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Almutairi MH, Alrubie TM, Alamri AM, Almutairi BO, Alrefaei AF, Arafah MM, Alanazi M, Semlali A. Cancer-Testis Gene Biomarkers Discovered in Colon Cancer Patients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:807. [PMID: 35627192 PMCID: PMC9141640 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saudi Arabia, colon cancer (CC) is the most prevalent cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women. Rather than being detected through screening programs, most CC cases are diagnosed mainly during clinical exams. Because of the slow growth of CC and its ability to be treated at an early stage, screening for CC can reduce the incidence of death and mortality. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify a potential new cancer-specific biomarker for detecting early illness. Much research has been conducted on distinct antigen classes as potential new cancer-specific biomarkers for the early identification of malignancy. The cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are one such category of antigens, with protein presence largely normally confined to human germ line cells in the testis and aberrantly produced in some cancer cells. CTAs are potentially valuable for use as cancer biomarkers and in cancer therapeutics due to their distinctive expression pattern. The aim of this current study was to identify potential cancer-testis (CT) gene biomarkers in Saudi Arabian CC patients. In this study, a total of 20 matching CC and normal colon (NC) tissues were obtained from the Saudi population. Any genes that showed expression in CC tissues but not in matching NC tissues were subsequently verified for mRNA expression in eight breast and eight leukemia malignancies using RT-PCR to determine the specificity of any CC biomarkers. CTAG1A, SPZ1, LYZL6, SCP2D1, TEX33, and TKTL2 genes were expressed in varying numbers of CC tissues compared to no measurable expressions in all NC tissue specimens, making these genes suitable potential candidates for CC markers. The most frequently expressed CT genes in CC patients were CTAG1A (35%) and SCP2D1 (35%), followed by TKTL2 (25%), SPZ1 (20%), LYZL6 (15%), and TEX33 (5%). The LYZL6 gene shows a weak RT-PCR product in 25% of breast cancer (BC) patients but not in leukemia patients. The SCP2D1 gene appears to display expression in all leukemia patients but not in the BC patients. TKTL2 expression was also observed in 50% of leukemia samples but not in the BC samples. More experiments at the protein level and with a larger cohort of patients are required to evaluate this finding.
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Sexauer D, Gray E, Zaenker P. Tumour- associated autoantibodies as prognostic cancer biomarkers- a review. Autoimmun Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xing M, Wang X, Kiken RA, He L, Zhang JY. Immunodiagnostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The First Step in Detection and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6139. [PMID: 34200243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exerts huge effects on the health burden of the world because of its high mortality and poor prognosis. HCC is often clinically detected late in patients. If HCC could be detected and treated earlier, the survival rate of patients will be greatly improved. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers is urgent and important for HCC. The liver is also recognized as an immune organ. The occurrence of HCC is related to exacerbation of immune tolerance and/or immunosurveillance escape. The host immune system plays an important role in the recognition and targeting of tumor cells in cancer immunotherapy, as can be seen from the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Thus, there is a pressing medical need to discover immunodiagnostic biomarkers specific to HCC for understanding the pathological mechanisms of HCC, especially for immunotherapy targets. We have reviewed the existing literature to summarize the immunodiagnostic markers of HCC, including autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and exosomes, to provide new insights into HCC and early detection of this deadly cancer.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks sixth in the world, but its mortality is the third highest due to the lack of early diagnostic markers. Nowadays, the increase of autoantibody levels has been found in many cancers, and many studies have begun to pay attention to the detection of anti-p53 antibodies in HCC. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively and comprehensively analyze the potential diagnostic value of anti-p53 autoantibodies in HCC METHODS:: English articles up to November 2019 were collected. The overall sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Besides, the positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic curves of the overall diagnostic accuracy of anti-p53 antibody were calculated by STATA software. Finally, according to the heterogeneity of the results, the subgroup analysis, and the publication bias were performed. RESULTS A total of 16 eligible studies were incorporated into this meta-analysis, including 1323 patients with HCC and 1896 control. The pooled sensitivity was 0.28(0.17-0.41) and specificity was 0.98 (0.95-0.99). The pooled DOR was 10.44 (6.31-17.29) and the pooled NLR was 0.74 (0.63-0.86). The area under ROC curve of symmetrical ROC was 0.840. CONCLUSIONS The anti-p53 antibody has a high specificity for HCC, but the low sensitivity is not perfect and would limit the clinical application. The anti-p53 antibody would help rule out HCC but not help rule in HCC for early diagnosis. Whether combined as a diagnostic panel with other biomarkers or laboratory tests may prove useful requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Baiqing Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Haiyan Niu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Shihai Xia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of People's Armed Police Force
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
| | - Hai Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Okada R, Otsuka Y, Wakabayashi T, Shinoda M, Aoki T, Murakami M, Arizumi S, Yamamoto M, Aramaki O, Takayama T, Wakiyama S, Yanaga K, Amikura K, Kaneko H, Shimada H. Six autoantibodies as potential serum biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective multicenter study. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2578-2586. [PMID: 32574375 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serum autoantibodies have been reported to react with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in various cancers. This multicenter study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic value of six autoantibodies against a panel of six hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated antigens, including Sui1, p62, RalA, p53, NY-ESO-1 and c-myc. A total of 160 patients with HCC and 74 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled from six institutions. Serum antibody titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The sensitivities were 19% for Sui1, 18% for p62, 17% for RalA, 11% for p53, 10% for NY-ESO-1 and 9% for c-myc. Overall sensitivity of the TAA panel (56%) was higher than that of α-fetoprotein (41%, P < .05). The combined sensitivity of the TAA panel and α-fetoprotein was significantly higher than that of α-fetoprotein alone (P < .001). The difference in overall survival of TAA panel-positive and panel-negative patients was significant when the Stage I/II patients were combined (P = .023). Overall survival was worse in NY-ESO-1 antibody-positive than in NY-ESO-1 antibody-negative patients (P = .002). Multivariate analysis found that positivity for the TAA panel was independently associated with poor prognosis (P = .030). This TAA panel may have diagnostic and prognostic value in the patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Okada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otsuka
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Wakabayashi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Murakami
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Arizumi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Aramaki
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Takayama
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wakiyama
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Amikura
- Department of Surgery, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang K, Li M, Qin J, Sun G, Dai L, Wang P, Ye H, Shi J, Cheng L, Yang Q, Qiu C, Jiang D, Wang X, Zhang J. Serological Biomarkers for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Focus on Autoantibodies against Tumor-Associated Antigens Encoded by Cancer Driver Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1271. [PMID: 32443439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence manifests the occurrence of autoantibodies to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and previous studies have mainly focused on known TAAs. In the present study, protein microarrays based on cancer driver genes were customized to screen TAAs. Subsequently, autoantibodies against selected TAAs in sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 1175 subjects of three independent datasets (verification dataset, training dataset, and validation dataset). The verification dataset was used to verify the results from the microarrays. A logistic regression model was constructed within the training dataset; seven TAAs were included in the model and yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.831. The validation dataset further evaluated the model, exhibiting an AUC of 0.789. Remarkably, as the aggravation of HCC increased, the prediction probability (PP) of the model tended to decrease, the trend of which was contrary to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). For AFP-negative HCC patients, the positive rate of this model reached 67.3% in the training dataset and 50.9% in the validation dataset. Screening TAAs with protein microarrays based on cancer driver genes is the latest, fast, and effective method for finding indicators of HCC. The identified anti-TAA autoantibodies can be potential biomarkers in the early detection of HCC.
