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Guo C, Yang X, Wu JP, Guo X, He Y, Shen Z, Sun Z, Guan T, Chen F. Image-guided vibrometry system integrated with spectral- and time-domain optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt 2019; 58:1606-1613. [PMID: 30874191 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.001606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vibrometry using optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide valuable information for investigating either the mechanical properties or the physiological function of biological tissues, especially the hearing organs. Real-time imaging of the measured tissues provides structure imaging and spatial guidance for and is thus highly demanded by such vibrometry. However, the traditional time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) systems, although capable of subnanometric vibrometry at large ranges of frequencies, are unable to offer an imaging speed that is high enough to acquire depth-resolved images for guidance. The spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) systems, although allowing image-guided vibrometry, are challenged in measuring vibration at high frequencies, particularly for scattering tissue specimens that require longer exposure time to ensure imaging and vibrometry performance. This is because of their limit in the line-scan rate of the CCD, in which the maximum resolvable frequency measured by the SD-OCT is about 1/4 of the CCD line-scan rate in practice. In the present study, we have developed a dual-mode OCT system combining both SD-OCT and TD-OCT modalities for image-guided vibrometry, as the SD-OCT can provide guiding structural images in real-time and, moreover, the TD-OCT can guarantee vibrometry at large ranges of frequencies, including high frequencies. The efficacy of the developed system in image-guided vibrometry has been experimentally demonstrated using both piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) and ex vivo middle-ear samples from guinea pigs. For the vibrometry of PZT, the minimum detectable vibration amplitude was reached at ∼0.01 nm. For the vibrometry of the sound-evoked biological samples, both real-time two-dimensional imaging and subnanometric vibrometry were performed at the frequency ranging from 1 to 40 kHz. These results indicate that our dual-mode OCT system is able to act as an excellent vibrometer enabling image-guided high-frequency measurement.
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Tan HEI, Santa Maria PL, Wijesinghe P, Francis Kennedy B, Allardyce BJ, Eikelboom RH, Atlas MD, Dilley RJ. Optical Coherence Tomography of the Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear: A Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 159:424-438. [PMID: 29787354 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818775711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the recent developments in optical coherence tomography (OCT) for tympanic membrane (TM) and middle ear (ME) imaging and to identify what further development is required for the technology to be integrated into common clinical use. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Review Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed for English language articles published from January 1966 to January 2018 with the keywords "tympanic membrane or middle ear,""optical coherence tomography," and "imaging." Conclusion Conventional imaging techniques cannot adequately resolve the microscale features of TM and ME, sometimes necessitating diagnostic exploratory surgery in challenging otologic pathology. As a high-resolution noninvasive imaging technique, OCT offers promise as a diagnostic aid for otologic conditions, such as otitis media, cholesteatoma, and conductive hearing loss. Using OCT vibrometry to image the nanoscale vibrations of the TM and ME as they conduct acoustic waves may detect the location of ossicular chain dysfunction and differentiate between stapes fixation and incus-stapes discontinuity. The capacity of OCT to image depth and thickness at high resolution allows 3-dimensional volumetric reconstruction of the ME and has potential use for reconstructive tympanoplasty planning and the follow-up of ossicular prostheses. Implications for Practice To achieve common clinical use beyond these initial discoveries, future in vivo imaging devices must feature low-cost probe or endoscopic designs and faster imaging speeds and demonstrate superior diagnostic utility to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. While such technology has been available for OCT, its translation requires focused development through a close collaboration between engineers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsern Ern Ivan Tan
- 1 Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia.,2 Ear Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Luke Santa Maria
- 1 Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia.,2 Ear Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,4 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip Wijesinghe
- 5 BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,6 Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Brendan Francis Kennedy
- 5 BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre; Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,6 Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | - Robert Henry Eikelboom
- 1 Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia.,2 Ear Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,8 Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marcus David Atlas
- 1 Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia.,2 Ear Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Rodney James Dilley
- 1 Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia.,2 Ear Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Kakue T, Endo Y, Nishitsuji T, Shimobaba T, Masuda N, Ito T. Digital holographic high-speed 3D imaging for the vibrometry of fast-occurring phenomena. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10413. [PMID: 28874744 PMCID: PMC5585211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital holography allows production of high-speed three-dimensional images at rates over 100,000 frames per second; however, simultaneously obtaining suitable performance and levels of accuracy using digital holography is difficult. This problem prevents high-speed three-dimensional imaging from being used for vibrometry. In this paper, we propose and test a digital holography method that can produce vibration measurements. The method is based on single-shot phase-shifting interferometry. Herein, we imaged the surface of a loudspeaker diaphragm and measured its displacement due to the vibrations produced by a frequency sweep signal. We then analyzed the frequency of the experimental data and confirmed that the frequency spectra inferred from the reconstructed images agreed well with the spectra produced by the sound recorded by a microphone. This method can be used for measuring vibrations with three-dimensional imaging for loudspeakers, microelectromechanical systems, surface acoustic wave filters, and biological tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kakue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Endo
