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Nguyen VP, Hu J, Zhe J, Ramasamy S, Ahmed U, Paulus YM. Advanced nanomaterials for imaging of eye diseases. ADMET DMPK 2024; 12:269-298. [PMID: 38720929 PMCID: PMC11075159 DOI: 10.5599/admet.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Vision impairment and blindness present significant global challenges, with common causes including age-related macular degeneration, diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. Advanced imaging tools, such as optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, photoacoustic microscopy, and fluorescence imaging, play a crucial role in improving therapeutic interventions and diagnostic methods. Contrast agents are often employed with these tools to enhance image clarity and signal detection. This review aims to explore the commonly used contrast agents in ocular disease imaging. Experimental approach The first section of the review delves into advanced ophthalmic imaging techniques, outlining their importance in addressing vision-related issues. The emphasis is on the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and diagnostic methods, establishing a foundation for the subsequent exploration of contrast agents. Key results This review focuses on the role of contrast agents, with a specific emphasis on gold nanoparticles, particularly gold nanorods. The discussion highlights how these contrast agents optimize imaging in ocular disease diagnosis and monitoring, emphasizing their unique properties that enhance signal detection and imaging precision. Conclusion The final section, we explores both organic and inorganic contrast agents and their applications in specific conditions such as choroidal neovascularization, retinal neovascularization, and stem cell tracking. The review concludes by addressing the limitations of current contrast agent usage and discussing potential future clinical applications. This comprehensive exploration contributes to advancing our understanding of contrast agents in ocular disease imaging and sets the stage for further research and development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Justin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Josh Zhe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Sanjay Ramasamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Umayr Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yannis M. Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Klufts M, Jiménez AM, Lotz S, Bashir MA, Pfeiffer T, Mlynek A, Wieser W, Chamorovskiy A, Bradu A, Podoleanu A, Huber R. 828 kHz retinal imaging with an 840 nm Fourier domain mode locked laser. Biomed Opt Express 2023; 14:6493-6508. [PMID: 38420314 PMCID: PMC10898573 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) laser centered around 840 nm. It features a bidirectional sweep repetition rate of 828 kHz and a spectral bandwidth of 40 nm. An axial resolution of ∼9.9 µm in water and a 1.4 cm sensitivity roll-off are achieved. Utilizing a complex master-slave (CMS) recalibration method and due to a sufficiently high sensitivity of 84.6 dB, retinal layers of the human eye in-vivo can be resolved during optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination. The developed FDML laser enables acquisition rates of 3D-volumes with a size of 200 × 100 × 256 voxels in under 100 milliseconds. Detailed information on the FDML implementation, its challenging design tasks, and OCT images obtained with the laser are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Klufts
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | | | - Simon Lotz
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Bradu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Huber
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
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Göb M, Pfeiffer T, Draxinger W, Lotz S, Kolb JP, Huber R. Continuous spectral zooming for in vivo live 4D-OCT with MHz A-scan rates and long coherence. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:713-727. [PMID: 35284187 PMCID: PMC8884208 DOI: 10.1364/boe.448353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present continuous three-dimensional spectral zooming in live 4D-OCT using a home-built FDML based OCT system with 3.28 MHz A-scan rate. Improved coherence characteristics of the FDML laser allow for imaging ranges up to 10 cm. For the axial spectral zoom feature, we switch between high resolution and long imaging range by adjusting the sweep range of our laser. We present a new imaging setup allowing for synchronized adjustments of the imaging range and lateral field of view during live OCT imaging. For this, a novel inline recalibration algorithm was implemented that enables numerical k-linearization of the raw OCT fringes for every frame instead of every volume. This is realized by acquiring recalibration data within the dead time of the raster scan at the turning points of the fast axis scanner. We demonstrate in vivo OCT images of fingers and hands at different resolution modes and show real three-dimensional zooming during live 4D-OCT. A three-dimensional spectral zooming feature for live 4D-OCT is expected to be a useful tool for a wide range of biomedical, scientific and research applications, especially in OCT guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Göb
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Pfeiffer
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Optores GmbH, Gollierstr. 70, 80339 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Draxinger
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Lotz
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Philip Kolb