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Welberry C, Macdonald I, McElveen J, Parsy-Kowalska C, Allen J, Healey G, Irving W, Murray A, Chapman C. Tumor-associated autoantibodies in combination with alpha-fetoprotein for detection of early stage hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232247. [PMID: 32374744 PMCID: PMC7202612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to be a leading challenge in modern oncology. Early detection via blood-based screening tests has the potential to cause a stage-shift at diagnosis and improve clinical outcomes. Tumor associated autoantibodies (TA-AAbs) have previously shown the ability to distinguish HCC from patients with high-risk liver disease. This research aimed to further show the utility of TA-AAbs as biomarkers of HCC and assess their use in combination with Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for detection of HCC across multiple tumor stages. METHODS Levels of circulating G class antibodies to 44 recombinant tumor associated antigens and circulating AFP were measured in the serum of patients with HCC, non-cancerous chronic liver disease (NCCLD) and healthy controls via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TA-AAb cut-offs were set at the highest Youden's J statistic at a specificity ≥95.00%. Panels of TA-AAbs were formed using net reclassification improvement. AFP was assessed at a cut-off of 200 ng/ml. RESULTS Sensitivities ranged from 1.01% to 12.24% at specificities of 95.96% to 100.00% for single TA-AAbs. An ELISA test measuring a panel of 10 of these TA-AAbs achieved a combined sensitivity of 36.73% at a specificity of 89.89% when distinguishing HCC from NCCLD controls. At a cut-off of 200 ng/ml, AFP achieved a sensitivity of 31.63% at a specificity of 100.00% in the same cohort. Combination of the TA-AAb panel with AFP significantly increased the sensitivity for stage one (40.00%) and two (55.00%) HCC over the TA-AAb panel or AFP alone. CONCLUSIONS A panel of TA-AAbs in combination with AFP could be clinically relevant as a replacement for measuring levels of AFP alone in surveillance and diagnosis strategies. The increased early stage sensitivity could lead to a stage shift with positive prognostic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Welberry
- Oncimmune ltd, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | | | | | - Jared Allen
- Oncimmune ltd, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - William Irving
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Caroline Chapman
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Bowel Cancer Screening Program, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Thomas R, Al-Khadairi G, Roelands J, Hendrickx W, Dermime S, Bedognetti D, Decock J. NY-ESO-1 Based Immunotherapy of Cancer: Current Perspectives. Front Immunol 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29770138 PMCID: PMC5941317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses, together with its restricted expression pattern, have rendered it a good candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide background information on NY-ESO-1 expression and function in normal and cancerous tissues. Furthermore, NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses have been observed in various cancer types; however, their utility as biomarkers are not well determined. Finally, we describe the immune-based therapeutic options targeting NY-ESO-1 that are currently in clinical trial. We will highlight the recent advancements made in NY-ESO-1 cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and combinatorial treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and will discuss the current trends for future NY-ESO-1 based immunotherapy. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized over the last few decades with immunotherapy emerging at the forefront. Immune-based interventions have shown promising results, providing a new treatment avenue for durable clinical responses in various cancer types. The majority of successful immunotherapy studies have been reported in liquid cancers, whereas these approaches have met many challenges in solid cancers. Effective immunotherapy in solid cancers is hampered by the complex, dynamic tumor microenvironment that modulates the extent and phenotype of the antitumor immune response. Furthermore, many solid tumor-associated antigens are not private but can be found in normal somatic tissues, resulting in minor to detrimental off-target toxicities. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to identify tumor-specific antigens to target using various immune-based modalities. CTAs are considered good candidate targets for immunotherapy as they are characterized by a restricted expression in normal somatic tissues concomitant with a re-expression in solid epithelial cancers. Moreover, several CTAs have been found to induce a spontaneous immune response, NY-ESO-1 being the most immunogenic among the family members. Hence, this review will focus on NY-ESO-1 and discuss the past and current NY-ESO-1 targeted immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Thomas
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ghaneya Al-Khadairi