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Shimobaba
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Masuda
- Department of Applied Electronics, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Lee HY, Raphael PD, Xia A, Kim J, Grillet N, Applegate BE, Ellerbee Bowden AK, Oghalai JS. Two-Dimensional Cochlear Micromechanics Measured In Vivo Demonstrate Radial Tuning within the Mouse Organ of Corti. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8160-73. [PMID: 27488636 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1157-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The exquisite sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing underlie the ability to understand complex speech in noise. This requires force generation by cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) to amplify the basilar membrane traveling wave; however, it is unclear how amplification is achieved with sharp frequency tuning. Here we investigated the origin of tuning by measuring sound-induced 2-D vibrations within the mouse organ of Corti in vivo Our goal was to determine the transfer function relating the radial shear between the structures that deflect the OHC bundle, the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina, to the transverse motion of the basilar membrane. We found that, after normalizing their responses to the vibration of the basilar membrane, the radial vibrations of the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina were tuned. The radial tuning peaked at a higher frequency than transverse basilar membrane tuning in the passive, postmortem condition. The radial tuning was similar in dead mice, indicating that this reflected passive, not active, mechanics. These findings were exaggerated in Tecta(C1509G/C1509G) mice, where the tectorial membrane is detached from OHC stereocilia, arguing that the tuning of radial vibrations within the hair cell epithelium is distinct from tectorial membrane tuning. Together, these results reveal a passive, frequency-dependent contribution to cochlear filtering that is independent of basilar membrane filtering. These data argue that passive mechanics within the organ of Corti sharpen frequency selectivity by defining which OHCs enhance the vibration of the basilar membrane, thereby tuning the gain of cochlear amplification. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Outer hair cells amplify the traveling wave within the mammalian cochlea. The resultant gain and frequency sharpening are necessary for speech discrimination, particularly in the presence of background noise. Here we measured the 2-D motion of the organ of Corti in mice and found that the structures that stimulate the outer hair cell stereocilia, the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina, were sharply tuned in the radial direction. Radial tuning was similar in dead mice and in mice lacking a tectorial membrane. This suggests that radial tuning comes from passive mechanics within the hair cell epithelium, and that these mechanics, at least in part, may tune the gain of cochlear amplification.
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Choi S, Sato K, Ota T, Nin F, Muramatsu S, Hibino H. Multifrequency-swept optical coherence microscopy for highspeed full-field tomographic vibrometry in biological tissues. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:608-621. [PMID: 28270971 PMCID: PMC5330561 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because conventional laser Doppler vibrometry or Doppler optical coherence tomography require mechanical scanning probes that cannot simultaneously measure the wide-range dynamics of bio-tissues, a multifrequency-swept optical coherence microscopy with wide-field heterodyne detection technique was developed. A 1024 × 1024 × 2000 voxel volume was acquired with an axial resolution of ~1.8 μm and an acquisition speed of 2 s. Vibration measurements at 10 kHz were performed over a wide field of view. Wide-field tomographic vibration measurements of a mouse tympanic membrane are demonstrated to illustrate the applicability of this method to live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Choi
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- AMED-CTRST, AMED, Japan
| | - Keita Sato
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeru Ota
- AMED-CTRST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nin
- AMED-CTRST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Niigata University, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shogo Muramatsu
- Niigata University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- AMED-CTRST, AMED, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hibino
- AMED-CTRST, AMED, Japan
- Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Niigata University, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Kim S, Raphael PD, Oghalai JS, Applegate BE. High-speed spectral calibration by complex FIR filter in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:1430-44. [PMID: 27446666 PMCID: PMC4929652 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Swept-laser sources offer a number of advantages for Phase-sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PhOCT). However, inter- and intra-sweep variability leads to calibration errors that adversely affect phase sensitivity. While there are several approaches to overcoming this problem, our preferred method is to simply calibrate every sweep of the laser. This approach offers high accuracy and phase stability at the expense of a substantial processing burden. In this approach, the Hilbert phase of the interferogram from a reference interferometer provides the instantaneous wavenumber of the laser, but is computationally expensive. Fortunately, the Hilbert transform may be approximated by a Finite Impulse-Response (FIR) filter. Here we explore the use of several FIR filter based Hilbert transforms for calibration, explicitly considering the impact of filter choice on phase sensitivity and OCT image quality. Our results indicate that the complex FIR filter approach is the most robust and accurate among those considered. It provides similar image quality and slightly better phase sensitivity than the traditional FFT-IFFT based Hilbert transform while consuming fewer resources in an FPGA implementation. We also explored utilizing the Hilbert magnitude of the reference interferogram to calculate an ideal window function for spectral amplitude calibration. The ideal window function is designed to carefully control sidelobes on the axial point spread function. We found that after a simple chromatic correction, calculating the window function using the complex FIR filter and the reference interferometer gave similar results to window functions calculated using a mirror sample and the FFT-IFFT Hilbert transform. Hence, the complex FIR filter can enable accurate and high-speed calibration of the magnitude and phase of spectral interferograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Patrick D. Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Abstract
