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Chen YH, Wise F. Unified and vector theory of Raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes. APL Photonics 2024; 9:030902. [PMID: 38533268 PMCID: PMC10961736 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Raman scattering has found renewed interest owing to the development of gas-filled hollow-core fibers, which constitute a unique platform for exploration of novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena beyond conventional solid-core-fiber and free-space systems. Much progress has been made through models for particular interaction regimes, which are delineated by the relation of the excitation pulse duration to the time scales of the Raman response. However, current experimental settings are not limited to one regime, prompting the need for tools spanning multiple regimes. Here, we present a theoretical framework that accomplishes this goal. The theory allows us to review recent progress with a fresh perspective, makes new connections between distinct temporal regimes of Raman scattering, and reveals new degrees of freedom for controlling Raman physics. Specific topics that are addressed include transient Raman gain, the interplay of electronic and Raman nonlinearities in short-pulse propagation, and interactions of short pulses mediated by phonon waves. The theoretical model also accommodates vector effects, which have been largely neglected in prior works on Raman scattering in gases. The polarization dependence of transient Raman gain and vector effects on pulse interactions via phonon waves is investigated with the model. Throughout this Perspective, theoretical results are compared to the results of realistic numerical simulations. The numerical code that implements the new theory is freely available. We hope that the unified theoretical framework and numerical tool described here will accelerate the exploration of new Raman-scattering phenomena and enable new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Frank Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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2
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Chapman JC, Peters NA. Heterodyne spectrometer sensitivity limit for quantum networking. Appl Opt 2022; 61:5002-5009. [PMID: 36256176 DOI: 10.1364/ao.459172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical heterodyne detection-based spectrometers are attractive due to their relatively simple construction and ultrahigh resolution. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-principle single-mode optical-fiber-based heterodyne spectrometer that has picometer resolution and quantum-limited sensitivity around 1550 nm. Moreover, we report a generalized quantum limit of detecting broadband multispectral-temporal-mode light using heterodyne detection, which provides a sensitivity limit on a heterodyne detection-based optical spectrometer. We then compare this sensitivity limit to several spectrometer types and dim light sources of interest such as spontaneous parametric downconversion, Raman scattering, and spontaneous four-wave mixing. We calculate that the heterodyne spectrometer is significantly less sensitive than a single-photon detector and is unable to detect these dim light sources, except for the brightest and narrowest-bandwidth examples.
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3
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Abstract
The celebrated Hong-Ou-Mandel effect is the paradigm of two-particle quantum interference. It has its roots in the symmetry of identical quantum particles, as dictated by the Pauli principle. Two identical bosons impinging on a beam splitter (of transmittance 1/2) cannot be detected in coincidence at both output ports, as confirmed in numerous experiments with light or even matter. Here, we establish that partial time reversal transforms the beam splitter linear coupling into amplification. We infer from this duality the existence of an unsuspected two-boson interferometric effect in a quantum amplifier (of gain 2) and identify the underlying mechanism as time-like indistinguishability. This fundamental mechanism is generic to any bosonic Bogoliubov transformation, so we anticipate wide implications in quantum physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Cerf
- Centre for Quantum Information and Communication, Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Jabbour
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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4
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Abstract