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Li Y, Song R, Li X, Xu F. Expression and immunogenicity of NY-ESO-1 in colorectal cancer. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3581-3585. [PMID: 28588683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum assays of NY-ESO-1 antibodies provide a guide to discriminate between patients who suffer from different types of cancer. In the present study, the expression of NY-ESO-1 was detected with the aim to identify a novel tumor antigen in colorectal cancer (CRC). Sera were obtained from 89 healthy individuals and 236 patients with CRC with stage I, II, III and IV tumors. The NY-ESO-1 autoantibody levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NY-ESO-1 were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 60 CRC and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues. NY-ESO-1 antibody was detected in 40 of the 236 (16.9%) patients with CRC. The NY-ESO-1 antibody combined with carcinoembryonic antigen enhanced the sensitivity, from 52.1 to 62.7%, of the diagnosis of CRC. The frequency of antibody positivity increased with the TNM cancer stage (8.8 vs. 28.3% in stages I+II and III+IV, respectively). The mRNA and protein expression levels of NY-ESO-1 were significantly higher in CRC tissue than in adjacent non-tumor tissue. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 is frequently expressed in CRC with the capacity of inducing a humoral immune response in CRC patients, exhibiting the potential to be a promising biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xinqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Macdonald IK, Parsy-Kowalska CB, Chapman CJ. Autoantibodies: Opportunities for Early Cancer Detection. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:198-213. [PMID: 28718432 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can induce an immunological response resulting in the production of tumor-associated (TA) autoantibodies. These serum immunobiomarkers have been detected for a range of cancers at an early stage before the development of clinical symptoms. Their measurement is minimally invasive and cost effective using established technologies. TA autoantibodies are present in a clinically significant number of individuals and could supplement current screening modalities to aid early diagnosis of high-risk populations and assist the clinical management of patients. Here we review their production, discovery, and validation as biomarkers for cancer and their current and future potential as clinical tools.
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Shi L, Chevolot Y, Souteyrand E, Laurenceau E. Autoantibodies against heat shock proteins as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:105-116. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Autoimmunity and cancer have a multifarious epidemiology. Often, it is because of an impaired genome, culminating in functional aberrations in the human system. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous complex disease which ensues due to the failure of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, thus producing autoantibodies against DNA, RNA and proteins. Cancer, the other side of the same coin, results from an excessive proliferation of cells that evade immune regulation as a result of incompetent defense by T-cells, B-cells and macrophages. Recent findings have indicated that lupus autoantibodies could be used as an effective weapon to kill cancerous cells. This is an attempt to take an account of malicious 'lupus autoantibodies' and their role in neutralizing cancerous cells which may help in enhancing the survival rate of cancer patients, hence, killers can be saviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Singh
- 1 Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Agarwal
- 2 Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Prosek
- 2 Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M S K Jayadev
- 1 Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Singh
- 1 Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Uttley L, Whiteman BL, Woods HB, Harnan S, Philips ST, Cree IA. Building the Evidence Base of Blood-Based Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cancer: A Rapid Systematic Mapping Review. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:164-73. [PMID: 27426280 PMCID: PMC5006664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Early Cancer Detection Consortium is developing a blood-test to screen the general population for early identification of cancer, and has therefore conducted a systematic mapping review to identify blood-based biomarkers that could be used for early identification of cancer. METHODS A mapping review with a systematic approach was performed to identify biomarkers and establish their state of development. Comprehensive searches of electronic databases Medline, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane library and Biosis were conducted in May 2014 to obtain relevant literature on blood-based biomarkers for cancer detection in humans. Screening of retrieved titles and abstracts was performed using an iterative sifting process known as "data mining". All blood based biomarkers, their relevant properties and characteristics, and their corresponding references were entered into an inclusive database for further scrutiny by the Consortium, and subsequent selection of biomarkers for rapid review. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42014010827). FINDINGS The searches retrieved 19,724 records after duplicate removal. The data mining approach retrieved 3990 records (i.e. 20% of the original 19,724), which were considered for inclusion. A list of 814 potential blood-based biomarkers was generated from included studies. Clinical experts scrutinised the list to identify miss-classified and duplicate markers, also volunteering the names of biomarkers that may have been missed: no new markers were identified as a result. This resulted in a final list of 788 biomarkers. INTERPRETATION This study is the first to systematically and comprehensively map blood biomarkers for early detection of cancer. Use of this rapid systematic mapping approach found a broad range of relevant biomarkers allowing an evidence-based approach to identification of promising biomarkers for development of a blood-based cancer screening test in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Uttley