The measurement of mechanical vibrations within the living cochlea is critical to understanding the first nonlinear steps in auditory processing, hair cell stimulation, and cochlear amplification. However, it has proven to be a challenging endeavor. This chapter describes how optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to measure vibrations within the tissues of the organ of Corti. These experimental measurements can be performed within the unopened cochlea of living mice routinely and reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina Jawadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards R113, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brian E Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5045 Emerging Technology Building, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - John S Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards R113, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Choi S, Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Nin F, Hibino H, Sasaki O. Multifrequency swept common-path en-face OCT for wide-field measurement of interior surface vibrations in thick biological tissues. Opt Express 2015; 23:21078-89. [PMID: 26367958 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.021078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microvibrations that occur in bio-tissues are considered to play pivotal roles in organ function; however techniques for their measurement have remained underdeveloped. To address this issue, in the present study we have developed a novel optical coherence tomography (OCT) method that utilizes multifrequency swept interferometry. The OCT volume data can be acquired by sweeping the multifrequency modes produced by combining a tunable Fabry-Perot filter and an 840 nm super-luminescent diode with a bandwidth of 160 nm. The system employing the wide-field heterodyne method does not require mechanical scanning probes, which are usually incorporated in conventional Doppler OCTs and heterodyne-type interferometers. These arrangements allow obtaining not only 3D tomographic images but also various vibration parameters such as spatial amplitude, phase, and frequency, with high temporal and transverse resolutions over a wide field. Indeed, our OCT achieved the axial resolution of ~2.5 μm when scanning the surface of a glass plate. Moreover, when examining a mechanically resonant multilayered bio-tissue in full-field configuration, we captured 22 nm vibrations of its internal surfaces at 1 kHz by reconstructing temporal phase variations. This so-called "multifrequency swept common-path en-face OCT" can be applied for measuring microdynamics of a variety of biological samples, thus contributing to the progress in life sciences research.
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Pawlowski ME, Shrestha S, Park J, Applegate BE, Oghalai JS, Tkaczyk TS. Miniature, minimally invasive, tunable endoscope for investigation of the middle ear. Biomed Opt Express 2015; 6:2246-57. [PMID: 26114043 PMCID: PMC4473758 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a miniature, tunable, minimally invasive endoscope for diagnosis of the auditory system. The probe is designed to sharply image anatomical details of the middle ear without the need for physically adjusting the position of the distal end of the endoscope. This is achieved through the addition of an electrowetted, tunable, electronically-controlled lens to the optical train. Morphological imaging is enabled by scanning light emanating from an optical coherence tomography system. System performance was demonstrated by imaging part of the ossicular chain and wall of the middle ear cavity of a normal mouse. During the experiment, we electronically moved the plane of best focus from the incudo-stapedial joint to the stapedial artery. Repositioning the object plane allowed us to image anatomical details of the middle ear beyond the depth of field of a static optical system. We also demonstrated for the first time to our best knowledge, that an optical system with an electrowetted, tunable lens may be successfully employed to measure sound-induced vibrations within the auditory system by measuring the vibratory amplitude of the tympanic membrane in a normal mouse in response to pure tone stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal E. Pawlowski
- William Marsh Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sebina Shrestha
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technology Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jesung Park
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technology Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technology Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Stanford University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
- William Marsh Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gao SS, Wang R, Raphael PD, Moayedi Y, Groves AK, Zuo J, Applegate BE, Oghalai JS. Vibration of the organ of Corti within the cochlear apex in mice. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1192-204. [PMID: 24920025 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00306.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tonotopic map of the mammalian cochlea is commonly thought to be determined by the passive mechanical properties of the basilar membrane. The other tissues and cells that make up the organ of Corti also have passive mechanical properties; however, their roles are less well understood. In addition, active forces produced by outer hair cells (OHCs) enhance the vibration of the basilar membrane, termed cochlear amplification. Here, we studied how these biomechanical components interact using optical coherence tomography, which permits vibratory measurements within tissue. We measured not only classical basilar membrane tuning curves, but also vibratory responses from the rest of the organ of Corti within the mouse cochlear apex in vivo. As expected, basilar membrane tuning was sharp in live mice and broad in dead mice. Interestingly, the vibratory response of the region lateral to the OHCs, the "lateral compartment," demonstrated frequency-dependent phase differences relative to the basilar membrane. This was sharply tuned in both live and dead mice. We then