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Yu H, Wu X, Liang J, Han Z, Xiao Y, Du H, Liu Y, Guo J, Peng F. Genome-wide identification of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes and their association with green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) resistance in peach. BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:513. [PMID: 37880593 PMCID: PMC10598982 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes (R genes) are a class of genes that are immune to a wide range of diseases and pests. In planta, NLR genes are essential components of the innate immune system. Currently, genes belonging to NLR family have been found in a number of plant species, but little is known in peach. Here, 286 NLR genes were identified on peach genome by using their homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana as queries. These 286 NLR genes contained at least one NBS domain and LRR domain. Phylogenetic and N-terminal domain analysis showed that these NLRs could be separated into four subfamilies (I-IV) and their promoters contained many cis-elements in response to defense and phytohormones. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that 22 NLR genes were up-regulated after infected by Green Peach Aphid (GPA), and showed different expression patterns. This study clarified the NLR gene family and their potential functions in aphid resistance process. The candidate NLR genes might be useful in illustrating the mechanism of aphid resistance in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Ziying Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Du
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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2
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Perry EK, Tan MW. Bacterial biofilms in the human body: prevalence and impacts on health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1237164. [PMID: 37712058 PMCID: PMC10499362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms can be found in most environments on our planet, and the human body is no exception. Consisting of microbial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers, biofilms enable bacteria to sequester themselves in favorable niches, while also increasing their ability to resist numerous stresses and survive under hostile circumstances. In recent decades, biofilms have increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. However, biofilms also occur in or on certain tissues in healthy individuals, and their constituent species are not restricted to canonical pathogens. In this review, we discuss the evidence for where, when, and what types of biofilms occur in the human body, as well as the diverse ways in which they can impact host health under homeostatic and dysbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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3
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Xu S, Liu Y, Gao J, Zhou M, Yang J, He F, Kastelic JP, Deng Z, Han B. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751863. [PMID: 34745056 PMCID: PMC8570283 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (SDSD) is one of the most prevalent pathogens causing bovine mastitis worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information regarding genetic diversity, complete profiles of virulence factors (VFs), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes for SDSD associated with bovine mastitis in China. In this study, a total of 674 milk samples, including samples from 509 clinical and 165 subclinical mastitis cases, were collected from 17 herds in 7 provinces in China from November 2016 to June 2019. All SDSD isolates were included in phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). In addition, whole genome sequencing was performed on 12 representative SDSD isolates to screen for VFs and AMR genes and to define pan-, core and accessory genomes. The prevalence of SDSD from mastitis milk samples was 7.57% (51/674). According to phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, 51 SDSD isolates were divided into 4 clusters, whereas based on MLST, 51 SDSD isolates were identified as 11 sequence types, including 6 registered STs and 5 novel STs (ST521, ST523, ST526, ST527, ST529) that belonged to 2 distinct clonal complexes (CCs) and 4 singletons. Based on WGS information, 108 VFs genes in 12 isolates were determined in 11 categories. In addition, 23 AMR genes were identified in 11 categories. Pan-, core and accessory genomes were composed of 2,663, 1,633 and 699 genes, respectively. These results provided a comprehensive profiles of SDSD virulence and resistance genes as well as phylogenetic relationships among mastitis associated SDSD in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyue Yang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fumeng He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Lu Y, Li S, Shen X, Zhao Y, Zhou D, Hu D, Cai X, Lu L, Xiong X, Li M, Cao M. The type II histidine triad protein HtpsC facilitates invasion of epithelial cells by highly virulent Streptococcus suis serotype 2. J Microbiol 2021; 59:949-957. [PMID: 34491523 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that presents a significant threat both to pigs and to workers in the pork industry. The initial steps of S. suis 2 pathogenesis are unclear. In this study, we found that the type II histidine triad protein HtpsC from the highly virulent Chinese isolate 05ZYH33 is structurally similar to internalin A (InlA) from Listeria monocytogenes, which plays an important role in mediating listerial invasion of epithelial cells. To determine if HtpsC and InlA function similarly, an isogenic htpsC mutant (ΔhtpsC) was generated in S. suis by homologous recombination. The htpsC deletion strain exhibited a diminished ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells from different sources. Double immunofluorescence microscopy also revealed reduced survival of the ΔhtpsC mutant after co-cultivation with epithelium. Adhesion to epithelium and invasion by the wild type strain was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against E-cadherin. In contrast, the htpsC-deficient mutant was unaffected by the same treatment, suggesting that E-cadherin is the host-cell receptor that interacts with HtpsC and facilitates bacterial internalization. Based on these results, we propose that HtpsC is involved in the process by which S. suis 2 penetrates host epithelial cells, and that this protein is an important virulence factor associated with cell adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Lu
- College Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Shen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention for the Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention for the Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xushen Cai
- College Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Lu
- College Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- College Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China.