Raman-scattering noise in silica has been the key obstacle toward the realisation of high quality fiber-based photon-pair sources. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how to get past this limitation by dispersion tailoring a xenon-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. The source operates at room temperature, and is designed to generate Raman-free photon-pairs at useful wavelength ranges, with idler in the telecom, and signal in the visible range. We achieve a coincidence-to-accidentals ratio as high as 2740 combined with an ultra low heralded second order coherence [Formula: see text], indicating a very high signal to noise ratio and a negligible multi-photon emission probability. Moreover, by gas-pressure tuning, we demonstrate the control of photon frequencies over a range as large as 13 THz, covering S-C and L telecom band for the idler photon. This work demonstrates that hollow-core photonic crystal fiber is an excellent platform to design high quality photon-pair sources, and could play a driving role in the emerging quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cordier
- LTCI, Télécom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Philippe Delaye
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127, Palaiseau, France
| | - Frédéric Gérôme
- GPPMM Group, XLIM Research Institute, CNRS UMR 7252, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fetah Benabid
- GPPMM Group, XLIM Research Institute, CNRS UMR 7252, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Isabelle Zaquine
- LTCI, Télécom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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5
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McKinstrie CJ, Christensen JB, Rottwitt K, Raymer MG. Generation of two-temporal-mode photon states by vector four-wave mixing. Opt Express 2017; 25:20877-20893. [PMID: 29041765 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photon pair states and multiple-photon squeezed states have many applications in quantum information science. In this paper, Green functions are derived for spontaneous four-wave mixing in the low- and high-gain regimes. Nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a strongly-birefringent medium generates signal and idler photons that are associated with only one pair of temporal (Schmidt) modes, for a wide range of pump powers and arbitrary pump shapes. The Schmidt coefficients (expected photon numbers) depend sensitively on the pump powers, and the Schmidt functions (shapes of the photon wavepackets) depend sensitively on the pump powers and shapes, which can be controlled.
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6
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Koefoed JG, Friis SMM, Christensen JB, Rottwitt K. Spectrally pure heralded single photons by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a fiber: reducing impact of dispersion fluctuations. Opt Express 2017; 25:20835-20849. [PMID: 29041761 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We model the spectral quantum-mechanical purity of heralded single photons from a photon-pair source based on nondegenerate spontaneous four-wave mixing taking the impact of distributed dispersion fluctuations into account. The considered photon-pair-generation scheme utilizes pump-pulse walk-off to produce pure heralded photons and phase matching is achieved through the dispersion properties of distinct spatial modes in a few-mode silica step-index fiber. We show that fiber-core-radius fluctuations in general severely impact the single-photon purity. Furthermore, by optimizing the fiber design we show that generation of single photons with very high spectral purity is feasible even in the presence of large core-radius fluctuations. At the same time, contamination from spontaneous Raman scattering is greatly mitigated by separating the single-photon frequency by more than 32 THz from the pump frequency.
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7
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Xue Y, Li T, Kasai K, Okada-Shudo Y, Watanabe M, Zhang Y. Controlling quantum interference in phase space with amplitude. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2291. [PMID: 28536457 PMCID: PMC5442127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally show a quantum interference in phase space by interrogating photon number probabilities (n = 2, 3, and 4) of a displaced squeezed state, which is generated by an optical parametric amplifier and whose displacement is controlled by amplitude of injected coherent light. It is found that the probabilities exhibit oscillations of interference effect depending upon the amplitude of the controlling light field. This phenomenon is attributed to quantum interference in phase space and indicates the capability of controlling quantum interference using amplitude. This remarkably contrasts with the oscillations of interference effects being usually controlled by relative phase in classical optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Xue
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Katsuyuki Kasai
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2, Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okada-Shudo
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.