measured basilar membrane and lateral compartment vibration in transgenic mice with targeted alterations in cochlear mechanics. Prestin(499/499), Prestin(-/-), and Tecta(C1509G/C1509G) mice demonstrated no cochlear amplification but maintained the lateral compartment phase difference. In contrast, Sfswap(Tg/Tg) mice maintained cochlear amplification but did not demonstrate the lateral compartment phase difference. These data indicate that the organ of Corti has complex micromechanical vibratory characteristics, with passive, yet sharply tuned, vibratory characteristics associated with the supporting cells. These characteristics may tune OHC force generation to produce the sharp frequency selectivity of mammalian hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosalie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Patrick D Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yalda Moayedi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Brian E Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John S Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
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Cho SI, Gao SS, Xia A, Wang R, Salles FT, Raphael PD, Abaya H, Wachtel J, Baek J, Jacobs D, Rasband MN, Oghalai JS. Mechanisms of hearing loss after blast injury to the ear. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67618. [PMID: 23840874 PMCID: PMC3698122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the frequent use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) around the world, the study of traumatic blast injuries is of increasing interest. The ear is the most common organ affected by blast injury because it is the body's most sensitive pressure transducer. We fabricated a blast chamber to re-create blast profiles similar to that of IEDs and used it to develop a reproducible mouse model to study blast-induced hearing loss. The tympanic membrane was perforated in all mice after blast exposure and found to heal spontaneously. Micro-computed tomography demonstrated no evidence for middle ear or otic capsule injuries; however, the healed tympanic membrane was thickened. Auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emission threshold shifts were found to be correlated with blast intensity. As well, these threshold shifts were larger than those found in control mice that underwent surgical perforation of their tympanic membranes, indicating cochlear trauma. Histological studies one week and three months after the blast demonstrated no disruption or damage to the intra-cochlear membranes. However, there was loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) within the basal turn of the cochlea and decreased spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and afferent nerve synapses. Using our mouse model that recapitulates human IED exposure, our results identify that the mechanisms underlying blast-induced hearing loss does not include gross membranous rupture as is commonly believed. Instead, there is both OHC and SGN loss that produce auditory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Il Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Simon S. Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rosalie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Felipe T. Salles
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Homer Abaya
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Wachtel
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jongmin Baek
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David Jacobs
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew N. Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gao SS, Raphael PD, Wang R, Park J, Xia A, Applegate BE, Oghalai JS. In vivo vibrometry inside the apex of the mouse cochlea using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Biomed Opt Express 2013. [PMID: 23411442 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sound transduction within the auditory portion of the inner ear, the cochlea, is a complex nonlinear process. The study of cochlear mechanics in large rodents has provided important insights into cochlear function. However, technological and experimental limitations have restricted studies in mice due to their smaller cochlea. These challenges are important to overcome because of the wide variety of transgenic mouse strains with hearing loss mutations that are available for study. To accomplish this goal, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography to visualize and measure sound-induced vibrations of intracochlear tissues. We present, to our knowledge, the first vibration measurements from the apex of an unopened mouse cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Gao SS, Raphael PD, Wang R, Park J, Xia A, Applegate BE, Oghalai JS. In vivo vibrometry inside the apex of the mouse cochlea using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Biomed Opt Express 2013; 4:230-40. [PMID: 23411442 PMCID: PMC3567710 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sound transduction within the auditory portion of the inner ear, the cochlea, is a complex nonlinear process. The study of cochlear mechanics in large rodents has provided important insights into cochlear function. However, technological and experimental limitations have restricted studies in mice due to their smaller cochlea. These challenges are important to overcome because of the wide variety of transgenic mouse strains with hearing loss mutations that are available for study. To accomplish this goal, we used spectral domain optical coherence tomography to visualize and measure sound-induced vibrations of intracochlear tissues. We present, to our knowledge, the first vibration measurements from the apex of an unopened mouse cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Patrick D. Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosalie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jesung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Abstract
Georg von Békésy designed the instruments needed for his research. He also created physical models of the cochlea allowing him to manipulate the parameters (such as volume elasticity) that could be involved in controlling traveling waves. This review is about the specific devices that he used to study the motion of the basilar membrane thus allowing the analysis that lead to his Nobel Prize Award. The review moves forward in time mentioning the subsequent use of von Békésy's methods and later technologies important for motion studies of the organ of Corti. Some of the seminal findings and the controversies of cochlear mechanics are mentioned in relation to the technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Nuttall
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Dept. of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, USA.
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