| | - Min Cao
- College Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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5
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Abstract
Collagens are the primary structural components of mammalian extracellular matrices. In addition, collagens regulate tissue development, regeneration and host defense through interaction with specific cellular receptors. Their unique triple helix structure, which requires a glycine residue every third amino acid, is the defining structural feature of collagens. There are 28 genetically distinct collagens in humans. In addition, several other unrelated human proteins contain a collagen domain. Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Bacillus express cell surface proteins that bind to collagen. These proteins of Gram-positive pathogens are modular proteins that can be classified into different structural families. This review will focus on the different structural families of collagen binding proteins of Gram-positive pathogen. We will describe how these proteins interact with the triple helix in collagens and other host proteins containing a collagenous domain and discuss how these interactions can contribute to the pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jay Gordon
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) displays cell-surface proteins that resemble human collagen. We find that a fluorophore-labeled collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) labels GAS cells but not Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis cells, which lack such proteins. The CMP likely engages in a heterotrimeric helix with endogenous collagen, as the nonnatural d enantiomer of the CMP does not label GAS cells. To identify a molecular target, we used reverse genetics to "knock-in" the GAS genes that encode two proteins with collagen-like domains, Scl1 and Scl2, into B. subtilis. The fluorescent CMP labels the cells of these B. subtilis strains. Moreover, these strains bind tightly to a surface of mammalian collagen. These data are consistent with streptococcal collagen forming triple helices with damaged collagen in a wound bed and thus have implications for microbial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Dempwolff
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel B. Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Ploplis VA, Castellino FJ. Host Pathways of Hemostasis that Regulate Group A Streptococcus pyogenes Pathogenicity. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:193-201. [PMID: 31556853 PMCID: PMC7670306 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190926152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of severe Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) infection is dysregulated hemostasis. Hemostasis is the primary pathway for regulating blood flow through events that contribute towards clot formation and its dissolution. However, a number of studies have identified components of hemostasis in regulating survival and dissemination of GAS. Several proteins have been identified on the surface of GAS and they serve to either facilitate invasion to host distal sites or regulate inflammatory responses to the pathogen. GAS M-protein, a surface-exposed virulence factor, appears to be a major target for interactions with host hemostasis proteins. These interactions mediate biochemical events both on the surface of GAS and in the solution when M-protein is released into the surrounding environment through shedding or regulated proteolytic processes that dictate the fate of this pathogen. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms associated with these interactions could lead to novel approaches for altering the course of GAS pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ploplis
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Francis J. Castellino
- University of Notre Dame, W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, 230 Raclin-Carmichael Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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8
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Eshghi A, Gaultney RA, England P, Brûlé S, Miras I, Sato H, Coburn J, Bellalou J, Moriarty TJ, Haouz A, Picardeau M. An extracellular Leptospira interrogans leucine-rich repeat protein binds human E- and VE-cadherins. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12949. [PMID: 30171791 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira bacteria are the causative agents of leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. These pathogenic species have the ability to rapidly cross host tissue barriers by a yet unknown mechanism. A comparative analysis of pathogens and saprophytes revealed a higher abundance of genes encoding proteins with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains in the genomes of pathogens. In other bacterial pathogens, proteins with LRR domains have been shown to be involved in mediating host cell attachment and invasion. One protein from the pathogenic species Leptospira interrogans, LIC10831, has been previously analysed via X-ray crystallography, with findings suggesting it may be an important bacterial adhesin. Herein we show that LIC10831 elicits an antibody response in infected animals, is actively secreted by the bacterium, and binds human E- and VE-cadherins. These results provide biochemical and cellular evidences of LRR protein-mediated host-pathogen interactions and identify a new multireceptor binding protein from this infectious Leptospira species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Eshghi
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Patrick England
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Brûlé
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Miras
- Plate-forme de Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Plate-forme de Protéines Recombinantes, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Tara J Moriarty
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine (Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Plate-forme de Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