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8
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McCutcheon W, Pappa A, Bell BA, McMillan A, Chailloux A, Lawson T, Mafu M, Markham D, Diamanti E, Kerenidis I, Rarity JG, Tame MS. Experimental verification of multipartite entanglement in quantum networks. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13251. [PMID: 27827361 PMCID: PMC5105160 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipartite entangled states are a fundamental resource for a wide range of quantum information processing tasks. In particular, in quantum networks, it is essential for the parties involved to be able to verify if entanglement is present before they carry out a given distributed task. Here we design and experimentally demonstrate a protocol that allows any party in a network to check if a source is distributing a genuinely multipartite entangled state, even in the presence of untrusted parties. The protocol remains secure against dishonest behaviour of the source and other parties, including the use of system imperfections to their advantage. We demonstrate the verification protocol in a three- and four-party setting using polarization-entangled photons, highlighting its potential for realistic photonic quantum communication and networking applications. Multipartite entangled states are a fundamental resource for quantum information processing tasks; it is thus important to verify their presence. Here the authors present and demonstrate a protocol that allows any party in a network to verify if an untrusted source is distributing multipartite entangled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- W McCutcheon
- Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - A Pappa
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89AB, UK
| | - B A Bell
- Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - A McMillan
- Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - A Chailloux
- INRIA, Paris Rocquencourt, SECRET Project Team, Paris 75589, France
| | - T Lawson
- LTCI, CNRS, Telecom ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris, France
| | - M Mafu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - D Markham
- LTCI, CNRS, Telecom ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Diamanti
- LTCI, CNRS, Telecom ParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 75013 Paris, France
| | - I Kerenidis
- CNRS IRIF, Université Paris 7, Paris 75013 France.,Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - J G Rarity
- Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, UK
| | - M S Tame
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa.,National Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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9
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Abstract
We present a method by which the degree of longitudinal variation in photonic crystal fibre (PCF) may be characterised through seeded four-wave mixing (FWM). Using an iterative numerical reconstruction, we created a theoretical model of the PCF that displays FWM phasematching properties that are similar to experiment across all measured length scales. Our results demonstrate that the structure of our PCF varies by less than ±1 % and that the characteristic length of the variations is approximately 15 cm.
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10
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Cruz-Delgado D, Ramirez-Alarcon R, Ortiz-Ricardo E, Monroy-Ruz J, Dominguez-Serna F, Cruz-Ramirez H, Garay-Palmett K, U'Ren AB. Fiber-based photon-pair source capable of hybrid entanglement in frequency and transverse mode, controllably scalable to higher dimensions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27377. [PMID: 27271284 DOI: 10.1038/srep27377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed and implemented a photon-pair source, based on the spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) process in a few-mode fiber, in a geometry which permits multiple, simultaneous SFWM processes, each associated with a distinct combination of transverse modes for the four participating waves. In our source: i) each process is group-velocity-matched so that it is, by design, nearly-factorable, and ii) the spectral separation between neighboring processes is greater than the marginal spectral width of each process. Consequently, there is a direct correspondence between the joint amplitude of each process and each of the Schmidt mode pairs of the overall two-photon state. Our approach permits hybrid entanglement in discrete frequency and in transverse mode, whereby control of the number of supported fiber transverse modes allows scalability to higher dimensions while spectral filtering may be used for straightforward Schmidt mode discrimination.
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11
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Ra YS, Lim HT, Oh JE, Kim YH. Phase and amplitude controlled heralding of N00N states. Opt Express 2015; 23:30807-30814. [PMID: 26698713 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Entangled photons, an essential resource in quantum technology, are mostly generated in spontaneous processes, making it impossible to know if the quantum state is available for use; giving only a posteriori knowledge of the quantum state via destructive photon detection processes. There are schemes for heralding the generation of entangled photons but the heralding schemes developed to date only inform the generation of a predetermined quantum state with no capability of state control. Here, we report the phase and (probability-) amplitude controlled heralding, i.e., complete quantum state heralding, of multiphoton entangled states or N00N states. Since the phase and amplitude controls are inseparably integrated into the heralding mechanism, our scheme enables generation of N00N states with arbitrary phases and amplitudes. Such a flexible heralding scheme is expected to play important roles in various photonic quantum information applications.
