnose early diseases in the gastrointestinal tract. For the first time, to our knowledge, we developed an autofocusing PA endoscope (AF-PAE) for the usually irregular gastrointestinal tract imaging to solve the deterioration of transverse resolution caused by the defocus scanning of the probe. The 9-mm-diameter AF-PAE probe integrated a 6-mm aspheric lens and 6-mm liquid lens to automatically adjust the optical focal length, and an unfocused ultrasonic transducer with a center frequency of 15 MHz is coaxially set for detecting PA signals. With this probe, the AF-PAE achieved a focus-shifting range from approximately 2 to 10 mm with high transverse resolution and image contrast in a 360° field of view. Phantom experiment and vasculature distribution of a resected rabbit rectum have been performed to demonstrate the imaging ability of the AF-PAE for potential clinical applications in colorectal vessel imaging and subsequent diagnosis.
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Guo H, Song C, Xie H, Xi L. Photoacoustic endomicroscopy based on a MEMS scanning mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4615-4618. [PMID: 29140326 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a high-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy probe based on a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror. The built-in optical assembly consists of a 0.7 mm graded-index (GRIN) lens for light focusing and a ϕ1 mm MEMS mirror to reflect and scan the beam. A miniaturized unfocused ultrasound transducer with a center frequency of 10 MHz is used for photoacoustic detection. Sharp blades, carbon fibers, and black tapes were utilized to evaluate the performance of the system. In vivo mouse ears and resected rectums were imaged to further demonstrate the feasibility of this probe for potential biological and clinical applications.
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Mattison SP, Mondragon E, Kaunas R, Applegate BE. Hybrid nonlinear photoacoustic and reflectance confocal microscopy for label-free subcellular imaging with a single light source. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4028-4031. [PMID: 28957189 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear photoacoustic microscopy is capable of achieving subcellular optically resolved absorption contrast in three dimensions but cannot provide structural context for the acquired images. We have developed a dual-modality imaging system that combines the optical absorption contrast of a nonlinear photoacoustic microscope with the optical scattering contrast of a reflectance confocal microscope. By integrating the confocal detection optics into the optical setup of the nonlinear photoacoustic microscope, the two systems were co-registered and may be acquired at the same time and with the same light source. Simultaneous images of fixed erythrocytes and fibroblasts were measured to demonstrate the complementary information that is provided by the two modalities.
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Chen Q, Jin T, Qi W, Mo X, Xi L. Label-free photoacoustic imaging of the cardio-cerebrovascular development in the embryonic zebrafish. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2359-2367. [PMID: 28736676 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish play an important role in biology, pharmacology, toxicology, and medicine. The cardio-cerebrovascular development of zebrafish is particularly critical to understand both brain disorders and cardiovascular diseases in human. In this paper, we applied optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) to image the whole-body vasculature of the embryonic zebrafish with a special focus on the development of the cardio-cerebrovascular system. Using the intrinsic optical absorption contrast of the embryo, we successfully visualized the formation of the cardio-cerebrovascular network in high-resolution using a 10 × objective, and monitored the whole-body vascular development using a 4 × objective. In addition, we evaluated the impact of the eggshell and pigment inhibitor on the image quality. Our results suggest that ORPAM is capable of studying the cardio-cerebrovascular development of zebrafish in the embryonic stage, and thus has the potential to investigate the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of human in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Tian Jin
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Xi
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.,Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Huang N, Guo H, Qi W, Zhang Z, Rong J, Yuan Z, Ge W, Jiang H, Xi L. Whole-body multispectral photoacoustic imaging of adult zebrafish. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3543-3550. [PMID: 27699119 PMCID: PMC5030031 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish, an ideal vertebrate for studying developmental biology and genetics, is increasingly being used to understand human diseases, due to its high similarity to the human genome and its optical transparency during embryonic stages. Once the zebrafish has fully developed, especially wild-type breeds, conventional optical imaging techniques have difficulty in imaging the internal organs and structures with sufficient resolution and penetration depth. Even with established mutant lines that remain transparent throughout their life cycle, it is still challenging for purely optical imaging modalities to visualize the organs of juvenile and adult zebrafish at a micro-scale spatial resolution. In this work, we developed a non-invasive three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging platform with an optimized illumination pattern and a cylindrical-scanning-based data collection system to image entire zebrafish with micro-scale resolutions of 80 μm and 600 μm in the lateral and axial directions, respectively. In addition, we employed a multispectral strategy that utilized excitation wavelengths from 690 nm to 930 nm to statistically quantify the relative optical absorption spectrum of major organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Huang
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Heng Guo
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weizhi Qi
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jian Rong
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Huabei Jiang
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xi
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
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Kang H, Lee SW, Lee ES, Kim SH, Lee TG. Real-time GPU-accelerated processing and volumetric display for wide-field laser-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4650-60. [PMID: 26713184 PMCID: PMC4679244 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fast signal processing and real-time displays are essential for practical imaging modality in various fields of applications. However, the imaging speed in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), in particular, depends on factors such as the pulse repetition rate of the laser, scanning method, field of view (FOV), and signal processing time. In the past, efforts to increase acquisition speed either focused on developing new scanning methods or using lasers with higher pulse repetition rates. However, high-speed signal processing is also important for real-time volumetric display in OR-PAM. In this study, we carried out parallel signal processing using a graphics processing unit (GPU) to enable fast signal processing and wide-field real-time displays in laser-scanning OR-PAM. The average total GPU processing time for a B-mode PAM image was approximately 1.35 ms at a display speed of 480 fps when the data samples were acquired with 736 (axial) × 500 (lateral) points/B-mode-frame at a pulse repetition rate of 300 kHz. In addition, we successfully displayed maximum amplitude projection images of a mouse's ear as volumetric images with an FOV of 3 mm × 3 mm (500 × 500 pixels) at 1.02 s, corresponding to 0.98 fps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Kang
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; contributed equally
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejoen 305-350, South Korea ; contributed equally ;
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea
| | - Se-Hwa Kim
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Center for Nanosafety Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano and Bio Surface Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejoen 305-340, South Korea ; Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejoen 305-350, South Korea ;
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