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Salzillo M, Vastano V, Capri U, Muscariello L, Marasco R. Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit β ofLactobacillus plantarumis a collagen adhesin involved in biofilm formation. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 57:353-357. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Salzillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Caserta Italy
| | - Valeria Vastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Caserta Italy
| | - Ugo Capri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Caserta Italy
| | - Lidia Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Caserta Italy
| | - Rosangela Marasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali; Biologiche e Farmaceutiche; Seconda Università di Napoli; Caserta Italy
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10
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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11
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Li M, Shao ZQ, Guo Y, Wang L, Hou T, Hu D, Zheng F, Tang J, Wang C, Feng Y, Gao J, Pan X. The type II histidine triad protein HtpsC is a novel adhesion with the involvement of Streptococcus suis virulence. Virulence 2016; 6:631-41. [PMID: 26151575 PMCID: PMC4720241 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1056971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal histidine triad proteins HTPs are widely distributed within the Streptococcus genus. Based on the phylogenetic relationship and domain composition, HTPs are classified into type I and type II subfamilies. Previous studies revealed that several pathogenic streptococci contain more than one htp gene. We found that the highly virulent strain of Streptococcus suis 2 (S. suis 2), 05ZYH33 encodes 3 HTPs, designated HtpsA (previously described as HtpS), HtpsB, and HtpsC. Among them, HtpsC is the only member that contains leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains at the C-terminal. In this study, we demonstrated that the recombinant HtpsC could bind to 2 different components of human ECM complex laminin and fibronectin in vitro, suggesting that it is a novel adhesin of S. suis 2. Having constructed an htpsC mutant, we evaluated its role in the pathogenesis of the highly virulent S. suis 2 strain 05ZYH33. Our data showed that inactivation of htpsC significantly affected adherence of S. suis 2 to Hep-2 cells and shortened the survival of the bacteria in whole blood. Furthermore, deletion of htpsC significantly attenuated the virulence of S. suis 2 in mice. These results demonstrated that htpsC was involved in the pathogenesis of the highly virulent S. suis 2 strain 05ZYH33. In line with the observation, immunization with HtpsC significantly prolonged mice's survival after S. suis 05ZYH33 challenge, indicating its potential use in the vaccine development against S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ; School of Life Sciences ; Nanjing University ; Nanjing , China
| | - Yuqing Guo
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Ling Wang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,d School of Life Sciences ; Nanjing Normal University ; Nanjing , China
| | - Tianqing Hou
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Dan Hu
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Zheng
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China.,e Institute of Laboratory Medicine ; Jinling Hospital ; Nanjing , China
| | - Changjun Wang
- b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
| | - Youjun Feng
- f Center for Infection & Immunity ; Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology ; Zhejiang University School of Medicine ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China
| | - Jimin Gao
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China
| | - Xiuzhen Pan
- a School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science ; Wenzhou Medical University ; Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Epidemiology ; Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command ; Nanjing , China
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12
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Avilés-Reyes A, Miller JH, Lemos JA, Abranches J. Collagen-binding proteins of Streptococcus mutans and related streptococci. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:89-106. [PMID: 26991416 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Streptococcus mutans to interact with collagen through the expression of collagen-binding proteins (CBPs) bestows this oral pathogen with an alternative to the sucrose-dependent mechanism of colonization classically attributed to caries development. Based on the abundance and distribution of collagen throughout the human body, stringent adherence to this molecule grants S. mutans with the opportunity to establish infection at different host sites. Surface proteins, such as SpaP, WapA, Cnm and Cbm, have been shown to bind collagen in vitro, and it has been suggested that these molecules play a role in colonization of oral and extra-oral tissues. However, robust collagen binding is not achieved by all strains of S. mutans, particularly those that lack Cnm or Cbm. These observations merit careful dissection of the contribution from these different CBPs towards tissue colonization and virulence. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of mechanisms used by S. mutans and related streptococci to colonize collagenous tissues, and the possible contribution of CBPs to infections in different sites of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Avilés-Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J H Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J A Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Miras I, Saul F, Nowakowski M, Weber P, Haouz A, Shepard W, Picardeau M. Structural characterization of a novel subfamily of leucine-rich repeat proteins from the human pathogen Leptospira interrogans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1351-9. [PMID: 26057675 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471500704x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the agents of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease. Analyses of Leptospira genomes have shown that the pathogenic leptospires (but not the saprophytes) possess a large number of genes encoding proteins containing leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. In other pathogenic bacteria, proteins with LRR domains have been shown to be involved in mediating host-cell attachment and invasion, but their functions remain unknown in Leptospira. To gain insight into the potential function of leptospiral LRR proteins, the crystal structures of four LRR proteins that represent a novel subfamily with consecutive stretches of a 23-amino-acid LRR repeat motif have been solved. The four proteins analyzed adopt the characteristic α/β-solenoid horseshoe fold. The exposed residues of the inner concave surfaces of the solenoid, which constitute a putative functional binding site, are not conserved. The various leptospiral LRR proteins could therefore recognize distinct structural motifs of different host proteins and thus serve separate and complementary functions in the physiology of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Miras
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Nowakowski
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Protéines Recombinantes, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Weber
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Salzillo M, Vastano V, Capri U, Muscariello L, Sacco M, Marasco R. Identification and characterization of enolase as a collagen-binding protein in Lactobacillus plantarum. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:890-7. [PMID: 25721875 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is a target of pathogens for adhesion, colonization, and invasion of host tissue. Probiotic bacteria can mimic the same mechanism as used by the pathogens in the colonization process, expressing cell surface proteins that specifically interact with extracellular matrix component proteins. The capability to bind collagen is expressed by several Lactobacillus isolates, including some Lactobacillus plantarum strains. In this study we report the involvement of the L. plantarum EnoA1 alfa-enolase in type I collagen (CnI) binding. By adhesion assays, we show that the mutant strain LM3-CC1, carrying a null mutation in the enoA1 gene, binds to immobilized collagen less efficiently than wild type strain. CnI overlay assay and Elisa tests, performed on the purified EnoA1, show that this protein can bind collagen both under denaturing and native conditions. By using truncated recombinant enolase proteins, we also show that the region spanning from 73rd to the 140th amino acid residues is involved in CnI binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Salzillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Valeria Vastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ugo Capri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Lidia Muscariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Margherita Sacco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
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Kallio A, Sepponen K, Hermand P, Denoël P, Godfroid F, Melin M. Role of Pht proteins in attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae to respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1683-91. [PMID: 24491577 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00699-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal adherence to mucosal surfaces is a critical step in nasopharyngeal colonization, but so far few pneumococcal adhesins involved in the interaction with host cells have been identified. PhtA, PhtB, PhtD, and PhtE are conserved pneumococcal surface proteins that have proven promising as vaccine candidates. One suggested virulence function of Pht proteins is to mediate adherence at the respiratory mucosa. In this study, we assessed the role of Pht proteins in pneumococcal binding to respiratory epithelial cells. Pneumococci were incubated with human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (Detroit-562) and lung epithelial cells (A549 and NCI-H292), and the proportion of bound bacteria was measured by plating viable counts. Strains R36A (unencapsulated), D39 (serotype 2), 43 (serotype 3), 4-CDC (serotype 4), and 2737 (serotype 19F) with one or more of the four homologous Pht proteins deleted were compared with their wild-type counterparts. Also, the effect of anti-PhtD antibodies on the adherence of strain 2737 to the respiratory epithelial cells was studied. Our results suggest that Pht proteins play a role in pneumococcal adhesion to the respiratory epithelium. We also found that antibody to PhtD is able to inhibit bacterial attachment to the cells, suggesting that antibodies against PhtD present at mucosal surfaces might protect from pneumococcal attachment and subsequent colonization. However, the relative significance of Pht proteins to the ability of pneumococci to bind in vitro to epithelial cells depends on the genetic background and the capsular serotype of the strain.
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16
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Abstract
Otherwise uncomplicated infections with Streptococcus pyogenes can cause two insidious immune sequelae known as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF). These diseases follow with a latency of a few weeks or months after primary infection and are responsible for high mortality and morbidity. PSGN has also been linked to infections with group C streptococci of the species S. equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SESZ). Moreover, there are some indications that infection with group C and G streptococci (GCGS) of the subspecies Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis (SDSE) leads to ARF. Despite decades of research, the picture of the molecular pathogenesis of streptococcal immune sequelae resembles a jigsaw puzzle. Herein we try to put some of the puzzle bits together that have been collected till date.