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12
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Dong S, Yu L, Zhang W, Wu J, Zhang W, You L, Huang Y. Generation of hyper-entanglement in polarization/energy-time and discrete-frequency/energy-time in optical fibers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9195. [PMID: 25779686 PMCID: PMC4361880 DOI: 10.1038/srep09195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a generation scheme for telecom band hyper-entanglement is proposed and demonstrated based on the vector spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) processes in optical fibers. Two kinds of two-photon states are generated, one is hyper-entangled in the degree of freedoms (DOFs) of energy-time and polarization, the other is hyper-entangled in DOFs of energy-time and discrete-frequency. Experiments of Franson-type interference, two-photon interference under non-orthogonal polarization bases and spatial quantum beating are realized to demonstrate the entanglement in energy-time, polarization and frequency, respectively. This scheme provides a simple way to realize telecom band hyper-entanglement, which has potential for large geographic-scale applications of quantum communication and quantum information over optical fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Dong
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lingjie Yu
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yidong Huang
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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13
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Bell BA, Markham D, Herrera-Martí DA, Marin A, Wadsworth WJ, Rarity JG, Tame MS. Experimental demonstration of graph-state quantum secret sharing. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5480. [PMID: 25413490 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum communication and computing offer many new opportunities for information processing in a connected world. Networks using quantum resources with tailor-made entanglement structures have been proposed for a variety of tasks, including distributing, sharing and processing information. Recently, a class of states known as graph states has emerged, providing versatile quantum resources for such networking tasks. Here we report an experimental demonstration of graph state-based quantum secret sharing--an important primitive for a quantum network with applications ranging from secure money transfer to multiparty quantum computation. We use an all-optical setup, encoding quantum information into photons representing a five-qubit graph state. We find that one can reliably encode, distribute and share quantum information amongst four parties, with various access structures based on the complex connectivity of the graph. Our results show that graph states are a promising approach for realising sophisticated multi-layered communication protocols in quantum networks.
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14
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Tame MS, Bell BA, Di Franco C, Wadsworth WJ, Rarity JG. Experimental realization of a one-way quantum computer algorithm solving Simon's problem. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:200501. [PMID: 25432032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental demonstration of a one-way implementation of a quantum algorithm solving Simon's problem-a black-box period-finding problem that has an exponential gap between the classical and quantum runtime. Using an all-optical setup and modifying the bases of single-qubit measurements on a five-qubit cluster state, key representative functions of the logical two-qubit version's black box can be queried and solved. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first experimental realization of the quantum algorithm solving Simon's problem. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical model, demonstrating the successful performance of the algorithm. With a view to scaling up to larger numbers of qubits, we analyze the resource requirements for an n-qubit version. This work helps highlight how one-way quantum computing provides a practical route to experimentally investigating the quantum-classical gap in the query complexity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Tame
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban 4001, South Africa and National Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - B A Bell
- Photonics Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - C Di Franco
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - W J Wadsworth
- CPPM, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - J G Rarity
- Photonics Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
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15
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Cho YW, Park KK, Lee JC, Kim YH. Engineering frequency-time quantum correlation of narrow-band biphotons from cold atoms. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:063602. [PMID: 25148327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassical photon pair, generated via a parametric process, is naturally endowed with a specific form of frequency-time quantum correlations. Here, we report complete control of frequency-time quantum correlations of narrow-band biphotons generated via spontaneous four-wave mixing in a cold atomic ensemble. We have experimentally confirmed the generation of frequency-anticorrelated, frequency-correlated, and frequency-uncorrelated narrow-band biphoton states, as well as verifying the strong nonclassicality of the correlations. Our work opens up new possibilities for engineering narrow-band entangled photons for various quantum optical and quantum information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Cho
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyoon Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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16
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He J, Clark AS, Collins MJ, Li J, Krauss TF, Eggleton BJ, Xiong C. Degenerate photon-pair generation in an ultracompact silicon photonic crystal waveguide. Opt Lett 2014; 39:3575-3578. [PMID: 24978540 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate degenerate, correlated photon-pair generation via slow-light-enhanced spontaneous four-wave mixing in a 96 μm long silicon photonic crystal waveguide. Our device represents a more than 50 times smaller footprint than silicon nanowires. We have achieved a coincidence-to-accidental ratio as high as 47 at a photon generation rate of 0.001 pairs per pulse and 14 at a photon generation rate of 0.023 pairs per pulse, which are both higher than the useful level of 10. This demonstration provides a path to generate indistinguishable photons in an ultracompact platform for future quantum photonic technologies.