- The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Becky L Whiteman
- Centre for Technology Enabled Health Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Helen Buckley Woods
- The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Susan Harnan
- The University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | | | - Ian A Cree
- Centre for Technology Enabled Health Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
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Negm OH, Hamed MR, Schoen RE, Whelan RL, Steele RJ, Scholefield J, Dilnot EM, Shantha Kumara HMC, Robertson JFR, Sewell HF. Human Blood Autoantibodies in the Detection of Colorectal Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156971. [PMID: 27383396 PMCID: PMC4934916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy in the western world. Early detection and diagnosis of all cancer types is vital to improved prognosis by enabling early treatment when tumours should be both resectable and curable. Sera from 3 different cohorts; 42 sera (21 CRC and 21 matched controls) from New York, USA, 200 sera from Pittsburgh, USA (100 CRC and 100 controls) and 20 sera from Dundee, UK (10 CRC and 10 controls) were tested against a panel of multiple tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) using an optimised multiplex microarray system. TAA specific IgG responses were interpolated against the internal IgG standard curve for each sample. Individual TAA specific responses were examined in each cohort to determine cutoffs for a robust initial scoring method to establish sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity of combinations of TAAs provided good discrimination between cancer-positive and normal serum. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the sample sets tested against a panel of 32 TAAs were 61.1% and 80.9% respectively for 6 antigens; p53, AFP, K RAS, Annexin, RAF1 and NY-CO16. Furthermore, the observed sensitivity in Pittsburgh sample set in different clinical stages of CRC; stage I (n = 19), stage II (n = 40), stage III (n = 34) and stage IV (n = 6) was similar (73.6%, 75.0%, 73.5% and 83.3%, respectively), with similar levels of sensitivity for right and left sided CRC. We identified an antigen panel of sufficient sensitivity and specificity for early detection of CRC, based upon serum profiling of autoantibody response using a robust multiplex antigen microarray technology. This opens the possibility of a blood test for screening and detection of early colorectal cancer. However this panel will require further validation studies before they can be proposed for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola H. Negm
- Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Hamed
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Schoen
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Whelan
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Steele
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - John Scholefield
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Dilnot
- Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - H. M. C. Shantha Kumara
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Herbert F. Sewell
- Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Oshima Y, Shimada H, Yajima S, Nanami T, Matsushita K, Nomura F, Kainuma O, Takiguchi N, Soda H, Ueda T, Iizasa T, Yamamoto N, Yamamoto H, Nagata M, Yokoi S, Tagawa M, Ohtsuka S, Kuwajima A, Murakami A, Kaneko H. NY-ESO-1 autoantibody as a tumor-specific biomarker for esophageal cancer: screening in 1969 patients with various cancers. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:30-4. [PMID: 25906289 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although serum NY-ESO-1 antibodies (s-NY-ESO-1-Abs) have been reported in patients with esophageal carcinoma, this assay system has not been used to study a large series of patients with various other cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum samples of 1969 cancer patients [esophageal cancer (n = 172), lung cancer (n = 269), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 91), prostate cancer (n = 358), gastric cancer (n = 313), colorectal cancer (n = 262), breast cancer (n = 365)] and 74 healthy individuals were analyzed using an originally developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for s-NY-ESO-1-Abs. The optical density cut-off value, determined as the mean plus three standard deviations for serum samples from the healthy controls, was fixed at 0.165. Conventional tumor markers were also evaluated in patients with esophageal carcinoma. RESULTS The positive rate of s-NY-ESO-1-Abs in patients with esophageal cancer (31 %) was significantly higher than that in the other groups: patients with lung cancer (13 %), patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (11 %), patients with prostate cancer (10 %), patients with gastric cancer (10 %), patients with colorectal cancer (8 %), patients with breast cancer (7 %), and healthy controls (0 %). The positive rate of s-NY-ESO-1-Abs was comparable to that of serum p53 antibodies (33 %), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (36 %), carcinoembryonic antigen (26 %), and CYFRA 21-1 (18 %) and gradually increased with the tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS The positive rate of s-NY-ESO-1-Abs was significantly higher in patients with esophageal cancer than in patients with the other types of cancers. On the basis of its high specificity and sensitivity, even in patients with stage I tumors, s-NY-ESO-1-Abs may be one of the first choices for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Oshima
