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Ayoub NM, Jaradat SK, Al-Shami KM, Alkhalifa AE. Targeting Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives of Novel Anti-Angiogenic Approaches. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:838133. [PMID: 35281942 PMCID: PMC8913593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.838133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital process for the growth and dissemination of solid cancers. Numerous molecular pathways are known to drive angiogenic switch in cancer cells promoting the growth of new blood vessels and increased incidence of distant metastasis. Several angiogenesis inhibitors are clinically available for the treatment of different types of advanced solid cancers. These inhibitors mostly belong to monoclonal antibodies or small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the classical vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. Nevertheless, breast cancer is one example of solid tumors that had constantly failed to respond to angiogenesis inhibitors in terms of improved survival outcomes of patients. Accordingly, it is of paramount importance to assess the molecular mechanisms driving angiogenic signaling in breast cancer to explore suitable drug targets that can be further investigated in preclinical and clinical settings. This review summarizes the current evidence for the effect of clinically available anti-angiogenic drugs in breast cancer treatment. Further, major mechanisms associated with intrinsic or acquired resistance to anti-VEGF therapy are discussed. The review also describes evidence from preclinical and clinical studies on targeting novel non-VEGF angiogenic pathways in breast cancer and several approaches to the normalization of tumor vasculature by targeting pericytes, utilization of microRNAs and extracellular tumor-associate vesicles, using immunotherapeutic drugs, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Nehad M. Ayoub,
| | - Sara K. Jaradat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Kamal M. Al-Shami
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Amer E. Alkhalifa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
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2
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Nag JK, Malka H, Appasamy P, Sedley S, Bar-Shavit R. GPCR Partners as Cancer Driver Genes: Association with PH-Signal Proteins in a Distinctive Signaling Network. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8985. [PMID: 34445691 PMCID: PMC8396503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor growth is recognized, yet a GPCR based drug in cancer is rare. Understanding the molecular path of a tumor driver gene may lead to the design and development of an effective drug. For example, in members of protease-activated receptor (PAR) family (e.g., PAR1 and PAR2), a novel PH-binding motif is allocated as critical for tumor growth. Animal models have indicated the generation of large tumors in the presence of PAR1 or PAR2 oncogenes. These tumors showed effective inhibition when the PH-binding motif was either modified or were inhibited by a specific inhibitor targeted to the PH-binding motif. In the second part of the review we discuss several aspects of some cardinal GPCRs in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (J.K.N.); (H.M.); (P.A.); (S.S.)
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3
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Silva M, Monteiro GA, Fialho AM, Bernardes N, da Silva CL. Conditioned Medium From Azurin-Expressing Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Demonstrates Antitumor Activity Against Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Lines. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:471. [PMID: 32733876 PMCID: PMC7363770 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cell-based therapies have been explored as a strategy to enhance the specificity of anticancer therapeutic agents. In this perspective, human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold a promising future as cell delivery systems for anticancer proteins due to their unique biological features. In this study, we engineered human MSC to secrete a human codon-optimized version of azurin (hazu), a bacterial protein that has demonstrated anticancer activity toward different cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. To this end, microporation was used to deliver plasmid DNA encoding azurin into MSC derived from bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord matrix (UCM), leading to expression and secretion of hazu to the conditioned medium (CM). Engineered hazu-MSC were shown to preserve tumor tropism toward breast (MCF-7) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines, comparable to non-modified MSC. Azurin was detected in the CM of transfected MSC and, upon treatment with hazu-MSC-CM, we observed a decrease in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and an increase in cell death for both cancer cell lines. Moreover, expression of azurin caused no changes in MSC expression profile of cytokines relevant in the context of cancer progression, thus suggesting that the antitumoral effects induced by hazu-MSC secretome might be due to the presence of azurin independently. In conclusion, data shown herein indicate that MSC-produced azurin in a CM configuration elicits an anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Silva
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Amaro Monteiro
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arsenio M Fialho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Montemagno C, Pagès G. Resistance to Anti-angiogenic Therapies: A Mechanism Depending on the Time of Exposure to the Drugs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584. [PMID: 32775327 PMCID: PMC7381352 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting one, represents a critical process for oxygen and nutrient supply to proliferating cells, therefore promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) pathway is one of the key mediators of angiogenesis in cancer. Therefore, several therapies including monoclonal antibodies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors target this axis. Although preclinical studies demonstrated strong antitumor activity, clinical studies were disappointing. Antiangiogenic drugs, used to treat metastatic patients suffering of different types of cancers, prolonged survival to different extents but are not curative. In this review, we focused on different mechanisms involved in resistance to antiangiogenic therapies from early stage resistance involving mainly tumor cells to late stages related to the adaptation of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Montemagno