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17
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Bell BA, Herrera-Martí DA, Tame MS, Markham D, Wadsworth WJ, Rarity JG. Experimental demonstration of a graph state quantum error-correction code. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3658. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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Dong S, Zhou Q, Zhang W, He Y, Zhang W, You L, Huang Y, Peng J. Energy-time entanglement generation in optical fibers under CW pumping. Opt Express 2014; 22:359-368. [PMID: 24514996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the energy-time entangled photon-pairs at 1.5 μm are generated by the spontaneous four wave mixing (SFWM) in optical fibers under continuous wave (CW) pumping. The energy-time entanglement property is demonstrated experimentally through an experiment of Franson-type interference. Although the generation rates of the noise photons are one order of magnitude higher than that of the photon-pairs under CW pumping, the impact of noise photons can be highly suppressed in the measurement by a narrow time domain filter supported by superconducting nanowire single photon detectors with low timing jitters and time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) module with high time resolution. The experiment results show that the SFWM in optical fibers under CW pumping provides a simple and practical way to generate energy-time entanglement at 1.5 μm, which has great potential for long-distance quantum information applications over optical fibers.
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19
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Bell B, Kannan S, McMillan A, Clark AS, Wadsworth WJ, Rarity JG. Multicolor quantum metrology with entangled photons. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:093603. [PMID: 24033035 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Entangled photons can be used to make measurements with an accuracy beyond that possible with classical light. While most implementations of quantum metrology have used states made up of a single color of photons, we show that entangled states of two colors can show supersensitivity to optical phase and path length by using a photonic crystal fiber source of photon pairs inside an interferometer. This setup is relatively simple and robust to experimental imperfections. We demonstrate sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit and show superresolved interference fringes using entangled states of two, four, and six photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Bell
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Quantum Photonics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
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20
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McKinstrie CJ, Marhic ME. Quadrature and number fluctuations produced by parametric devices driven by pulsed pumps. Opt Express 2013; 21:19437-19466. [PMID: 24105493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.019437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of formulas are derived for the field-quadrature and photon-number fluctuations (variances and correlations) produced by parametric amplifiers and frequency convertors that are driven by pulsed pumps and act on pulsed signals. The first set is based on the Green functions for the underlying parametric processes, whereas the second is based on the associated Schmidt coefficients and modes. These formulas facilitate the modeling and performance optimization of parametric devices used in a wide variety of applications.
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21
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Spring JB, Salter PS, Metcalf BJ, Humphreys PC, Moore M, Thomas-Peter N, Barbieri M, Jin XM, Langford NK, Kolthammer WS, Booth MJ, Walmsley IA. On-chip low loss heralded source of pure single photons. Opt Express 2013; 21:13522-13532. [PMID: 23736605 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.013522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A key obstacle to the experimental realization of many photonic quantum-enhanced technologies is the lack of low-loss sources of single photons in pure quantum states. We demonstrate a promising solution: generation of heralded single photons in a silica photonic chip by spontaneous four-wave mixing. A heralding efficiency of 40%, corresponding to a preparation efficiency of 80% accounting for detector performance, is achieved due to efficient coupling of the low-loss source to optical fibers. A single photon purity of 0.86 is measured from the source number statistics without narrow spectral filtering, and confirmed by direct measurement of the joint spectral intensity. We calculate that similar high-heralded-purity output can be obtained from visible to telecom spectral regions using this approach. On-chip silica sources can have immediate application in a wide range of single-photon quantum optics applications which employ silica photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Spring
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Meyer-Scott E, Roy V, Bourgoin JP, Higgins BL, Shalm LK, Jennewein T. Generating polarization-entangled photon pairs using cross-spliced birefringent fibers. Opt Express 2013; 21:6205-6212. [PMID: 23482189 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.006205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on standard birefringent polarization-maintaining optical fiber. The source consists of two stretches of fiber spliced together with perpendicular polarization axes, and has the potential to be fully fiber-based, with all bulk optics replaced with in-fiber equivalents. By modelling the temporal walk-off in the fibers, we implement compensation necessary for the photon creation processes in the two stretches of fiber to be indistinguishable. Our source subsequently produces a high quality entangled state having (92.2 ± 0.2) % fidelity with a maximally entangled Bell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Meyer-Scott