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Nanami
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Kainuma
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takiguchi
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Soda
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Division of Urology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Yamamoto
- Division of Breast Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Matsuo Nagata
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sana Yokoi
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tagawa
- Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiko Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kuwajima
- Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Hironori Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Futami J, Nonomura H, Kido M, Niidoi N, Fujieda N, Hosoi A, Fujita K, Mandai K, Atago Y, Kinoshita R, Honjo T, Matsushita H, Uenaka A, Nakayama E, Kakimi K. Sensitive Multiplexed Quantitative Analysis of Autoantibodies to Cancer Antigens with Chemically S-Cationized Full-Length and Water-Soluble Denatured Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2076-84. [PMID: 26355635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) aberrantly expressed in tumor cells are frequently observed in cancer patients. Recent clinical studies have elucidated that anticancer immune responses with increased levels of anti-TAA/CTA antibodies improve cancer survival rates. Thus, these antibody levels are promising biomarkers for diagnosing the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Full-length antigens are favored for detecting anti-TAA/CTA antibodies because candidate antigen proteins contain multiple epitopes throughout their structures. In this study, we developed a methodology to prepare purified water-soluble and full-length antigens by using cysteine sulfhydryl group cationization (S-cationization) chemistry. S-Cationized antigens can be prepared from bacterial inclusion bodies, and they exhibit improved protein solubility but preserved antigenicity. Anti-TAA/CTA antibodies detected in cancer patients appeared to recognize linear epitopes, as well as conformational epitopes, and because the frequency of cysteine side-residues on the epitope-paratope interface was low, any adverse effects of S-cationization were virtually negligible for antibody binding. Furthermore, S-cationized antigen-immobilized Luminex beads could be successfully used in highly sensitive quantitative-multiplexed assays. Indeed, patients with a more broadly induced serum anti-TAA/CTA antibody level showed improved progression-free survival after immunotherapy. The comprehensive anti-TAA/CTA assay system, which uses S-cationized full-length and water-soluble recombinant antigens, may be a useful diagnostic tool for assessing the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Futami
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nonomura
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Momoko Kido
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naomi Niidoi
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nao Fujieda
- Medinet Co. Ltd. , Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0033, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoi
- Medinet Co. Ltd. , Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0033, Japan.,Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kana Fujita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Komako Mandai
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Atago
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Honjo
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Matsushita
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akiko Uenaka
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakayama
- Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare , Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, The University of Tokyo Hospital , Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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17
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Hong Y, Huang J. Autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1581-1585. [PMID: 26085917 PMCID: PMC4462696 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide. The survival rate after the onset of symptoms is generally less than one year for the late presentation of HCC, and reliable tools for early diagnosis are lacking. Therefore, novel biomarkers for the early detection of HCC are urgently required. Recent studies show that the abnormal release of proteins by tumor cells can elicit humoral immune responses to self-antigens called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The corresponding autoantibodies can be detected before the clinical diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, there is growing interest in using serum autoantibodies as cancer biomarkers. In this review, we focus on the advances in research on autoantibodies against TAAs as serum biomarker for detection of HCC, the mechanism of the production of TAAs, and the association of autoantibodies with patients’ clinical characteristics.
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