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Georgiev S, Kumar A, Findl O, Hirnschall N, Niederleithner M, Kendrisic M, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA. Digital ocular swept source optical coherence aberrometry. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:6762-6779. [PMID: 34858679 PMCID: PMC8606149 DOI: 10.1364/boe.430596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ocular aberrometry is an essential technique in vision science and ophthalmology. We demonstrate how a phase-sensitive single mode fiber-based swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) setup can be employed for quantitative ocular aberrometry with digital adaptive optics (DAO). The system records the volumetric point spread function at the retina in a de-scanning geometry using a guide star pencil beam. Succeeding test-retest repeatability assessment with defocus and astigmatism analysis on a model eye within ± 3 D dynamic range, the feasibility of technique is demonstrated in-vivo at a B-scan rate of >1 kHz in comparison with a commercially available aberrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Georgiev
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Contributed equally
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Wavesense Engineering GmbH, Vienna, Austria
- Contributed equally
| | - Oliver Findl
- Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nino Hirnschall
- Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Niederleithner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Milana Kendrisic
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Leartprapun N, Adie SG. Resolution-enhanced OCT and expanded framework of information capacity and resolution in coherent imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20541. [PMID: 34654877 PMCID: PMC8521598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial resolution in conventional optical microscopy has traditionally been treated as a fixed parameter of the optical system. Here, we present an approach to enhance transverse resolution in beam-scanned optical coherence tomography (OCT) beyond its aberration-free resolution limit, without any modification to the optical system. Based on the theorem of invariance of information capacity, resolution-enhanced (RE)-OCT navigates the exchange of information between resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by exploiting efficient noise suppression via coherent averaging and a simple computational bandwidth expansion procedure. We demonstrate a resolution enhancement of 1.5 × relative to the aberration-free limit while maintaining comparable SNR in silicone phantom. We show that RE-OCT can significantly enhance the visualization of fine microstructural features in collagen gel and ex vivo mouse brain. Beyond RE-OCT, our analysis in the spatial-frequency domain leads to an expanded framework of information capacity and resolution in coherent imaging that contributes new implications to the theory of coherent imaging. RE-OCT can be readily implemented on most OCT systems worldwide, immediately unlocking information that is beyond their current imaging capabilities, and so has the potential for widespread impact in the numerous areas in which OCT is utilized, including the basic sciences and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichaluk Leartprapun
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Steven G Adie
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Miao Y, Siadati M, Song J, Ma D, Jian Y, Beg MF, Sarunic MV, Ju MJ. Phase-corrected buffer averaging for enhanced OCT angiography using FDML laser. Opt Lett 2021; 46:3833-3836. [PMID: 34388753 DOI: 10.1364/ol.430915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Megahertz-rate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is highly anticipated as an ultrafast imaging tool in clinical settings. However, shot-noise-limited sensitivity is inevitably reduced in high-speed imaging systems. In this Letter, we present a coherent buffer averaging technique for use with a Fourier-domain mode-locked (FDML) laser to improve OCTA contrast at 1060 nm MHz-rate retinal imaging. Full characterization of spectral variations among the FDML buffers and a numerical correction method are also presented, with the results demonstrating a 10-fold increase in the phase alignment among buffers. Coherent buffer averaging provided better OCTA contrast than the conventional multi-frame averaging approach with a faster acquisition time.
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Wang J, Chaney EJ, Aksamitiene E, Marjanovic M, Boppart SA. Compressive sensing for polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. J Phys D Appl Phys 2021; 54:294005. [PMID: 38222471 PMCID: PMC10786634 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/abf958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In this report, we report on the implementation of compressive sensing (CS) and sparse sampling in polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to reduce the number of B-scans (frames consisting of an array of A-scans, where each represents a single depth profile of reflections) required for effective volumetric (3D dataset composed of an array of B-scans) PS-OCT measurements (i.e. OCT intensity, and phase retardation) reconstruction. Sparse sampling of PS-OCT is achieved through randomization of step sizes along the slow-axis of PS-OCT imaging, covering the same spatial ranges as those with equal slow-axis step sizes, but with a reduced number of B-scans. Tested on missing B-scan rates of 25%, 50% and 75%, we found CS could reconstruct reasonably good (as evidenced by a correlation coefficient >0.6) PS-OCT measurements with a maximum reduced B-scan rate of 50%, thereby accelerating and doubling the rate of volumetric PS-OCT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Eric J Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Edita Aksamitiene
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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