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.,CNRS UMR 7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,INSERM U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco.,CNRS UMR 7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,INSERM U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
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5
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Haibe Y, Kreidieh M, El Hajj H, Khalifeh I, Mukherji D, Temraz S, Shamseddine A. Resistance Mechanisms to Anti-angiogenic Therapies in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:221. [PMID: 32175278 PMCID: PMC7056882 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis rely on tumor vascular network for the adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Tumor angiogenesis relies on a highly complex program of growth factor signaling, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and stromal cell interactions. Numerous pro-angiogenic drivers have been identified, the most important of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The importance of pro-angiogenic inducers in tumor growth, invasion and extravasation make them an excellent therapeutic target in several types of cancers. Hence, the number of anti-angiogenic agents developed for cancer treatment has risen over the past decade, with at least eighty drugs being investigated in preclinical studies and phase I-III clinical trials. To date, the most common approaches to the inhibition of the VEGF axis include the blockade of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) or ligands by neutralizing antibodies, as well as the inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) enzymes. Despite promising preclinical results, anti-angiogenic monotherapies led only to mild clinical benefits. The minimal benefits could be secondary to primary or acquired resistance, through the activation of alternative mechanisms that sustain tumor vascularization and growth. Mechanisms of resistance are categorized into VEGF-dependent alterations, non-VEGF pathways and stromal cell interactions. Thus, complementary approaches such as the combination of these inhibitors with agents targeting alternative mechanisms of blood vessel formation are urgently needed. This review provides an updated overview on the pathophysiology of angiogenesis during tumor growth. It also sheds light on the different pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents that have been developed to date. Finally, it highlights the preclinical evidence for mechanisms of angiogenic resistance and suggests novel therapeutic approaches that might be exploited with the ultimate aim of overcoming resistance and improving clinical outcomes for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolla Haibe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malek Kreidieh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sally Temraz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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De Francesco EM, Sotgia F, Clarke RB, Lisanti MP, Maggiolini M. G Protein-Coupled Receptors at the Crossroad between Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis: Old Paradigms and Emerging Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122713. [PMID: 29240722 PMCID: PMC5751314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in transmitting signals across the extra- and intra-cellular compartments, thus allowing environmental stimuli to elicit critical biological responses. As GPCRs can be activated by an extensive range of factors including hormones, neurotransmitters, phospholipids and other stimuli, their involvement in a plethora of physiological functions is not surprising. Aberrant GPCR signaling has been regarded as a major contributor to diverse pathologic conditions, such as inflammatory, cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. In this regard, solid tumors have been demonstrated to activate an angiogenic program that relies on GPCR action to support cancer growth and metastatic dissemination. Therefore, the manipulation of aberrant GPCR signaling could represent a promising target in anticancer therapy. Here, we highlight the GPCR-mediated angiogenic function focusing on the molecular mechanisms and transduction effectors driving the patho-physiological vasculogenesis. Specifically, we describe evidence for the role of heptahelic receptors and associated G proteins in promoting angiogenic responses in pathologic conditions, especially tumor angiogenesis and progression. Likewise, we discuss opportunities to manipulate aberrant GPCR-mediated angiogenic signaling for therapeutic benefit using innovative GPCR-targeted and patient-tailored pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina M De Francesco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria via Savinio, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Abstract
The human body combats infection and promotes wound healing through the remarkable process of inflammation. Inflammation is characterized by the recruitment of stromal cell activity including recruitment of immune cells and induction of angiogenesis. These cellular processes are regulated by a class of soluble molecules called cytokines. Based on function, cell target, and structure, cytokines are subdivided into several classes including: interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines. While cytokines regulate normal physiological processes, chronic deregulation of cytokine expression and activity contributes to cancer in many ways. Gene polymorphisms of all types of cytokines are associated with risk of disease development. Deregulation RNA and protein expression of interleukins, chemokines, and lymphokines have been detected in many solid tumors and hematopoetic malignancies, correlating with poor patient prognosis. The current body of literature suggests that in some tumor types, interleukins and chemokines work against the human body by signaling to cancer cells and remodeling the local microenvironment to support the growth, survival, and invasion of primary tumors and enhance metastatic colonization. Some lymphokines are downregulated to suppress tumor progression by enhancing cytotoxic T cell activity and inhibiting tumor cell survival. In this review, we will describe the structure/function of several cytokine families and review our current understanding on the roles and mechanisms of cytokines in tumor progression. In addition, we will also discuss strategies for exploiting the expression and activity of cytokines in therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yao
