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Karachaliou CE, Vassilakopoulou V, Livaniou E. IgY technology: Methods for developing and evaluating avian immunoglobulins for the in vitro detection of biomolecules. World J Methodol 2021; 11:243-262. [PMID: 34631482 PMCID: PMC8472547 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “IgY technology” was introduced in the literature in the mid 1990s to describe a procedure involving immunization of avian species, mainly laying hens and consequent isolation of the polyclonal IgYs from the “immune” egg yolk (thus avoiding bleeding and animal stress). IgYs have been applied to various fields of medicine and biotechnology. The present article will deal with specific aspects of IgY technology, focusing on the currently reported methods for developing, isolating, evaluating and storing polyclonal IgYs. Other topics such as current information on isolation protocols or evaluation of IgYs from different avian species are also discussed. Specific advantages of IgY technology (e.g., novel antibody specificities that may emerge via the avian immune system) will also be discussed. Recent in vitro applications of polyclonal egg yolk-derived IgYs to the field of disease diagnosis in human and veterinary medicine through in vitro immunodetection of target biomolecules will be presented. Moreover, ethical aspects associated with animal well-being as well as new promising approaches that are relevant to the original IgY technology (e.g., development of monoclonal IgYs and IgY-like antibodies through the phage display technique or in transgenic chickens) and future prospects in the area will also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Vyronia Vassilakopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
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Karachaliou CE, Kalbacher H, Voelter W, Tsitsilonis OE, Livaniou E. In Vitro Immunodetection of Prothymosin Alpha in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4840-4854. [PMID: 31389310 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190807145212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly acidic polypeptide, ubiquitously expressed in almost all mammalian cells and tissues and consisting of 109 amino acids in humans. ProTα is known to act both, intracellularly, as an anti-apoptotic and proliferation mediator, and extracellularly, as a biologic response modifier mediating immune responses similar to molecules termed as "alarmins". Antibodies and immunochemical techniques for ProTα have played a leading role in the investigation of the biological role of ProTα, several aspects of which still remain unknown and contributed to unraveling the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the polypeptide. This review deals with the so far reported antibodies along with the related immunodetection methodology for ProTα (immunoassays as well as immunohistochemical, immunocytological, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation techniques) and its application to biological samples of interest (tissue extracts and sections, cells, cell lysates and cell culture supernatants, body fluids), in health and disease states. In this context, literature information is critically discussed, and some concluding remarks are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Karachaliou CE, Kostopoulos IV, Vassilakopoulou V, Klimentzou P, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Voelter W, Kalbacher H, Zikos C, Tsitsilonis O, Livaniou E. Development of a specific IgY-based ELISA for prothymosin alpha, a bioactive polypeptide with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02616. [PMID: 31720448 PMCID: PMC6838902 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly conserved polypeptide (109 amino acids in humans) with diagnostic and therapeutic potential; ProTα exerts intra- and extra-cellular biological functions associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune regulation, while it has been suggested to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) or alarmin. In this work, chicken polyclonal anti-ProTα antibodies that had been developed several years ago were immunochemically evaluated and proven to retain immunoreactivity for ProTα, with remarkable thermal and pH stability. Moreover, the antibodies showed practically no cross-reactivity with a series of ProTα-fragments, eventually intracellularly produced -such as ProTα[1-28] (also known as Tα1) and ProTα[100-109], which exert per se biological activity and might be present in biological samples along with the intact molecule, being therefore highly specific for whole-length ProTα. Based on the above antibodies (IgYs-3e), a highly specific competitive ProTα-ELISA with well-studied analytical characteristics (intra- and inter-assay CVs: ≤5% and ≤12%, respectively, limit of detection: 2.1 ng/mL, recovery: 88–104%) was developed. The new ProTα-ELISA was applied to the analysis of supernatants of HeLa cells driven to necrosis; intact ProTα was measured in cell culture supernatants, at levels that seemed to depend on % cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis V Kostopoulos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vyronia Vassilakopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Persefoni Klimentzou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Paravatou-Petsotas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christos Zikos
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Karachaliou CE, Triantis C, Liolios C, Palamaris L, Zikos C, Tsitsilonis OE, Kalbacher H, Voelter W, Loudos G, Papadopoulos M, Pirmettis I, Livaniou E. In vivo biodistribution and imaging studies with a 99mTc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminus of prothymosin alpha in mice bearing experimentally-induced inflammation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 113:188-197. [PMID: 28087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly conserved mammalian polypeptide (109 amino acids in man) exerting in vitro and in vivo immunoenhancing activities. Recently, our team has developed a 99mTc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminal bioactive decapeptide of ProTα ([99mTc]C1) and employed it in in vitro studies, the results of which support the existence of binding sites on human neutrophils that recognize [99mTc]C1, intact ProTα as well as the C-terminal decapeptide of ProTα and presumably involve Toll-like receptor 4. In the present work, [99mTc]C1 was administered to Swiss albino mice with experimentally-induced inflammation for in vivo biodistribution and imaging studies, in parallel with a suitable negative control, which differs from [99mTc]C1 only in bearing a scrambled version of the ProTα decapeptide. The biodistribution data obtained with [99mTc]C1 demonstrated fast clearance of radioactivity from blood, heart, lungs, normal muscle, and predominantly urinary excretion. Most importantly, slow clearance of radioactivity from the inflammation focus was observed, resulting in a high ratio of inflamed/normal muscle tissue (9.15 at 30min post injection, which remained practically stable up to 2h). The inflammation-targeting capacity of [99mTc]C1 was confirmed by imaging studies and might be attributed to neutrophils, which are recruited at the inflamed areas and bear binding sites for [99mTc]C1. In this respect, apart from being a valuable tool for further studies on ProTα in in vitro and in vivo systems, [99mTc]C1 merits further evaluation as a radiopharmaceutical for specific imaging of inflammation foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Charalampos Triantis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Christos Liolios
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Lazaros Palamaris
- Department of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, Athens 12243, Greece
| | - Christos Zikos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - George Loudos
- Department of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, Athens 12243, Greece
| | - Minas Papadopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece.