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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23
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Fang B, Cohen O, Moreno JB, Lorenz VO. State engineering of photon pairs produced through dual-pump spontaneous four-wave mixing. Opt Express 2013; 21:2707-2717. [PMID: 23481727 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically the joint spectral properties of photon-pairs produced through spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) with two spectrally distinct pump pulses in optical fibers. We show that, due to the group velocity difference between the pulses, the signature of the interaction can be significantly different from spontaneous parametric down-conversion or SFWM with a single pump pulse. Specifically, we study the case where temporal walk-off between the pumps enables a gradual turn-on and turn-off of the interaction. By utilizing this property, we develop a new approach towards tailoring the spectral correlations within the generated photon pairs, demonstrating the ability to produce factorable photon-pair states, and hence heralded single photons in a pure wave-packet. We show that the use of two pumps is advantageous over single-pump SFWM approaches towards this goal: the usage of the dual-pump configuration enables, in principle, the creation of completely factorable states without any spectral filtering, even in media for which single-pump SFWM tailoring techniques are unsatisfactory, such as standard polarization-maintaining fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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24
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McKinstrie CJ, Karlsson M. Schmidt decompositions of parametric processes I: basic theory and simple examples. Opt Express 2013; 21:1374-1394. [PMID: 23389120 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Parametric devices based on four-wave mixing in fibers perform many signal-processing functions required by optical communication systems. In these devices, strong pumps drive weak signal and idler sidebands, which can have one or two polarization components, and one or many frequency components. The evolution of these components (modes) is governed by a system of coupled-mode equations. Schmidt decompositions of the associated transfer matrices determine the natural input and output mode vectors of such systems, and facilitate the optimization of device performance. In this paper, the basic properties of Schmidt decompositions are derived from first principles and are illustrated by two simple examples (one- and two-mode parametric amplification). In a forthcoming paper, several nontrivial examples relevant to current research (including four-mode parametric amplification) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McKinstrie
- Bell Laboratories, Alcatel–Lucent, Holmdel, New Jersey 07733, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Many applications in optical quantum information processing benefit from careful spectral shaping of single-photon wave-packets. In this paper we tailor the joint spectral wave-function of photons created in parametric downconversion by engineering the nonlinearity profile of a poled crystal. We designed a crystal with an approximately Gaussian nonlinearity profile and confirmed successful wave-packet shaping by two-photon interference experiments. We numerically show how our method can be applied for attaining one of the currently most important goals of single-photon quantum optics, the creation of pure single photons without spectral correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Brańczyk
- Center for Quantum Computer Technology, Department of Physics, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
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26
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Evans PG, Bennink RS, Grice WP, Humble TS, Schaake J. Bright source of spectrally uncorrelated polarization-entangled photons with nearly single-mode emission. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:253601. [PMID: 21231588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present results of a bright polarization-entangled photon source operating at 1552 nm via type-II collinear degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate crystal. We report a conservative inferred pair generation rate of 123,000 pairs/s/mW into collection modes. Minimization of spectral and spatial entanglement was achieved by group velocity matching the pump, signal, and idler modes and through properly focusing the pump beam. By utilizing a pair of calcite beam displacers, we are able to overlap photons from adjacent down-conversion processes to obtain polarization-entanglement visibility of 94.7+/-1.1% with accidentals subtracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Evans
- Center for Quantum Information Science, Computing and Computational Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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27