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - G Brummer
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - D Acevedo
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - N Cheng
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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8
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Huijbers EJ, van Beijnum JR, Thijssen VL, Sabrkhany S, Nowak-sliwinska P, Griffioen AW. Role of the tumor stroma in resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Moses K, Klein JC, Männ L, Klingberg A, Gunzer M, Brandau S. Survival of residual neutrophils and accelerated myelopoiesis limit the efficacy of antibody-mediated depletion of Ly-6G+ cells in tumor-bearing mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:811-23. [PMID: 26819319 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0715-289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of Ly-6G(+) myeloid cells has been reported in most murine cancer models. However, divergent findings exist regarding the role and effect of these cells on host immunity and tumor progression. Antibody-mediated depletion of Ly-6G(+) cells is a common technique to assess the in vivo relevance of these cells. Interpretation of results crucially depends on the efficacy and course of depletion. We established murine head and neck cancer models and analyzed the efficacy of antibody-mediated depletion by flow cytometry, conventional histology, and intravital imaging with a novel Ly-6G-transgenic mouse model. The first phase of depletion was characterized by effective elimination of Ly-6G(+) cells from the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, viable, resistant cells were found to reside in the tumor tissue and spleen. This peripheral depletion phase was associated with high systemic levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and KC and enhanced splenic production of Ly-6G(+) cells. Even under sustained treatment with either αGr-1 or αLy-6G antibodies, peripheral blood depletion ended after approximately 1 wk and was followed by reappearance of immature Ly-6G(+) cells with an immunoregulatory phenotype. Reappearance of these depletion-resistant immature cells was enhanced in tumor-bearing, compared with naïve, control mice. Collectively, our data suggest that depletion of Ly-6G(+) myeloid cells in tumor-bearing mice is counteracted by the persistence of intratumoral cells, enhanced extramedullary granulopoiesis, and accelerated reappearance of immature cells. Hence, extensive monitoring of in vivo kinetics and tissue distribution of Ly-6G(+) cells is required in depletion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Moses
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
| | - Johanna C Klein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
| | - Linda Männ
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anika Klingberg
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; and
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10
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Riaz SK, Iqbal Y, Malik MFA. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the vascular endothelial growth factor family in cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:1677-82. [PMID: 25773809 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.5.1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is attained by uncontrolled cell division and metastasis. Increase in tumor size triggers different vascular channel formation to address cell nutritional demands. These channels are responsible for transferring of nutrients and gaseous to the cancer cells. Cancer vascularization is regulated by numerous factors including vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). These factors play an important role during embryonic development. Members included in this group are VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, PIGF and VEGFD which markedly influence cellular growth and apoptosis. Being freely diffusible these proteins act in both autocrine and paracrine fashions. In this review, genetic characterization these molecules and their putative role in cancer staging has been elaborated. Prognostic significance of these molecules along with different stages of cancer has also been summarized. Brief outline of ongoing efforts to target hot spot target sites against these VEGFs and their cognate limitations for therapeutic implications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Kiran Riaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail :
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11
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van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Huijbers EJM, Thijssen VL, Griffioen AW. The great escape; the hallmarks of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:441-61. [PMID: 25769965 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of antiangiogenic therapy in cancer treatment has led to the approval of different agents, most of them targeting the well known vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy in the clinical setting remains limited. Recently, awareness has emerged on resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. It has become apparent that the intricate complex interplay between tumors and stromal cells, including endothelial cells and associated mural cells, allows for escape mechanisms to arise that counteract the effects of these targeted therapeutics. Here, we review and discuss known and novel mechanisms that contribute to resistance against antiangiogenic therapy and provide an outlook to possible improvements in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
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12