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Kijogi CM, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Sasaki K, Tanaka Y, Kurosu H, Matsunaga H, Ueda H. Subcellular dissemination of prothymosin alpha at normal physiology: immunohistochemical vis-a-vis western blotting perspective. BMC Physiol 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 26932824 PMCID: PMC4774093 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-016-0021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell type, cell status and specific localization of Prothymosin α (PTMA) within cells seemingly determine its function. PTMA undergoes 2 types of protease proteolytic modifications that are useful in elucidating its interactions with other molecules; a factor that typifies its roles. Preferably a nuclear protein, PTMA has been shown to function in the cytoplasm and extracellularly with much evidence leaning on pathognomonic status. As such, determination of its cellular distribution under normal physiological context while utilizing varied techniques is key to illuminating prospective validation of its distinct functions in different tissues. Differential distribution insights at normal physiology would also portent better basis for further clarification of its interactions and proteolytic modifications under pathological conditions like numerous cancer, ischemic stroke and immunomodulation. We therefore raised an antibody against the C terminal of PTMA to use in tandem with available antibody against the N terminal in a murine model to explicate the differences in its distribution in brain cell types and major peripheral organs through western blotting and immunohistochemical approaches. RESULTS The newly generated antibody was applied against the N-terminal antibody to distinguish truncated versions of PTMA or deduce possible masking of the protein by other interacting molecules. Western blot analysis indicated presence of a truncated form of the protein only in the thymus, while immunohistochemical analysis showed that in brain hippocampus the full-length PTMA was stained prominently in the nucleus whereas in the stomach full-length PTMA staining was not observed in the nucleus but in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Truncated PTMA could not be detected by western blotting when both antibodies were applied in all tissues examined except the thymus. However, immunohistochemistry revealed differential staining by these antibodies suggesting possible masking of epitopes by interacting molecules. The differential localization patterns observed in the context of nucleic versus cytoplasmic presence as well as punctate versus diffuse pattern in tissues and cell types, warrant further investigations as to the forms of PTMA interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mwendwa Kijogi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases-KEMRI (ITROMID-KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), P. O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases-KEMRI (ITROMID-KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Keita Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kurosu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Abstract
The thymus gland produces soluble molecules, which mediate significant immune functions. The first biologically active thymic extract was thymosin fraction V, the fractionation of which led to the isolation of a series of immunoactive polypeptides, including prothymosin alpha (proTα). ProTα displays a dual role, intracellularly as a survival and proliferation mediator and extracellularly as a biological response modifier. Accordingly, inside the cell, proTα is implicated in crucial intracellular circuits and may serve as a surrogate tumor biomarker, but when found outside the cell, it could be used as a therapeutic agent for treating immune system deficiencies. In fact, proTα possesses pleiotropic adjuvant activity and a series of immunomodulatory effects (eg, anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, cardioprotective). Moreover, several reports suggest that the variable activity of proTα might be exerted through different parts of the molecule. We first reported that the main immunoactive region of proTα is the carboxy-terminal decapeptide proTα(100-109). In conjunction with data from others, we also revealed that proTα and proTα(100-109) signal through Toll-like receptor 4. Although their precise molecular mechanism of action is yet not fully elucidated, proTα and proTα(100-109) are viewed as candidate adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we present a historical overview on the discovery and isolation of thymosins with emphasis on proTα and data on some immune-related new activities of the polypeptide and smaller immunostimulatory peptides thereof. Finally, we propose a compiled scenario on proTα's mode of action, which could eventually contribute to its clinical application.