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Shao ZQ, Zhang YM, Pan XZ, Wang B, Chen JQ. Insight into the evolution of the histidine triad protein (HTP) family in Streptococcus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60116. [PMID: 23527301 PMCID: PMC3603884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Histidine Triad Proteins (HTPs), also known as Pht proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae, constitute a family of surface-exposed proteins that exist in many pathogenic streptococcal species. Although many studies have revealed the importance of HTPs in streptococcal physiology and pathogenicity, little is known about their origin and evolution. In this study, after identifying all htp homologs from 105 streptococcal genomes representing 38 different species/subspecies, we analyzed their domain structures, positions in genome, and most importantly, their evolutionary histories. By further projecting this information onto the streptococcal phylogeny, we made several major findings. First, htp genes originated earlier than the Streptococcus genus and gene-loss events have occurred among three streptococcal groups, resulting in the absence of the htp gene in the Bovis, Mutans and Salivarius groups. Second, the copy number of htp genes in other groups of Streptococcus is variable, ranging from one to four functional copies. Third, both phylogenetic evidence and domain structure analyses support the division of two htp subfamilies, designated as htp I and htp II. Although present mainly in the pyogenic group and in Streptococcus suis, htp II members are distinct from htp I due to the presence of an additional leucine-rich-repeat domain at the C-terminus. Finally, htp genes exhibit a faster nucleotide substitution rate than do housekeeping genes. Specifically, the regions outside the HTP domains are under strong positive selection. This distinct evolutionary pattern likely helped Streptococcus to easily escape from recognition by host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Medicine of Nanjing Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (JQC)
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (BW); (JQC)
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18
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Abstract
The metal iron is a limiting nutrient for bacteria during infection. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax and a potential weapon of bioterrorism, grows rapidly in mammalian hosts, which suggests that it efficiently attains iron during infection. Recent studies have uncovered both heme (isd) and siderophore-mediated (asb) iron transport pathways in this pathogen. Whereas deletion of the asb genes results in reduced virulence, the loss of three surface components from isd had no effect, thereby leaving open the question of what additional factors in B. anthracis are responsible for iron uptake from the most abundant iron source for mammals, heme. Here, we describe the first functional characterization of bas0520, a gene recently implicated in anthrax disease progression. bas0520 encodes a single near-iron transporter (NEAT) domain and several leucine-rich repeats. The NEAT domain binds heme, despite lacking a stabilizing tyrosine common to the NEAT superfamily of hemoproteins. The NEAT domain also binds hemoglobin and can acquire heme from hemoglobin in solution. Finally, deletion of bas0520 resulted in bacilli unable to grow efficiently on heme or hemoglobin as an iron source and yielded the most significant phenotype relative to that for other putative heme uptake systems, a result that suggests that this protein plays a prominent role in the replication of B. anthracis in hematogenous environments. Thus, we have assigned the name of Hal (heme-acquisition leucine-rich repeat protein) to BAS0520. These studies advance our understanding of heme acquisition by this dangerous pathogen and justify efforts to determine the mechanistic function of this novel protein for vaccine or inhibitor development.
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Plumptre CD, Ogunniyi AD, Paton JC. Polyhistidine triad proteins of pathogenic streptococci. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:485-93. [PMID: 22819099 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyhistidine triad (Pht) proteins are an intriguing family of proteins found on the surface of members of the genus Streptococcus. Their defining feature is the presence of multiple copies of the eponymous His triad motif HxxHxH. This review focuses on the Pht proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which contribute to virulence and are leading candidates for inclusion in protein-based pneumococcal vaccines. They appear to have multiple functions, including metal ion homeostasis, evasion of complement deposition and adherence of bacteria to host cells. Across the streptococci, there are many Pht homologs, which can be grouped according to structural features. Critically, there is considerable potential to use members of the Pht protein family as components of vaccines targeted at other streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Plumptre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Nelson DC, Garbe J, Collin M. Cysteine proteinase SpeB from Streptococcus pyogenes - a potent modifier of immunologically important host and bacterial proteins. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1077-88. [PMID: 22050223 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from pharyngitis, to impetigo, to toxic shock, to necrotizing fasciitis. The diversity of these disease states necessitates that S. pyogenes possess the ability to modulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. SpeB, a cysteine proteinase, is the predominant secreted protein from S. pyogenes. Because of its relatively indiscriminant specificity, this enzyme has been shown to degrade the extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, complement components, immunoglobulins, and serum protease inhibitors, to name but a few of the known substrates. Additionally, SpeB regulates other streptococcal proteins by degrading them or releasing them from the bacterial surface. Despite the wealth of literature on putative SpeB functions, there remains much controversy about this enzyme because many of reported activities would produce contradictory physiological results. Here we review all known host and bacterial protein substrates for SpeB, their cleavage sites, and discuss the role of this enzyme in streptococcal pathogenesis based on the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Nelson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Lee HJ, Hota PK, Chugha P, Guo H, Miao H, Zhang L, Kim SJ, Stetzik L, Wang BC, Buck M. NMR structure of a heterodimeric SAM:SAM complex: characterization and manipulation of EphA2 binding reveal new cellular functions of SHIP2. Structure 2012; 20:41-55. [PMID: 22244754 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sterile alpha motif (SAM) for protein-protein interactions is encountered in over 200 proteins, but the structural basis for its interactions is just becoming clear. Here we solved the structure of the EphA2-SHIP2 SAM:SAM heterodimeric complex by use of NMR restraints from chemical shift perturbations, NOE and RDC experiments. Specific contacts between the protein surfaces differ significantly from a previous model and other SAM:SAM complexes. Molecular dynamics and docking simulations indicate fluctuations in the complex toward alternate, higher energy conformations. The interface suggests that EphA family members bind to SHIP2 SAM, whereas EphB members may not; correspondingly, we demonstrate binding of EphA1, but not of EphB2, to SHIP2. A variant of EphB2 SAM was designed that binds SHIP2. Functional characterization of a mutant EphA2 compromised in SHIP2 binding reveals two previously unrecognized functions of SHIP2 in suppressing ligand-induced activation of EphA2 and in promoting receptor coordinated chemotactic cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong J Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, MetroHealth, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
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22
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Steukers L, Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Favoreel HW, Nauwynck HJ. Diverse microbial interactions with the basement membrane barrier. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:147-55. [PMID: 22300759 PMCID: PMC7127156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During primary contact with susceptible hosts, microorganisms face an array of barriers that thwart their invasion process. Passage through the basement membrane (BM), a 50-100-nm-thick crucial barrier underlying epithelia and endothelia, is a prerequisite for successful host invasion. Such passage allows pathogens to reach nerve endings or blood vessels in the stroma and to facilitate spread to internal organs. During evolution, several pathogens have developed different mechanisms to cross this dense matrix of sheet-like proteins. To breach the BM, some microorganisms have developed independent mechanisms, others hijack host cells that are able to transverse the BM (e.g. leukocytes and dendritic cells) and oncogenic microorganisms might even trigger metastatic processes in epithelial cells to penetrate the underlying BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennert Steukers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Reissmann S, Gillen CM, Fulde M, Bergmann R, Nerlich A, Rajkumari R, Brahmadathan KN, Chhatwal GS, Nitsche-Schmitz DP. Region specific and worldwide distribution of collagen-binding M proteins with PARF motifs among human pathogenic streptococcal isolates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30122. [PMID: 22253902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the variety of Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis (SDSE) M proteins act as collagen-binding adhesins that facilitate acute infection. Moreover, their potential to trigger collagen autoimmunity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever and attributed to a collagen-binding motif called PARF (peptide associated with rheumatic fever). For the first time we determine the rate of clinical isolates with collagen-binding M proteins that use a PARF motif (A/T/E)XYLXX(L/F)N in a defined geographic region, Vellore in South India. In this region both, incidence of streptococcal infections and prevalence of acute rheumatic fever are high. M proteins with PARF motif conferred collagen-binding activity to 3.9% of 153 S. pyogenes and 10.6% of 255 SDSE clinical isolates from Vellore. The PARF motif occurred in three S. pyogenes and 22 SDSE M protein types. In one of the S. pyogenes and five of the SDSE M proteins that contained the motif, collagen-binding was impaired, due to influences of other parts of the M protein molecule. The accumulated data on the collagen binding activity of certain M protein types allowed a reanalysis of published worldwide emm-typing data with the aim to estimate the rates of isolates that bind collagen via PARF. The results indicate that M proteins, which bind collagen via a PARF motif, are epidemiologically relevant in human infections, not only in Vellore. It is imperative to include the most relevant collagen-binding M types in vaccines. But when designing M protein based vaccines it should be considered that collagen binding motifs within the vaccine antigen remain potential risk factors.
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