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Nasser MW, Elbaz M, Ahirwar DK, Ganju RK. Conditioning solid tumor microenvironment through inflammatory chemokines and S100 family proteins. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:11-22. [PMID: 25963887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing attention to the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer growth, metastasis and emergence of chemotherapy resistance. Stromal and tumor cells make up the TME and interact with each other through a complex cross-talk manner. This interaction is facilitated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and S100 proteins. In this review, we focus on chemokines and their cognate receptors in regulating the tumorigenic process. Chemokines are cytokines that have chemotactic potential. Chemokine receptors are expressed on tumor cells and stromal cells. Chemokines and their cognate receptors modulate tumor growth and metastasis in a paracrine and autocrine manner. They play a major role in the modulation of stromal cell recruitment, angiogenic potential, cancer cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, invasion and metastasis to distant sites. In addition, a new class of calcium binding family S100 proteins has been getting attention as they play significant roles in tumor progression and metastasis by modulating TME. Here, we highlight recent developments regarding the inflammatory chemokine/S100 protein systems in the TME. We also focus on how chemokines/S100 proteins, through their role in the TME, modulate cancer cell ability to grow, proliferate, invade and metastasize to different organs. This review highlights the possibility of using the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis as a promising strategy in cancer therapy, the current difficulties in achieving this goal, and how it could be overcome for successful future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Mohamad Elbaz
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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13
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Zhu G, Tang Y, Geng N, Zheng M, Jiang J, Li L, Li K, Lei Z, Chen W, Fan Y, Ma X, Li L, Wang X, Liang X. HIF-α/MIF and NF-κB/IL-6 axes contribute to the recruitment of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells in hypoxic microenvironment of HNSCC. Neoplasia 2014; 16:168-79. [PMID: 24709424 DOI: 10.1593/neo.132034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells have gained much attention due to their roles in tumor immunity suppression as well as promotion of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastases. However, the mechanisms by which CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells recruit to the tumor site have not been well clarified. In the present study, we showed that hypoxia could stimulate the migration of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells through increased production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)- and HIF-2α-dependent MIF regulated chemotaxis, differentiation, and pro-angiogenic function of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells through binding to CD74/CXCR2, and CD74/CXCR4 complexes, and then activating p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Knockdown (KD) of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HNSCC cells decreased MIF level but failed to inhibit the CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cell migration, because HIF-1α/2α KD enhanced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity that increased IL-6 secretion. Simultaneously blocking NF-κB and HIF-1α/HIF-2α had better inhibitory effect on CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cell recruitment in the hypoxic zone than individually silencing HIF-1α/2α or NF-κB. In conclusion, the interaction between HIF-α/MIF and NF-κB/IL-6 axes plays an important role in the hypoxia-induced accumulation of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells and tumor growth in HNSCC.
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14
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Gil M, Komorowski MP, Seshadri M, Rokita H, McGray AJR, Opyrchal M, Odunsi KO, Kozbor D. CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade by oncolytic virotherapy inhibits ovarian cancer growth by decreasing immunosuppression and targeting cancer-initiating cells. J Immunol 2014; 193:5327-37. [PMID: 25320277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Signals mediated by the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are involved in the progression of ovarian cancer through enhancement of tumor angiogenesis and immunosuppressive networks that regulate dissemination of peritoneal metastasis and development of cancer-initiating cells (CICs). In this study, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of a CXCR4 antagonist expressed by oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) against an invasive variant of the murine epithelial ovarian cancer cell line ID8-T. This variant harbors a high frequency of CICs that form multilayered spheroid cells and express the hyaluronan receptor CD44, as well as stem cell factor receptor CD117 (c-kit). Using an orthotopic ID8-T tumor model, we observed that i.p. delivery of a CXCR4 antagonist-expressing OVV led to reduced metastatic spread of tumors and improved overall survival compared with oncolysis alone. Inhibition of tumor growth with the armed virus was associated with efficient killing of CICs, reduced expression of ascitic CXCL12 and vascular endothelial growth factor, and decreases in i.p. numbers of endothelial and myeloid cells, as well as plasmacytoid dendritic cells. These changes, together with reduced recruitment of T regulatory cells, were associated with higher ratios of IFN-γ(+)/IL-10(+) tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes, as well as induction of spontaneous humoral and cellular antitumor responses. Similarly, the CXCR4 antagonist released from virally infected human CAOV2 ovarian carcinoma cells inhibited peritoneal dissemination of tumors in SCID mice, leading to improved tumor-free survival in a xenograft model. Our findings demonstrate that OVV armed with a CXCR4 antagonist represents a potent therapy for ovarian CICs with a broad antitumor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gil