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Tsai YS, Jou YC, Tung CL, Lin CT, Shen CH, Chen SY, Tsai HT, Lai CL, Wu CL, Tzai TS. Loss of nuclear prothymosin-α expression is associated with disease progression in human superficial bladder cancer. Virchows Arch 2014; 464:717-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Samara P, Kalbacher H, Ioannou K, Radu DL, Livaniou E, Promponas VJ, Voelter W, Tsitsilonis O. Development of an ELISA for the quantification of the C-terminal decapeptide prothymosin α(100-109) in sera of mice infected with bacteria. J Immunol Methods 2013; 395:54-62. [PMID: 23831611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by a series of discrete biochemical events, among which is the truncation of the nuclear polypeptide prothymosin alpha (proTα) by activated caspase-3. This early apoptotic event results in the generation of a carboxy-terminal fragment of proTα, the immunoactive decapeptide proTα(100-109). We hypothesized that the detection of increased levels of proTα(100-109) in serum can be directly correlated with the induction of massive cell apoptosis, resulting from a severe bacterial infection. Thus, using high-affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies (Abs), raised in rabbits and a prototype antibody-capture system, we developed a highly sensitive and specific competitive ELISA for proTα(100-109). The sensitivity of the ELISA (0.1ng/mL to 10μg/mL) is acceptable for the quantification of the decapeptide in serum samples. To assess our initial hypothesis, we determined the concentration of proTα(100-109) in the sera of mice infected with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes over the course of the infection. We show that serum concentration of proTα(100-109) was marginal to undetectable before infection, increased over time and peaked at 72h postinfection. In silico analysis suggests that the Abs generated are unlikely to cross-react with any other unrelated mouse or bacterial protein. Further validation of our ELISA using serum samples from humans, infected with bacteria, may provide a useful tool to differentiate the causative agent of a potentially lethal septic infection.
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Ioannou K, Samara P, Livaniou E, Derhovanessian E, Tsitsilonis OE. Prothymosin alpha: a ubiquitous polypeptide with potential use in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:599-614. [PMID: 22366887 PMCID: PMC11029552 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a central lymphoid organ with crucial role in generating T cells and maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. More than 30 peptides, initially referred to as "thymic hormones," are produced by this gland. Although the majority of them have not been proven to be thymus-specific, thymic peptides comprise an effective group of regulators, mediating important immune functions. Thymosin fraction five (TFV) was the first thymic extract shown to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Subsequent fractionation of TFV led to the isolation and characterization of a series of immunoactive peptides/polypeptides, members of the thymosin family. Extensive research on prothymosin α (proTα) and thymosin α1 (Tα1) showed that they are of clinical significance and potential medical use. They may serve as molecular markers for cancer prognosis and/or as therapeutic agents for treating immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying their effect are yet not fully elucidated, proTα and Tα1 could be considered as candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus in principle on the eventual clinical utility of proTα, both as a tumor biomarker and in triggering anticancer immune responses. Considering the experience acquired via the use of Tα1 to treat cancer patients, we will also discuss potential approaches for the future introduction of proTα into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Ioannou
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Samara
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab, Institute of Radioisotopes and Radiodiagnostic Products, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Gregoriou and Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Evelyna Derhovanessian
- Tübingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Medical School, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Pawlikowski M, Winczyk K. Immunohistochemical detection of prothymosin alpha in pituitary adenomas--a new marker of tumor recurrence? Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47. [DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Papasarantos I, Klimentzou P, Koutrafouri V, Anagnostouli M, Zikos C, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Livaniou E. Solid-phase synthesis of a biotin derivative and its application to the development of anti-biotin antibodies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:221-32. [PMID: 19950001 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A biotin derivative, namely biotin-aminocaproic acid-lysine (BAL), was synthesized with solid-phase chemistry, conjugated to a carrier-protein, and used for rabbit immunization. The aminocaproic acid-lysine "long-arm" was used in order to project the biotin-hapten above the carrier-protein surface. Lysine was selected due to its N(epsilon)-amino group, through which BAL was conjugated to the carrier-protein. BAL was synthesized on a commercially available resin with the Fmoc-solid-phase strategy; this has simplified the experimental procedure, overcome the need for intermediate purification steps, and led to a final product of high purity, with high yield. The anti-BAL antibodies recognized free biotin, as shown with an in-house-developed ELISA, in which biotin conjugated to a synthetic "lysine-dendrimer" was used to coat the ELISA microwells. In immunocytology and Western-blot experiments, the anti-BAL antibodies led to similar results with those obtained with streptavidin. Synthetic derivatives of hapten molecules that can be easily prepared with solid-phase chemistry, such as BAL, may be used for the development of specific antibodies for the corresponding hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papasarantos
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab, Institute of Radioisotopes & Radiodiagnostic Products, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens 153 10, Greece
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