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Xiong C, Helt LG, Judge AC, Marshall GD, Steel MJ, Sipe JE, Eggleton BJ. Quantum-correlated photon pair generation in chalcogenide As2S3 waveguides. Opt Express 2010; 18:16206-16216. [PMID: 20721006 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.016206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the generation of quantum-correlated photon pairs through spontaneous four-wave mixing in chalcogenide As(2)S(3) waveguides. For reasonable pump power levels, we show that such photonic-chip-based photon-pair sources can exhibit high brightness (approximately 1 x 10(9) pairs/s) and high correlation (approximately 100) if the waveguide length is chosen properly or the waveguide dispersion is engineered. Such a high correlation is possible in the presence of Raman scattering because the Raman profile exhibits a low gain window at a Stokes shift of 7.4 THz, though it is constrained due to multi-pair generation. As the proposed scheme is based on photonic chip technologies, it has the potential to become an integrated platform for the implementation of on-chip quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xiong
- Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute for Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Levine ZH, Fan J, Chen J, Ling A, Migdall A. Heralded, pure-state single-photon source based on a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate waveguide. Opt Express 2010; 18:3708-3718. [PMID: 20389381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the generation of single spatial mode, spectrally uncorrelated photon pairs via type II spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) waveguide using real experimental parameters. We show that this source can be used as an efficient, heralded, pure-state single-photon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Levine
- Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA.
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29
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Abstract
We study both experimentally and theoretically the generation of photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in standard birefringent optical fibers. The ability to produce a range of two-photon spectral states, from highly correlated (entangled) to completely factorable, by means of cross-polarized birefringent phase matching, is explored. A simple model is developed to predict the spectral state of the photon pair which shows how this can be adjusted by choosing the appropriate pump bandwidth, fiber length and birefringence. Spontaneous Raman scattering is modeled to determine the tradeoff between SFWM and background Raman noise, and the predicted results are shown to agree with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Smith
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Laiho K, Cassemiro KN, Silberhorn C. Producing high fidelity single photons with optimal brightness via waveguided parametric down-conversion. Opt Express 2009; 17:22823-22837. [PMID: 20052208 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.022823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parametric down-conversion (PDC) offers the possibility to control the fabrication of non-Gaussian states such as Fock states. However, in conventional PDC sources energy and momentum conservation introduce strict frequency and photon number correlations, which impact the fidelity of the prepared state. In our work we optimize the preparation of single-photon Fock states from the emission of waveguided PDC via spectral filtering. We study the effect of correlations via photon number resolving detection and quantum interference. Our measurements show how the reduction of mixedness due to filtering can be evaluated. Interfering the prepared photon with a coherent state we establish an experimentally measured fidelity of the produced target state of 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laiho
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1/Building 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
We report the development of a fiber-based single spatial-mode source of photon-pairs where the efficiency of extracting photon-pairs is increased through the use of fiber-end expansion and Bragg filters. This improvement in efficiency enabled a spectrally bright and pure photon-pair source having a small second-order correlation function (0.03) and a raw spectral brightness of 44,700 pairs s(-1)nm(-1)mW(-1). The source can be configured to generate entangled photon-pairs, characterized via optimal and minimal quantum state tomography, to have a fidelity of 97% and tangle of 92%, without subtracting any background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ling
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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32
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Cohen O, Lundeen JS, Smith BJ, Puentes G, Mosley PJ, Walmsley IA. Tailored photon-pair generation in optical fibers. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:123603. [PMID: 19392276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally control the spectral structure of photon pairs created via spontaneous four-wave mixing in microstructured fibers. By fabricating fibers with designed dispersion, one can manipulate the photons' wavelengths, joint spectrum, and, thus, entanglement. As an example, we produce photon pairs with no spectral correlations, allowing direct heralding of single photons in pure-state wave packets without filtering. We achieve an experimental purity of (85.9+/-1.6)%, while theoretical analysis and preliminary tests suggest that 94.5% purity is possible with a much longer fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offir Cohen
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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