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | | | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Hanna Rokita
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A J Robert McGray
- Department of Gynecology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - Mateusz Opyrchal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Kunle O Odunsi
- Department of Gynecology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - Danuta Kozbor
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
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15
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Ricard C, Stanchi F, Rodriguez T, Amoureux MC, Rougon G, Debarbieux F. Dynamic quantitative intravital imaging of glioblastoma progression reveals a lack of correlation between tumor growth and blood vessel density. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72655. [PMID: 24069154 PMCID: PMC3771993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal and longitudinal monitoring of cellular processes occurring in tumors is critical for oncological research. We focused on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an untreatable highly vascularized brain tumor whose progression is thought to critically depend on the oxygen and metabolites supplied by blood vessels. We optimized protocols for orthotopic GBM grafting in mice that were able to recapitulate the biophysical constraints normally governing tumor progression and were suitable for intravital multiphoton microscopy. We repeatedly imaged tumor cells and blood vessels during GBM development. We established methods for quantitative correlative analyses of dynamic imaging data over wide fields in order to cover the entire tumor. We searched whether correlations existed between blood vessel density, tumor cell density and proliferation in control tumors. Extensive vascular remodeling and the formation of new vessels accompanied U87 tumor cell growth, but no strong correlation was found between local cell density and the extent of local blood vessel density irrespective of the tumor area or time points. The technique moreover proves useful for comparative analysis of mice subjected either to Bevacizumab anti-angiogenic treatment that targets VEGF or to AMD3100, an antagonist of CXCR4 receptor. Bevacizumab treatment massively reduced tumoral vessel densities but only transiently reduced U87 tumor growth rate. Again, there was no correlation between local blood vessel density and local cell density. Moreover, Bev applied only prior to tumor implantation inhibited tumor growth to the same extent as post-grafting treatment. AMD3100 achieved a potent inhibition of tumor growth without significant reduction in blood vessel density. These results indicate that in the brain, in this model, tumor growth can be sustained without an increase in blood vessel density and suggest that GBM growth is rather governed by stromal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ricard
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
- European Center for Medical Imaging (CERIMED), Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
- VIB3 Vesalius Onderzoekscentrum, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thieric Rodriguez
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Claude Amoureux
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
- European Center for Medical Imaging (CERIMED), Marseille, France
| | - Geneviève Rougon
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
- European Center for Medical Imaging (CERIMED), Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (GR); (FD)
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix Marseille University-CNRS 7288, Marseille, France
- European Center for Medical Imaging (CERIMED), Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (GR); (FD)
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16
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Zhong C, Wang J, Li B, Xiang H, Ultsch M, Coons M, Wong T, Chiang NY, Clark S, Clark R, Quintana L, Gribling P, Suto E, Barck K, Corpuz R, Yao J, Takkar R, Lee WP, Damico-Beyer LA, Carano RD, Adams C, Kelley RF, Wang W, Ferrara N. Development and Preclinical Characterization of a Humanized Antibody Targeting CXCL12. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4433-45. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Gil M, Seshadri M, Komorowski MP, Abrams SI, Kozbor D. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling with oncolytic virotherapy disrupts tumor vasculature and inhibits breast cancer metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:E1291-E1300. [PMID: 23509246 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220580110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses hold promise for the treatment of cancer, but their interaction with the tumor microenvironment needs to be elucidated for optimal tumor cell killing. Because the CXCR4 receptor for the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) chemokine is one of the key stimuli involved in signaling interactions between tumor cells and their stromal microenvironment, we used oncolytic virotherapy with a CXCR4 antagonist to target the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in a triple-negative 4T1 breast carcinoma in syngeneic mice. We show here that CXCR4 antagonist expression from an oncolytic vaccinia virus delivered intravenously to mice with orthotopic tumors attains higher intratumoral concentration than its soluble counterpart and exhibits increased efficacy over that mediated by oncolysis alone. A systemic delivery of the armed virus after resection of the primary tumor was efficacious in inhibiting the development of spontaneous metastasis and increased overall tumor-free survival. Inhibition of tumor growth with the armed virus was associated with destruction of tumor vasculature, reductions in expression of CXCL12 and VEGF, and decrease in intratumoral numbers of bone marrow-derived endothelial and myeloid cells. These changes led to induction of antitumor antibody responses and resistance to tumor rechallenge. Engineering an oncolytic virus armed with a CXCR4 antagonist represents an innovative strategy that targets multiple elements within the tumor microenvironment. As such, this approach could have a significant therapeutic impact against primary and metastatic breast cancer.
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18
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Liu BY, Soloviev I, Huang X, Chang P, Ernst JA, Polakis P, Sakanaka C. Mammary tumor regression elicited by Wnt signaling inhibitor requires IGFBP5. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1568-78. [PMID: 22307840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wnt ligand-driven tumor growth is inhibited by the soluble Wnt inhibitor Fzd8CRD, but the mechanism through which this effect is mediated is unknown. In the MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model, regression of mammary tumors by Fzd8CRD treatment coincides with an acute and strong induction of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein IGFBP5, an antagonist of IGF signaling that mediates involution of mammary gland in females after offspring are weaned. In this study, we show that repression of this IGF inhibitory pathway is crucial for Wnt-driven growth of mammary tumors. We found that IGFBP5 regulation was mediated by the β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway. Wnt, in addition to IGF ligands, facilitated tumor growth by paracrine communication among tumor cells. In addition, Fzd8CRD caused precocious induction of IGFBP5 in normal mammary glands undergoing involution, implying an acceleration of the involution process by inhibition of Wnt signaling. The molecular and phenotypic parallel between tumor regression and mammary gland involution suggests that Wnt-driven mammary tumors use the same growth mechanism as proliferating normal mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Y Liu
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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19
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Laoui D, Van Overmeire E, Movahedi K, Van den Bossche J, Schouppe E, Mommer C, Nikolaou A, Morias Y, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity in cancer: different subsets and activation states reaching out at the tumor site. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1192-202. [PMID: 21803441 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are amongst the most versatile cells of the body, contributing to tissue genesis and homeostasis and safeguarding the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Accordingly, these cells are notoriously heterogeneous, functioning in distinct differentiation forms (monocytes, MDSC, macrophages, DC) and adopting different activation states in response to a changing microenvironment. Accumulating evidence exists that mononuclear phagocytes contribute to all phases of the cancer process. These cells orchestrate the inflammatory events during de novo carcinogenesis, participate in tumor immunosurveillance, and contribute to the progression of established tumors. At the tumor site, cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are confronted with different tumor microenvironments, leading to TAM subsets with specialized functions. A better refinement of the molecular and functional heterogeneity of tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes might pave the way for novel cancer therapies that directly target these tumor-supporting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damya Laoui
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Jing Y, Lu H, Wu K, Subramanian IV, Ramakrishnan S. Inhibition of ovarian cancer by RGD-P125A-endostatin-Fc fusion proteins. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:751-61. [PMID: 21225621 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a single point mutation in endostatin at position 125 (P125A) can improve the biological activity of endostatin. Addition of an integrin-targeting moiety, R-G-D, resulted in better localization to tumor vasculature and improved the antiangiogenic activity of endostatin. Because endostatin has relatively shorter serum half-life, frequent dosing was required for inhibiting tumor growth. In our study, we have genetically fused RGD-P125A-endostatin to Fc of IgG4 isotype and evaluated its antiangiogenic and antitumor effects in athymic mice. Two genetic constructs were made, RGD-P125A-endostatin-Fc (RE-Fc) and P125A-endostatin-RGD-Fc (ER-Fc). Both constructs were cloned and expressed in mammalian cells. Purified fusion proteins inhibited endothelial cell migration and proliferation better than yeast-derived P125A-endostatin. Both RE-Fc and ER-Fc inhibited ovarian cancer growth and were found to be as effective as Bevacizumab treatment. Fusion protein showed marked increased half-life. Combination treatment with Bevacizumab and ER-Fc showed additive inhibition of ovarian cancer growth. These studies demonstrate that genetic fusion with human IgG4-Fc increases the half-life of P125A-endostatin and can be used along with Bevacizumab to improve antiangiogenic and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawu Jing
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA
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21
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Hasan A, Pokeza N, Shaw L, Lee HS, Lazzaro D, Chintala H, Rosenbaum D, Grant MB, Chaqour B. The matricellular protein cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1/Cyr61) enhances physiological adaptation of retinal vessels and reduces pathological neovascularization associated with ischemic retinopathy. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9542-54. [PMID: 21212276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular damages are the cardinal hallmarks of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness in childhood. Both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are disrupted in the hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration phase, and recapitulated, although aberrantly, in the subsequent ischemia-induced neovessel formation phase of ROP. Yet, whereas the histopathological features of ROP are well characterized, many key modulators with a therapeutic potential remain unknown. The CCN1 protein also known as cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) is a dynamically expressed, matricellular protein required for proper angiogenesis and vasculogenesis during development. The expression of CCN1 becomes abnormally reduced during the hyperoxic and ischemic phases of ROP modeled in the mouse eye with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Lentivirus-mediated re-expression of CCN1 enhanced physiological adaptation of the retinal vasculature to hyperoxia and reduced pathological angiogenesis following ischemia. Remarkably, injection into the vitreous of OIR mice of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) engineered to express CCN1 harnessed ischemia-induced neovessel outgrowth without adversely affecting the physiological adaptation of retinal vessels to hyperoxia. In vitro exposure of HSCs to recombinant CCN1 induced integrin-dependent cell adhesion, migration, and expression of specific endothelial cell markers as well as many components of the Wnt signaling pathway including Wnt ligands, their receptors, inhibitors, and downstream targets. CCN1-induced Wnt signaling mediated, at least in part, adhesion and endothelial differentiation of cultured HSCs, and inhibition of Wnt signaling interfered with normalization of the retinal vasculature induced by CCN1-primed HSCs in OIR mice. These newly identified functions of CCN1 suggest its possible therapeutic utility in ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Hasan
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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22
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Gong Y, Bourhis E, Chiu C, Stawicki S, DeAlmeida VI, Liu BY, Phamluong K, Cao TC, Carano RAD, Ernst JA, Solloway M, Rubinfeld B, Hannoush RN, Wu Y, Polakis P, Costa M. Wnt isoform-specific interactions with coreceptor specify inhibition or potentiation of signaling by LRP6 antibodies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12682. [PMID: 20856934 PMCID: PMC2938341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin-dependent Wnt signaling is initiated as Wnt binds to both the receptor FZD and coreceptor LRP5/6, which then assembles a multimeric complex at the cytoplasmic membrane face to recruit and inactivate the kinase GSK3. The large number and sequence diversity of Wnt isoforms suggest the possibility of domain-specific ligand-coreceptor interactions, and distinct binding sites on LRP6 for Wnt3a and Wnt9b have recently been identified in vitro. Whether mechanistically different interactions between Wnts and coreceptors might mediate signaling remains to be determined. It is also not clear whether coreceptor homodimerization induced extracellularly can activate Wnt signaling, as is the case for receptor tyrosine kinases. We generated monoclonal antibodies against LRP6 with the unexpected ability to inhibit signaling by some Wnt isoforms and potentiate signaling by other isoforms. In cell culture, two antibodies characterized further show reciprocal activities on most Wnts, with one antibody antagonizing and the other potentiating. We demonstrate that these antibodies bind to different regions of LRP6 protein, and inhibition of signaling results from blocking Wnt binding. Antibody-mediated dimerization of LRP6 can potentiate signaling only when a Wnt isoform is also able to bind the complex, presumably recruiting FZD. Endogenous autocrine Wnt signaling in different tumor cell lines can be either antagonized or enhanced by the LRP6 antibodies, indicating expression of different Wnt isoforms. As anticipated from the roles of Wnt signaling in cancer and bone development, antibody activities can also be observed in mice for inhibition of tumor growth and in organ culture for enhancement of bone mineral density. Collectively, our results indicate that separate binding sites for different subsets of Wnt isoforms determine the inhibition or potentiation of signaling conferred by LRP6 antibodies. This complexity of coreceptor-ligand interactions may allow for differential regulation of signaling by Wnt isoforms during development, and can be exploited with antibodies to differentially manipulate Wnt signaling in specific tissues or disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Bourhis
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Stawicki
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Venita I. DeAlmeida
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bob Y. Liu
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Khanhky Phamluong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tim C. Cao
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. D. Carano
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Ernst
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Solloway
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bonnee Rubinfeld
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rami N. Hannoush
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Polakis
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mike Costa
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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